Left ventricular diastolic filling prior to cardiac resynchronization therapy: implications for atrioventricular delay programming

Background: The programmed atrioventricular delay (AVD) is an important determinant of the response in left ventricular (LV) systolic performance during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It is not well established if the optimal AVD for CRT may be influenced by the LV diastolic filling pattern.
Methods: Thirty patients were studied pre- and post-CRT at programmed AVD of 60–160 ms. Doppler measurements included the aortic and mitral velocity time integral (VTI), mitral early (E) and late diastolic filling (A) wave velocities, E- and A-wave VTI, and diastolic filling time (DFT). The optimal AVD for each of the Doppler variables was defined by the maximal improvement compared to pre-CRT. Patients were grouped by the pre-CRT mitral inflow pattern as impaired relaxation (IR, mitral E/A ≤1, n = 15) or pseudonormalized/restrictive filling (PNF/RF, mitral E/A >1, n = 15).
Results: The percentage of improvement in aortic VTI was greater in the PNF/RF group (P = 0.03). Mitral E-wave velocity decreased in the PNF/RF group (P < 0 .001), E-wave VTI increased in both groups (P < 0 .05) and A-wave VTI increased in the PNF/RF group. DFT increased in both groups. The optimal AVD that maximized aortic VTI was longer than the AVD that improved DFT.
Conclusions: The effects of various programmed AVD during CRT on the response in LV stroke volume and diastolic filling are influenced by the pre-CRT LV filling characteristics. AVD optimization based on maximizing DFT is shorter compared to the aortic VTI method.     

Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular diastolic filling pattern in responder and nonresponder patients

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling pattern and the relation between the diastolic filling pattern and the response to CRT. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with systolic heart failure and complete left bundle-branch block underwent implantation of biventricular pacemaker devices. In order to follow the changes in diastolic function, mitral inflow, pulmonary venous flow, and LV flow propagation (Vp) velocities were measured with pulsed-wave and color M-mode Doppler echocardiography 1 week before and 1 and 6 months after pacemaker implantation. At the 6-month follow-up, patients were divided into two groups according to their response to CRT defined as a relative increase in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) > or =25% versus baseline. RESULTS: After biventricular pacemaker implantation, significant clinical improvement was observed in all patients. Compared to baseline, the ratio of early-to-late peak velocities (E/A) decreased significantly at the 6th month (E/A ratio: from 1.5 +/- 0.9 to 0.8 +/- 0.5 at the 6th month (P = 0.02)). Pulmonary systolic flow to diastolic flow ratio (PVs/PVd) increased with CRT after 6 months (PVs/PVd ratio: from 0.9 +/- 0.4 to 1.3 +/- 0.7 at the 6th month (P = 0.02)). E/Vp ratio decreased significantly at the 1st and 6th month (E/Vp ratio: from 2.7 +/- 0.8 to 2 +/- 0.8 at the 1st (P < 0.002) and to 1.9 +/- 0.7 at the 6th month (P < 0.02)). In responders (n: 17, 74%), E wave and PVra velocity decreased, E-wave deceleration time increased, and E/Vp ratio improved significantly, whereas in nonresponders, changes in LV diastolic parameters remained insignificant. However, diastolic filling pattern improved significantly at the 1st and 6th month of CRT in both responders and nonresponders. CONCLUSION: CRT enhances diastolic filling patterns in both responder and nonresponder patients. This may be related to improvement in symptoms even in nonresponders who have a relative increase in LVEF <25%.     

组织多普勒显像评价二尖瓣置换术后左心室功能

目的 探讨应用组织多普勒显像(TDI)评价二尖瓣置换(MVR)术后左室功能的临床价值.方法 45例接受MVR术后3个月以上患者为病例组,根据心律分为心房颤动组和窦性心律组,并选取30例正常人为对照组.应用常规超声心动图测量左房室腔大小、机械瓣口流速、射血分数等指标;应用TDI测量心尖四腔观二尖瓣环间隔处和侧壁处运动收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、舒张期峰值速度(Em)、等容舒张时间(IVRT);计算E/Em.结果 ①与对照组相比,MVR组二尖瓣环Sm、Em均明显减低,IVRT延长(P＜0.001),但窦性心律组与心房颤动组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②MVR组E/Em较对照组明显增高,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且E/Em与IVRT呈正相关;以E/Em＞15.0为最佳截断值,评价左室舒张功能变化的敏感性为91.11%,特异性为90.32%,ROC曲线下面积为0.9548±0.0402.结论 TDI能够准确评价MVR后左室功能,E/Em作为一种评价心肌舒张和左室充盈压的量化指标可以评价MVR术后患者左室舒张功能.     

Correlation of the M-mode atrioventricular plane early diastolic downward slope and systolic parameters

BACKGROUND: The early diastolic downward slope (EDS) of the left atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) is a parameter of early left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling, particularly useful in revealing pseudonormalisation of the transmitral Doppler early to atrial (E/A) ratio. In recent studies LV early diastolic function seems to be closely linked to LV systolic function. In order to further examine this relationship we studied the correlation between EDS and traditional Doppler parameters of LV diastolic function as well as between EDS and systolic parameters. METHODS: LV diastolic function was assessed by echocardiography/Doppler in 62 consecutive patients by measurement of EDS and using a traditional four-grade scale based on a combination of the E/A ratio, the E-wave deceleration time (Edt), and the systolic/diastolic ratio of the pulmonary venous inflow (S/D). LV systolic function was evaluated by ejection fraction (LVEF) and AVPD. EDS was assessed from AVPD registrations. RESULTS: In univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), EDS was not significantly related to overall diastolic function, but highly significantly related to both LVEF (p = 0.001) and AVPD (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: EDS was more closely related to LV systolic parameters than to LV diastolic function assessed traditionally by Doppler, using a combination of E/A, Edt and S/D. This relationship between the early filling of the LV and the LV systolic function is in line with some earlier findings. It is suggestive of a relationship between the systolic and early diastolic performance of the LV.     

Interstudy reproducibility of parameters of left ventricular diastolic function: a Doppler echocardiography study.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Interstudy reproducibility of echocardiography for the assessment of parameters of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is disputed. Therefore, we evaluated the reproducibility of echocardiography for assessment of LV diastolic Doppler parameters in 40 consecutive patients (age range: 19-77 years), who underwent 2 echocardiographic examinations by trained sonographers following a standard protocol, in conditions in which intrapatient sources of variability were minimized. RESULTS: Interstudy reproducibility of measurements of the ratio of early (E) to late (A) peak velocities of transmitral flow (E/A) at tips of the mitral valve leaflets was found to be very good and substantially greater than analogous measurement obtained at mitral annulus level. Reproducibility of measurement of atrial filling fraction was good both at tips of mitral leaflets and at annular level. Interstudy reproducibility of isovolumic relaxation time and E-wave deceleration time was moderate. Measurements of E-wave propagation rate and the ratio of early (E') to late (A') peak velocities of diastolic excursion of lateral mitral annulus (E'/A') by Doppler tissue were found highly reproducible. Intrastudy between-reading reproducibility of Doppler parameters of LV diastolic function were overall very good, except for E-wave deceleration time. However, 80% confidence interval of absolute between-study differences of diastolic parameters were relatively large, and ranged from -0.11 to +0.19 for E/A at tips of mitral valve; -5 to +9 cm/s for E-wave propagation rate; and -0.69 to +0.19 for Doppler tissue-derived E'/A'. CONCLUSIONS: Under a standardized echocardiographic protocol and sonographers' training program, echocardiography can be a reproducible method for serial assessment of Doppler parameters of LV diastolic function, especially in cohort studies.     

Early detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction using conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography in a large animal model of metabolic dysfunction

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is one of the important mechanisms responsible for symptoms in patients with heart failure. The aim of the current study was to identify parameters that may be used to detect early signs of LV diastolic dysfunction in diabetic pigs on a high fat diet, using conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography. The study population consisted of 16 healthy Göttingen minipigs and 18 minipigs with experimentally induced metabolic dysfunction. Echocardiography measurements were performed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. The ratio of peak early (E) and late filling velocity (E/A ratio) and the ratio of E and the velocity of the mitral annulus early diastolic wave (E/Em ratio) did not change significantly in both groups. Peak untwisting velocity decreased in the metabolic dysfunction group (? 30.1?±?18.5 vs. ? 23.4?±?15.5 °/ms) but not in controls (? 38.1?±?23.6 vs. ? 42.2?±?23.0 °/ms), being significantly different between the groups at the 3-month time point (p?<?0.05). In conclusion, whereas E/A ratio and E/Em ratio did not change significantly after 3 months of metabolic dysfunction, peak untwisting velocity was significantly decreased. Hence, peak untwisting velocity may serve as an important marker to detect early changes of LV diastolic dysfunction.     

多普勒超声评价慢性二尖瓣返流左室舒张功能

用脉冲多普勒超声技术对１８例慢性二尖瓣返流（ＣＭＲ）患者和２１例正常人进行二尖瓣舒张期血流频谱定量研究。结果表明，ＣＭＲ出现的假性正常的二尖瓣血流频谱，掩盖了左室舒张功能减退，实际为左室松驰功能障碍及顺应性降低所致。ＣＭＲ组的Ｅ波压差（Ｅ－ＰＧ）、Ａ波压差（Ａ－ＰＧ）、等容舒张时间（ＩＶＲＴ）、Ｅ波减速时间（Ｅ－ＤＴ）及左室充盈时间．（ＬＶＦ）等与正常对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），是ＣＭＲ情况下反映左室舒张功能减退的综合评价指标。     

左心室舒张功能评价中二尖瓣口血流与二尖瓣环波形不一致性的提示意义

目的 了解二尖瓣口血流波形与二尖瓣环多普勒组织成像(DTI)波形测量结果不一致性在评价左心室舒张功能中的临床意义.方法 对182例窦性心律患者行常规超声心动图检查,同步心电图记录.于心尖四腔、心尖三腔、心尖二腔切面分别测量二尖瓣环室间隔、左心室侧壁、前间隔、左心室后壁、左心室前壁及下壁6个位点的DTI舒张期波形;于心尖四腔切面测量二尖瓣口舒张期波形;计算MV-E/A、DTI-e/a-ann及E/e-ann, e-ann为6个位点的平均值.结果 182例患者中,依二尖瓣口血流和6个位点二尖瓣环波形的测量结果分成4组,组Ⅰ:MV-E/A＜1.0,同时6个位点DTI-e/a-ann均＜1.0,共68例,MV-E/A为0.71±0.16、E/e-ann为15.91±6.78;组Ⅱ:MV-E/A＜1.0,同时6个位点中有1～6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann≥1.0,共38例,MV-E/A为0.76±0.12、E/e-ann为10.37±2.63;组Ⅲ:MV-E/A≥1.0,同时6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann均≥1.0,共23例, MV-E/A为1.74±0.42、E/e-ann为9.57±2.39;组Ⅳ:MV-E/A≥1.0,同时6个位点中有1～6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann＜1.0,共53例, MV-E/A为1.31±0.31、E/e-ann为13.27±9.46.组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ的平均年龄均大于组Ⅲ(P＜0.05),组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ的平均年龄和MV-E/A基本相同(P＞0.05),但组Ⅰ的平均E/e-ann明显高于组Ⅱ(P＜0.05);组Ⅲ与组Ⅳ比较,两者的MV-E/A差别不大(P＞0.05),但后者的年龄、E/e-ann均大于前者(P＜0.05);组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ与组Ⅳ之间,组Ⅳ的平均年龄小于组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ,但组Ⅳ的E/e-ann小于组Ⅰ而大于组Ⅱ(P＜0.05).结论 ①MV-E/A＜1.0伴有6个位点DTI-e/a-ann均＜1.0提示左心室充盈压较高;②MV-E/A≥1.0,同时6个位点中有1～6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann＜1.0者有左心室充盈压较高的倾向;③MV-E/A＜1.0,同时6个位点中有1～6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann≥1.0或MV-E/A≥1.0或同时6个位点的DTI-e/a-ann均≥1.0者的左心室充盈压可能有较大变数;④年龄对MV-E/A和DTI-e/a-ann测值有较大影响.     

Assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by Doppler tissue imaging in patients with preinfarction angina.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) in patients with or without preinfarction angina in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 31 consecutive patients (4 women, 27 men; age 58 +/- 10 years) with a first acute myocardial infarction. LV systolic and diastolic function was assessed by classic methods and DTI on the third day during acute myocardial infarction. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (group 1; n = 10) or absence (group 2; n = 21) of preinfarction angina. Mitral inflow velocities and early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Em), late diastolic mitral annular velocity (Am), peak systolic mitral annular velocity, Em/Am, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) to Em, and myocardial performance index were calculated by DTI. RESULTS: Group 1 had significantly higher Em and Em/Am than group 2 (11.3 +/- 3.34 cm/s vs 7.4 +/- 2.07 cm/s, P <.0001; 1.01 +/- 0.38 cm/s vs 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm/s, P =.001, respectively). The E/Em ratio and myocardial performance index were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (5.1 +/- 2.92 vs 8.10 +/- 3.15, P=.018; 0.49 +/- 0.15 vs 0.65 +/- 0.24, P =.042, respectively). Wall-motion score index was lower in those with preinfarction angina than in those without (1.6 +/- 0.36 vs 1.9 +/- 0.39; P =.04, respectively). Peak systolic mitral annular velocity and Am were not statistically different between groups (9.4 +/- 1.84 vs 8.3 +/- 2.03, P =.172; 11.7 +/- 3.07 vs 12.1 +/- 3.34, P =.72, respectively). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding transmitral E velocity, atrial contraction mitral inflow velocity (A), E/A ratio, isovolumetric relaxation time, and deceleration time of the mitral E wave (P =.91, P =.08, P =.58, P =.81, and P =.71, respectively). CONCLUSION: LV diastolic function was better in patients with preinfarction angina than in patients without. This condition could not be detected by conventional mitral inflow Doppler velocities, but could be detected by DTI. This preliminary evidence shows that DTI is better than conventional mitral Doppler indices in the assessment of a favorable LV diastolic function in patients with preinfarction angina.     

定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法对扩张型心肌病左室功能的分析

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）和组织追踪法（TT）对扩张型心肌病（DCM）患左室收缩和舒张功能的价值。方法 获取标准心尖位左室长轴切面，两腔切面及四项切面，分别应用QTVI和TT技术分析30例正常人和20例DCM患左室长轴方向不同室壁节段即左室前壁、后壁、侧壁、下壁、前间隔和后间隔的心肌多普勒速度曲线和位移曲线；用M-型超声心动图测量收缩期二尖瓣环下移距离（Don）；用二维超声心动图测量左室射血分数（LVEF）：用多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度E峰、左房收缩充盈速度A峰，计算E/A值。结果 DCM患左室不同室壁节段Vs，Ve，Va和Ds以及LVEF均比正常人显减低。在DCM患中，用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法测量的二尖瓣环水平Ds与用M-型超声心动图测量的Dm显相关（r=0.64，P=0.005），二尖瓣环水平的平均Vs(r=0.73，P=0.001）、平均Ds(r=0.64,P=0.005）与LVEF分别显相关。正常人与DCM患两组间E/A值无显统计学差异，而DCM患二尖瓣环平均Ve/Va较正常人显减低；正常人中二尖瓣环平均Ve/Va与E/A显相关（r=0.63,P=0.008)，而DCM患二尖瓣环平均Va与E/A无显相关。结论 定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法技术可快速、直观、元创性定量评价扩张型心肌病患左心室收缩舒张功能。     

组织多普勒成像评价急性心肌梗死患者自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗后左室舒张功能

目的应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价心肌干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死对左室舒张功能的影响。方法自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死患者共26例,随访3个月,治疗前、后用TDI技术分别测量左室二尖瓣环水平的收缩期峰值速度(Sm),舒张早期峰值速度(Em),舒张晚期峰值速度(Am)及Em/Am,并与血流多普勒指标E峰速度(E),A峰速度(A)、E/A及E峰减速时间(EDT)进行比较,评价自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死对左室舒张功能的影响。结果治疗后EDT较治疗前降低(P<0.05),治疗后Em及Em/Am较治疗前升高(P<0.05),治疗后E、A、E/A、Sm、Am较治疗前比较差异无统计学意义。结论自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死后,左室舒张功能明显改善,TDI技术在评价左室舒张功能方面较二尖瓣血流频谱更准确、敏感。     

Cardiac function and brain-type natriuretic peptide in first-time flash pulmonary edema

OBJECTIVE: To assess left ventricular (LV) function and brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with first-time flash pulmonary edema (FPE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied all patients presenting to Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, from January 5, 2000, to December 30, 2004, with FPE. Only patients with first-time FPE who had undergone BNP assessment and echocardiography within 24 hours of presentation were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (less than 50%) and those with preserved LVEF (equals 50%). RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria (22 female, 15 male). Mean plus or minus SD LVEF was 41% plus or minus 13%. The LVEF was reduced in 73% (group 1, n equals 27; mean plus or minus SD age, 75 plus or minus 8 years) and preserved in 27% (group 2, n equals 10; mean plus or minus SD age, 75 plus or minus 13 years). Most frequent underlying causes for first-time FPE were coronary artery disease and hypertension. Patients with preserved LVEF had significantly lower BNP levels at presentation (535 pg/mL [interquartile range, 352-1210 pg/mL]) vs 1320 pg/mL (interquartile range, 768-2000 pg/mL; P equals .01), despite similar elevated LV filling pressures as measured by echocardiography. The mean plus or minus SD ratio of early diastolic mitral valve inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity was 23 plus or minus 8 vs 22 plus or minus 10; P equals .78. Early diastolic mitral annulus velocity, a surrogate measurement for myocardial relaxation, was reduced in all patients with preserved LVEF and in 95% of patients with reduced LVEF. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery disease and hypertension are the most common precipitating factors for first-time FPE. Reduced myocardial relaxation in almost all patients regardless of LVEF supports the notion that diastolic dysfunction is a prerequisite for FPE. Levels of BNP were elevated in every patient regardless of LVEF but were significantly lower in patients with preserved LVEF despite similarly elevated LV filling pressures.     

Reproducibility of Doppler echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in multicenter setting.

BACKGROUND: Whether Doppler echocardiography allows reliable assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic parameters in multicenter studies is disputed. METHODS: To assess interstudy reproducibility of Doppler echocardiographic parameters of LV filling and relaxation in multicenter setting, two laboratories assessed Doppler parameters of LV filling and relaxation twice within 24 hours in 56 participants. The study sample included hospitalized patients, clinically healthy outpatients, and healthy volunteers. All studies were performed according to a standardized protocol, and read by a single reader. RESULTS: In the whole study sample the reproducibility of the assessment of the ratio between the peak velocities of the early (E) and late (A) LV filling waves (E/A), of the E wave deceleration time and atrial filling fraction, measured at the mitral valve leaflet tips, was good (intraclass correlation coefficients, rho: 0.89-0.76); the reproducibility performance of the same parameters measured at the mitral anulus was less good. The reproducibility of the assessment of the isovolumic relaxation time was good (rho: 0.81), and that of the E-wave propagation rate (E-Vp), by color M-mode, was excellent (rho: 0.96). The reproducibility of the ratio E wave peak velocity/E-Vp was also fairly good (rho: 0.87). The classification of E-Vp < 45 cm/s and E-Vp > or = 55 cm/s showed the highest between-study reliability performance (agreement index kappa = 0.92 and 0.83, respectively, both P < .001), followed by E/A at mitral leaflet tips >1.5 or <0.8 (kappa = 0.78 and 0.74, respectively, both P < .01), whereas the worst reliability performance was shown by isovolumic relaxation time < 60 milliseconds (kappa = 0.05, P = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Standardized procedures for imaging and readings allowed good reliability of serial Doppler echocardiographic evaluations of LV filling and relaxation parameters in multicenter setting.     

组织多普勒显像技术评价初发心肌梗死患者左室功能

目的探讨组织多普勒显像（DTI）技术在评价初发心肌梗死患者左室功能中的应用价值。方法常规超声心动图检查显示左室收缩及舒张功能正常的初发心肌梗死患者18例及与其年龄匹配的健康对照者15例入选本研究。应用DTI技术二尖瓣环平均运动速度指标评价两组对象的左室功能。同时计算二尖瓣血流舒张早期峰值速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度的比值（E／Em）,以评估左室平均充盈压。结果心肌梗死患者组二尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度（Sm）、舒张早期速度（Em）及晚期峰值速度（Am）均明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）;心肌梗死组E／Em比值明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论DTI技术可以较常规超声心动图更加敏感地检测出初发心肌梗死患者的左室功能异常。     

组织多普勒超声测量二尖瓣环运动速度评价左室舒张功能

目的：用组织多普勒技术测定二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度评价左室舒张功能,方法;对８０全空和进行门控血池造影后３小时的３０例心肌梗患者的舒张期二法瓣环运动速度进行测量,分别在心尖四腔切面和二腔切面上测量二法瓣环间隔处,侧壁处、前壁处及后壁处的各位点舒张早期运动速度峰值Ｅｍ、舒张晚期运动速度峰值Ａｍ及二者的比值Ｅｍ／Ａｍ,并计算各点处的平均值。结果：１．心梗患者各位点的Ｅｍ测值及Ｅｍ／Ａｍ比值较正常对照组明     

脉冲波组织多普勒超声心动图评价单次血液透析治疗对终末期肾病患者左室功能的急性影响

目的 评价单次血液透析(HD)治疗对终末期肾病(ESRD)患者左室功能的急性影响.方法 57例既往无心血管疾病病史,且正处于维持性HD治疗中的ESRD患者入选本研究.所有患者于单次HD治疗前及治疗后1 h内接受超声心动图检查.常规超声心动图测量并分析左室形态及功能指标.脉冲波组织多普勒成像(PW-TDI)测量二尖瓣环运动速度.结果 单次HD治疗后,左室内径明显减小(P<0.05);PW-TDI及常规超声心动图左室收缩功能指标,包括二尖瓣环等容收缩期峰值速度(IVS)、收缩期峰值速度(Sm)及左室射血分数(LVEF)均较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05).常规超声心动图左室舒张功能指标,包括二尖瓣血流舒张早期峰值流速(E)、舒张晚期峰值流速(A)及E/A比值,较单次HD治疗前均明显减低(P<0.05);而PW-TDI左室舒张功能指标,包括二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am)及Em/Am比值则未见显著变化.左室充盈压相关指标E/Em比值在单次HD治疗后显著降低(P<0.05).结论 单次HD治疗可以改善ESRD患者左室收缩功能;PW-TDI技术可以在不同的前负荷状态下准确地评价左室舒张功能.     

Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function when mitral E and A waves are completely fused: role of assessing mitral annulus velocity.

Mitral inflow parameters have been used most widely in the evaluation of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. However, when the mitral E and A waves are completely fused, mitral inflow parameters cannot provide information about the LV diastolic function. LV filling pressure, mitral inflow, mitral annulus velocity, and tau (tau) were measured in 59 patients with sinus rhythm when mitral E and A waves were completely fused with right atrial pacing. When mitral E and A waves were completely fused, tau correlated with the peak fused mitral annulus velocity (r = -0.60, P <.001), and peak fused mitral annulus velocity of less than 12.5 cm/s best discriminated prolonged (>/=50 ms) from normal tau, with a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 69%. The peak fused mitral inflow velocity to peak fused mitral annulus velocity ratio correlated with LV filling pressure (r = 0.62, P <.001). A ratio of at least 8, could predict elevated LV filling pressure (>/=15 mm Hg) with a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 74%. In conclusion, even when mitral E and A waves are completely fused, mitral annulus velocity can be used in the evaluation of LV diastolic function.     

定量组织速度成像技术评价急性心肌梗死后左室重构的左室功能

目的应用定量组织速度成像技术对心肌梗死后左室重构的左心功能进行评价,以探讨其应用价值.方法用定量组织速度成像技术测定22例健康者及临床确诊的29例心肌梗死后左室重构的冠心病患者的左室壁各节段的收缩期峰值速度(VS),舒张早期速度(VE),舒张晚期速度(VA)和VE/VA比值.测定二尖瓣口血流频谱的快速充盈速度(E),左房收缩充盈速度(A)和E/A值.容积法测左室射血分数,左室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI),左室收缩末期容积指数(LVESVI)及球形指数,并与正常组比较.结果心脏左室长轴方向上心梗组前壁,侧壁,下壁各节段,后间隔心尖段Vs明显下降(P＜0.01),后间隔基底段和中间段Vs无明显差异(P＞0.05);心梗组几乎各节段VE、VA、VE/VA与正常组相比有显著差异(P＜0.05).各节段平均VS与左室射血分数,球形指数等呈线性相关(r值分别为0.79,0.68,P＜0.01),舒张期功能参数平均VE/VA与二尖瓣E/A比值之间存在高度相关性(r=0.62,P＜0.01).心梗组LVEDVI和LVESVI明显增大(P＜0.01).结论定量组织速度成像可客观定位定量的反映心肌梗死局部心肌组织的收缩及舒张功能,又能体现心肌梗死后左室重构的整体功能,为心肌梗死后左室重构的心功能的评价提供了客观依据.     

健康人左室舒张功能与年龄及心率变化关系的研究

目的应用多普勒超声心动图在健康人群中观察左室舒张功能随年龄及心率变化的趋势,探讨生理性舒张功能减退的影响因素。方法对北京市社区30岁以上431名健康居民进行超声心动图检查,分别测定二尖瓣血流频谱、肺静脉血流频谱、二尖瓣环组织多普勒速度频谱。结果随年龄增长,Epeak、PVD及Em均减慢,而Apeak、Am及Ar加快,E／A比值、Em／Am比值均下降;EDT、DAr及IVRT均延长。随心率加快,Am增快,E／A比值下降,Em／Am比值下降。结论Epeak、Apeak、E／A比值、Em、Am及Em／Am比值等舒张功能参数与增龄关系密切,其不仅可作为评定左室舒张功能的依据,也可作为一种衰老指标,或综合衰老指标的一种要素。评定左室舒张功能时,除年龄外,心率也是不容忽视的一个重要的影响因素。     

The relationship between tissue Doppler imaging and seric NTproBNP levels in sinus rhythm patients: a prospective study

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) correlates with left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. The ratio between early diastolic transmitral velocity and early mitral annular diastolic velocity (E/Ea) reflects LV filling pressure in a variety of cardiac diseases. However this relationship was not validated in some categories of patients. Our aim was to evaluate the correlation between tissue Doppler velocities of the mitral annulus and NTproBNP levels in sinus rhythm patients. Methods Echocardiography was performed in 111 consecutive patients simultaneously with NTproBNP measurement. E/Ea and E/(Ea × Sa) were calculated (Sa is the maximal systolic velocity of mitral annulus); the average of the velocities of septal and lateral mitral annulus was used. Results Simple regression analysis demonstrated a significant linear correlation between E/(Ea × Sa) and NTproBNP (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001), superior to E/Ea correlation (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Significant but weaker correlations were found between NTproBNP and Sa, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, Ea, mitral E/A (early/late diastolic transmitral velocity), E wave, mitral E deceleration time and LV ejection fraction (LVEF). The optimal E/(Ea × Sa) cut-off for prediction of NTproBNP levels > 900 pg/ml was 1.5 (sensitivity = 81%, specificity = 70%). Among analyzed parameters, E/(Ea × Sa) was best correlated with NTproBNP levels in patients with LVEF ≥ 50% (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001), with depressed LVEF (<50%) (r = 0.66, P < 0.0001), with regional wall motion abnormalities (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001), and with E/Ea 8 to 15 (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Conclusions E/(Ea × Sa) strongly correlates with NTproBNP, regardless of LVEF, and can be a simple and accurate echocardiographic index in patients in sinus rhythm, particularly in those with regional wall motion abnormalities or intermediate E/Ea.