天津市血清肌酐测定室间质评现状分析

目的了解天津市二级以上医院临床生化室血清肌酐检测的现状,为该项目的标准化提供依据。方法通过室间质量评价的方式,向109家实验室统一发放临床化学质控血清。要求各实验室在规定时间段测定,并通过网上在线回报方式上传数据,将所用方法、仪器、试剂等信息一同上报。结果全市109家实验室PT合格率为75.6%;测定高值质控品的平均CV分别为苦味酸法8.7%、酶法3.0%,偏差3.2%,差异无统计学意义;测定低值质控品的平均CV分别为苦味酸法34.3%、酶法9.3%,偏差178.4%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。检测用生化分析仪涉及18个品牌32种机型,用户最多品牌的占有率仅为22.9%;所用试剂厂家29个,最多用户占有率为28.4%。结论酶法测定实验室间变异较小;质控物基质效应对血清肌酐测定结果尤其是苦味酸法检测低值质控品影响很大。在室间质量评价（EQA）质控物的使用上应尽量选择基质效应低、方法学差异小的产品。     

广西地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的流行病学调查和基因突变型鉴定

目的 了解广西地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）缺乏症的发病率和基因突变类型.方法 对广西地区2 187例新生儿样本采用四氮唑蓝定量法进行G6PD活性筛查;对其中经G6PD活性测定诊断为G6PD缺乏的62例新生儿采用自然或错配引物介导的聚合酶链反应/限制性内切酶分析检测中国人群3种最常见的G6PD基因突变型.结果 2187例新生儿中筛查出G6PD缺乏的有235例（10.75%）,62例基因检测发现G1388A突变25例G1376T突变16例,A95G突变4例,其余未定型,3种常见突变共45例,占72.58%（45/62）;其中5例经DNA测序证实.结论 广西地区G6PD缺乏症的发病率为10.75%,G1388A、G1376T和A95G也是广西地区G6PD缺乏症的常见基因突变型.     

冰冻干燥G6PD反应试剂的制备及应用

根据葡萄糖一个磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）荧光斑点试验方法,制备冰冻干燥G6PD反应试剂,观察冰冻干燥试剂在保存中的稳定性,用该试剂定性测定正常人和挑N缺乏者酶活性,并与G6血活性定量测定结果比较。结果冻干G6PD反应试剂在4℃至少能稳定6mo。与G6PD活性直接测速结果比较,检测G6PD活性正常者标本,符合率为92％～96％,男性G6PD缺乏者,符合率为100％。G6PD反应试剂经冰冻干燥后有利于贮存,且不影响试剂的检测效果。有条件的实验室可以批量生产,并可提供给基层医疗单位开展G6PD缺乏症的筛选。     

气相色谱-质谱联用检测尿液8种有机酸实验室间质量的调查

目的评价2018年遗传代谢病气相色谱-质谱联用检测尿液有机酸实验室间质量调查结果,以改进和提高新生儿遗传代谢病筛查或相关实验室气相色谱-质谱联用检测质量。方法 2018年3月向全国19家开展气相色谱-质谱联用尿液有机酸检测的实验室发放2个批号质控尿液样品(批号201811和201812)。实验室自愿参加此次调查活动并按照规定格式上报结果、测定方法、仪器和试剂等相关信息。组织者用Clinet EQA程序和Microsoft Excel 2010等软件分析各实验室检测结果及检验前、检验中及检验后过程。结果实验室回报率为94.7%(18/19)。2个批号样品(批号201811和批号201812)的检测中,各参加实验室部分有机酸的检测结果相对稳定;相比高浓度而言,低浓度有机酸的检测水平相对较好。质控品稳定性检测结果显示,苯丙酮酸(稳健变异系数99.48%)和尿黑酸(稳健变异系数67.56%)的结果差异较大。结论相比高浓度,低浓度有机酸的检测水平相对较好;稳定性差的苯丙酮酸和尿黑酸不适合作为室间质量评价质控品,应选用更稳定的化合物作为质控品以评价实验室质量。     

某地区新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶筛查结果分析

目的了解广西地区新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的发病情况,为患该病新生儿的防治提供参考依据。方法采用荧光法对本筛查中心的30 556例新生儿进行G6PD筛查检测,对可疑患儿召回并用G6PD/6PGD比值法进行确诊。结果所有被检测的新生儿中G6PD缺乏症的初筛阳性率是7.36%,其中男性为10.89%,女性为2.86%;对民族进行分组,汉族G6PD缺乏症的初筛阳性率是5.29%,壮族为9.54%,其他少数民族为5.42%。对可疑患儿召回确诊发现荧光法与G6PD/6PGD比值法的符合率为97%,重度G6PD缺陷者符合率达100%。结论荧光法准确性高、简便、快捷、费用低廉,广西壮族自治区作为G6PD缺乏症的高发区,应常规开展新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的筛查工作,使G6PD缺乏症患者能够及时采取预防性措施。     

广东省4个地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果分析

目的了解广东省粤东、粤中、粤西、粤北4个地区人群中红细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的发病情况。方法选取广东省2014年1月至2015年12月送检到该中心所有筛查G6PD缺乏症标本,采用改良G6PD测定试剂盒(定量比值法)检测G6PD活性。结果在受检的39 644例标本中,共检测出G6PD缺乏2 672例,检出率为6.74%;粤东地区7 359例标本,占标本总数18.56%,检测出G6PD缺乏419例,检出率为5.69%(419/7 359);粤中地区27 684例标本,占标本总数69.83%,检测出G6PD缺乏1 734例,检出率为6.26%(1 734/27 684);粤西地区3 774例标本,占标本总数9.52%,检测出G6PD缺乏386例,检出率为10.23%(386/3 774);粤北地区827例,占标本总数2.09%,检测出G6PD缺乏133例,检出率为16.08%(133/827)。结论广东省是G6PD缺乏症的高发地区,应注意在育龄人群和新生儿中进行该疾病的筛查,以降低G6PD缺乏症的发病率及预防其引起的并发症。     

清远地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症检测结果分析

目的 了解清远地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的发病分布情况.方法 用改良G6PD/6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6PGD)定量比值法,对2 561例就诊患者进行红细胞中G6PD含量的检测.结果 在2 561例受检者中,检出G6PD缺乏者246例,发生率9.6%.其中小于或等于17岁的少儿组检出105例G6PD缺乏症,发病率4.1%;18～40岁生育组检出133例,发病率5.2%;≥41岁中老年组检出8例,发病率0.3%.特别是少儿组在受检患儿中G6PD缺乏症发病率高达51.7%(105/203),其中男童占47.3%(96/203),女童占4.4%(9/203).结论 清远地区位于南方的广东省,是G6PD缺乏症高发区域.应加强对孕产夫妇优生优育的科学宣教,让他们了解G6PD缺乏症日常注意事项,加强儿童G6PD缺乏症的筛查,做到早知道、早预防,减少溶血的发生,降低儿童的黄疸发生率,保护智力发育,提高身体素质.     

应用飞行检查结果分析上海地区临床实验室的检测质量

目的通过对2017年上海市临床检验中心(SCCL)全覆盖飞行检查和室间质量评价(EQA)反馈数据的统计,结合上海地区各临床实验室上报的室内质量控制(IQC)数据,探讨飞行检查对于准确评估临床实验室检测质量的作用。方法收集2017年第1次飞行检查和EQA定量项目的实验室上报数据,计算各项目结果的稳健变异系数(CV)并作分析。结果 770家临床实验室接受了SCCL组织的飞行检查,同时参加了EQA。在飞行检查中,102家实验室有不合格的计划[血脂、血气和酸碱分析、凝血试验、快速C反应蛋白、快速血糖、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、肿瘤标志物],其中有85家(83.33%)的实验室在EQA中这些计划的成绩均为合格。相同项目飞行检查与EQA结果CV的差异从0.11%[载脂蛋白B(apo B)]到52.15%[糖类抗原(CA)19-9],平均为6.10%(P=0.014),且飞行检查的CV大于EQA的CV。结论飞行检查能更真实地反映实验室的检测质量,实验室应保存EQA原始数据以保证EQA上报数据的真实性。     

梧州市新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果分析

目的 了解梧州市新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的筛查情况,为患该病新生儿的防治提供参考依据.方法 采用G6PD定量(连续监测速率法)对3 235例新生儿G6PD活性进行检测,并对筛查结果进行分析.结果 所有被检测的新生儿中G6PD缺乏症的发病率是10.88%,其中男性的发病率为12.21%,女性的发病率为9.33%.结论 梧州市作为G6PD缺乏症的高发区,应常规开展新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的筛查工作,对G6PD缺乏症患者及时采取预防性措施,避免因出现核黄疸而造成的智力低下或死亡等后果,确保新生儿的生命质量,从而提高优生优育的水平.     

3140例新生儿脐带血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶检测结果分析

目的 总结和分析本院新生儿脐带血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)活性检测结果,为新生儿G6PD缺乏症筛查提供依据和参考.探讨脐带血G6PD检测在新生儿黄疸鉴别诊断及早期防治中的临床意义.方法 新生儿出生后立即取脐带血置于乙二胺四乙酸抗凝真空管,采用全自动生化分析仪进行定量检测,低于参考值为缺乏.结果 G6PD缺乏率为10.10%,其中男婴为12.00%,女婴为7.77%,男性缺乏率高于女性缺乏率.结论 采用新生儿脐带血检测G6PD活性,取材方便、简单,能有效、早期筛查出G6PD缺乏患儿,脐带血G6PD活性检测在新生儿黄疸鉴别诊断及早期治疗中有重要临床价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.