过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的手术治疗

目的:总结过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的治疗方法及疗效。方法:30例颈椎过伸性损伤患者中18例施行颈椎前路减压、自体髂骨植骨及颈椎自锁钢板内固定术,12例施行颈后路半椎板切除减压。结果:30例均获得6~24个月随访,所有病例植骨完全愈合,无一例发生钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。结论:过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤早期手术减压可显著提高疗效,颈椎前路自锁钢板可提供有效的固定节段稳定性,提高植骨融合率。     

过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的诊断和治疗

报道４３例过伸性颈椎颈髓伤。所有病例均进行了ＭＲＩ检查，结果示颈椎损伤的ＭＲＩ改变主要为：（１）椎前血肿形成和前纵韧带断裂；（２）椎体前缘撕脱性骨折；（３）椎间盘突出。颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ改变包括：（１）水肿；（２）出血；（３）受压。大多数病（３４／４３）采用颈前路减压术。经６～６５个月，平均３８个月随访，获得满意疗效。作者指出，急性颈椎间盘突出是过伸性颈椎损伤后多见的颈椎结构损伤，除了脊髓中央综合征外，前脊髓损伤和严重脊髓损伤也可见于过伸性颈髓损伤。ＭＲＩ对过伸性颈髓损伤的诊断和治疗方法选择具有重要价值。文中根据临床表现和ＭＲＩ检查结果，提出了在治疗方法选择方面应掌握的基本原则。     

过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的诊断与治疗

报道４３例过伸性颈椎颈髓伤。所有病例进行了ＭＲＩ检查，结果示颈椎损伤的ＭＲＩ改变主要为：（１）椎前血肿形成和前纵韧带断裂；（２）椎体前缘撕脱性骨折；（３）椎间盘突出。颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ包括：９１）水肿；（２）出血；（３）受压，多数闰同采用颈前咱砬压术，经６－６５个月，平均３８个月随访，获得满意疗效。     

颈前路手术治疗颈髓过伸性损伤的疗效分析

目的 探讨颈前路手术治疗颈髓过伸性损伤的效果.方法 分析颈前路手术治疗38例颈髓过伸性损伤的临床资料.结果 本组获随访12～48个月,ASIA分级平均提高1.9个级别,JOA评分平均提高5.03分,改善率为52.7％,差异有统计学意义.结论 颈前路减压内固定术能有效改善颈髓过伸性损伤的神经功能,降低致残率.     

老年人颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤的治疗策略

目的探讨颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤手术治疗效果。方法对23例合并颈脊髓损伤的颈椎过伸性损伤老年患者行减压后植骨融合内固定术,其中前路手术18例,后路手术5例。结果23例均获随访,时间8～36个月。末次随访时脊髓功能Frankel分级：A级1例恢复至B级;B级7例恢复至c级2例、D级4例、E级1例;C级10例恢复至D级5例、E级5例;D级5例均恢复至E级。结论对颈椎过伸性损伤致颈髓损伤的老年患者,早期行手术减压、植骨融合内固定,疗效满意。     

颈椎动态变化与过伸性脊髓损伤

颈椎过伸性损伤是颈椎脊髓损伤的一种损伤机制，而过伸性脊髓损伤与原发性颈椎退变有明显相关性。研究表明，过伸性颈椎脊髓损伤患者中，原有颈椎退变基础病变占45％～75％，这类损伤，是中老年人最为常见颈脊髓损伤。为什么退变性颈椎因颈椎过伸暴力，极易合并颈脊髓损伤，研究发现颈椎椎管动态变化特点和规律与颈椎退变有密切的关系。     

颈椎过伸性损伤的临床研究

目的：探讨颈椎过伸性损伤的临床表现及不同治疗方法的结果。方法：对1990～1999年间收治的115例颈椎过伸性损伤患者的损伤原因、机制、合并脊髓神经损伤类型及程度以及保守治疗和手术治疗的远期疗效进行分析。结果：小于50岁青壮年颈椎过伸性损伤常常是骨折脱位型，而老年人多为无骨折脱位型，手术组疗效明显优于保守治疗组。结论：颈椎过伸性损伤可并发多种类型脊髓损伤，尽早手术治疗可明显改善脊髓神经功能，跨越式减压法对那些不能牵引复位者可能是最安全有效的手术方法。     

下颈椎过伸性损伤的手术方式选择

目的 探讨下颈椎过伸性损伤的手术方式选择.方法回顾性分析57例颈椎过伸性损伤,37例行后路手术(后路组),20例行前路手术(前路组).结果获随访6～36个月,平均20.2个月,两组术后神经功能均明显改善;后路较前路神经功能恢复好,但两组间无显著性差异.结论前、后路减压均达到良好效果,但针对颈椎过伸性损伤具体特点,宜选择...     

过伸性颈脊髓损伤治疗体会

过神性颈脊髓损伤，由于无明显骨折、脱位等颈椎损伤，临床上容易被漏诊、误诊［１］。自１９８９年初～１９９５年底，本院共收治无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤病人２７例，其中过伸性损伤１８例，经过４～３７个月，平均２０个月随访，结果满意，报告如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组１８例中男１３例，女５例；年龄２８～７６岁；坠跌伤１３例，车祸伤５例。１８例均有颈椎前方、气管后的压痛。神经损伤以脊髓中央综合征１０例，脊髓前部综合征２例，脊髓后部综合征１例，神经根综合征２例，严重颈髓损伤３例。２．影像学资料：（１）Ｘ线平片…     

过伸性颈髓损伤磁共振分型与术式选择

目的通过磁共振分型研究,探讨过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤后合理的手术方式。方法对44例接受手术治疗的过伸性颈髓损伤患者进行回顾性分析。按MRI上显示的脊髓压迫情况将颈髓损伤分为五型,Ⅰa型（限于1～2个间盘层面前方压迫型）11例、Ⅰb型（3个间盘层面及以上前方压迫型）6例、Ⅱ型（单纯发育性椎管狭窄型）2例、Ⅲa型（限于1～2个间盘层面前后压迫型）8例、Ⅲb型（3个间盘层面及以上前后压迫型）17例。手术方式分前路、后路、前后联合入路三种减压植骨固定术式。Ⅰa型患者均采用前路术式;Ⅰb型和Ⅱ型患者7例采用后路术式,1例采用联合入路术式;Ⅲ型（Ⅲa型和Ⅲb型）患者8例采用前路术式,9例采用后路术式,8例采用联合人路术式。研究各型所采取的手术方式的疗效。结果经6～24个月随访,比较手术前后的Frankel分级及ASIA运动功能评分变化。41例脊髓功能有改善,较术前提高1～3级。Ⅰa型前路组、Ⅰb型和Ⅱ型后路组及Ⅲ型前路组、后路组、联合人路组术后较术前ASIA评分均有提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Ⅲ型前路组ASIA评分增加值最小,其中联合入路组大于后路组大于前路组,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,但联合入路组和后路组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论过伸性颈髓损伤的磁共振分型有助于术式选择,前路减压植骨内固定是治疗Ⅰa型损伤的有效术式,后路减压植骨内固定是治疗Ⅰb型和Ⅱ型损伤的有效术式;前后路联合术式和后路术式治疗Ⅲ型损伤的疗效均优于前路术式,单纯前路术式疗效较差。     

In vitro hyperextension injuries in the human cadaveric cervical spine.

To investigate the relationship between the type of hyperextension injuries and the conditions producing them, nine cervical specimens (occiput to T1) were loaded to failure in tension at a fixed extension angle of 30 degrees. Under these loading conditions, specimens failed at average tensile loads and extension moments of 499 +/- 148 (SD) N and 4.0 +/- 3.1 Nm, respectively. Failure occurred at an average tensile displacement of 18.8 +/- 7.7 mm. The anterior longitudinal ligament ruptured and the intervertebral disc failed in at least one level in all specimens. In four specimens, the disc failed at an additional level, leaving the anterior longitudinal ligament intact at that site. With one exception, all injuries occurred in the lower cervical spine (C5-C6 and C6-C7), the region most often injured in vivo. The location of the injuries was associated with the degree of degeneration of the facet joints and the discs. The discs of the lower cervical spine were significantly more degenerated than those at the C2-C3 level. In addition, the degree of disc degeneration in the noninjured discs was significantly less than in the injured discs. These data help quantify the threshold of injury and the patterns of tissue damage resulting from hypertension loading of the cervical spine.     

颈椎过伸性损伤患者椎间盘韧带复合体损伤的影像特点及其临床意义

目的:探讨颈椎过伸性损伤中椎间盘韧带复合体(disco-ligamentous complex,DLC)损伤的影像特点及其临床意义。方法:对2007年7月～2011年11月在我院手术治疗且病历资料完整的50例颈椎过伸性损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。均有颈脊髓损伤,脊髓功能Frankel分级:A级4例,B级8例,C级11例,D级27例。按术前患者X线片、CT及MRI显示的脊髓受压原因,将患者分为3组:单纯单个椎间盘突出(herniated nucleus pulposus,HNP)组14例,合并颈椎病(cervical spondylosis,CS)组26例,合并后纵韧带骨化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)组10例,分析各组患者DLC损伤的影像特点及手术方式的异同。结果:50例患者均有颈椎前纵韧带和椎间盘的损伤,其中8例伴后纵韧带损伤,5例伴关节突骨折,3例伴棘突间韧带损伤。50例患者均有颈脊髓受压与损伤,均行颈椎减压、融合与内固定术,手术节段包括DLC损伤节段与脊髓受压节段。HNP组的DLC损伤均为1个节段,DLC损伤节段与脊髓受压节段一致率为92.85%,均采用前路手术。合并CS组,1个节段DLC损伤16例,2个节段6例,3个节段4例,多节段损伤时均为相邻节段,DLC损伤节段与脊髓受压节段一致率为84.61%,行前路手术23例、后路手术3例。合并OPLL组,1个节段DLC损伤4例,2个节段6例,DLC损伤节段与脊髓受压节段一致率为60%,行前路手术1例、后路手术5例、前后联合入路手术4例。术后3个月时脊髓功能Frankel分级,28例提高1级,22例无变化。结论:颈椎过伸性损伤患者的DLC损伤特点与术前的颈椎病理状态有关,DLC损伤节段与脊髓受压节段不完全一致;制定手术方案时,颈椎稳定性重建应包括DLC损伤节段,同时兼顾脊髓受压节段的减压。     

陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴脊髓损伤的临床研究

目的 探讨陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴脊髓损伤患者的临床特点及其转归.方法 回顾性分析30例陈旧性颈椎过伸伤患者的临床资料,从损伤到就诊时间为3个月～8年,根据就诊时间分为三组,第1组:3～6个月,17例;第2组:6～12个月,8例;第3组:12个月～8年,5例.分别在术前、术后3个月、术后1年进行JOA评分,观察神经功能的改善率,比较各组的恢复情况.26例行颈椎前路减压植骨内固定术,4例行颈椎后路减压植骨内固定术.结果 三组之间的患者例数构成存在显著性差异.30例均获随访,随访时间18～39个月,平均23个月.术后1年,第1组平均改善率为23.8%,第2组平均改善率为53.9%,第3组平均改善率为54.3%.术后3个月、术后1年,第1组和第2组、第1组和第3组的JOA评分存在显著性差异,第2组和第3组无显著性差异.结论 陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴迟发性脊髓损伤的发生在时间上有逐渐减少的趋势,迟发性脊髓损伤发生越早的患者损伤越严重,手术后的恢复越差.     

Operative spondylodesis in injuries of the lower cervical spine

In view of the high incidence of late instability during conservative treatment of cervical spine fractures, operative stabilization should be performed as soon as possible. Besides immediate decompression of the spinal cord, rapid mobilisation of the patient without external fixation is possible. We report on the results of operative treatment in 97 patients with injuries of the lower cervical spine. The indication for spondylodesis as well as the surgical methods and their complications are discussed.     

Extensive cervical prevertebral haemorrhage with airway obstruction after low-energy hyperextension injury

A 45-year-old man developed a massive prevertebral cervical haematoma after a low-energy hyperextension trauma with an anterior teardrop fracture of the C4 vertebra. He required urgent nasotracheal intubation because of acute respiratory obstruction. During surgical removal of the haematoma, a small segmental artery arising from the vertebral body of C4 was identified as the source of the bleeding. The anterior longitudinal ligament was intact. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged six days after surgery without neurological sequelae.Large prevertebral retropharyngeal hematomas in non-geriatric patients after low-energy cervical hyperextension injury are very rare, especially when the discoligamentary structures are intact. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a small segmental artery being identified as the source of acute bleeding in such circumstances. The treatment team must be alert to the possibility of a prevertebral haematoma when dyspnoea and dysphonia arise a short time after a cervical hyperextension injury, even in cases of low-energy trauma.     

颈椎过伸性脊髓损伤保守和手术治疗疗效分析

目的回顾性分析比较颈椎过伸性损伤患者行早期（小于24h）和晚期（大于24h）手术以及非手术治疗的疗效。方法自1995年1月～2005年6月间收治并获得随访的132例过伸性脊髓损伤患者中，31例行保守治疗，27例24h内行手术治疗，74例24h后行手术治疗，观察各组治疗前、后及随访时的AISA评分以及相关并发症。结果早期和晚期手术组术后随访临床疗效好于保守治疗组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），早期和晚期手术组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；保守治疗、早期和晚期手术组肺炎的并发症的发生率分别是2／31（6．5％）、1／27（3．6％）和9／74（12．2％）。结论颈椎过伸性损伤患者手术治疗疗效好于保守治疗，晚期和早期手术对神经功能改善无明显差异，但晚期手术并发症相对增多。     

头面部致伤部位与颈髓过伸伤的相关分析

目的探讨头面部不同撞击位置对颈髓过伸损伤严重程度的影响,并分析其治疗方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析1999年1月～2004年1月收治的41例无骨折脱位颈髓损伤患者的病历资料,所有患者外伤位置主要在前额、颊部或下颌部。用ASIA法对患者在入院初期及出院后6个月时脊髓的神经功能进行评估。结果前额受伤20例,住院初期神经功能：B级4例,C级11例,D级5例；6个月后：C级1例,D级11例,E级8例。烦部伤12例,住院初期神经功能：B级1例,C级4例,D级7例；6个月后：C级1例,D级2例,E级9例。下颌部伤9例,住院初期神经功能：B级5例,C级3例,D级1例；6个月后：B级2例,C级5例,E级2例。经过治疗后6个月复查,神经功能在C级以下者9例,其中7例是下颌区受伤；2例脊髓功能为B级经治疗后没有改善者均为下颌致伤。结论外力作用于下颌部致颈髓过伸伤较作用于额部或颊部更严重。对无骨折脱位颈髓过伸伤者合理选择非手术或手术治疗均可得到满意的治疗效果。     

Vertebral artery injuries in cervical spine surgery

Background contextVertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are rare but serious complications of cervical spine surgery, with the potential to cause catastrophic bleeding, permanent neurologic impairment, and even death. The present literature regarding incidence of this complication largely comprises a single surgeon or small multicenter case series.PurposeWe sought to gather a large sample of high-volume surgeons to adequately characterize the incidence and risk factors for VAI, management strategies used, and patient outcomes after VAI.Study designThe study was constructed as a cross-sectional study comprising all cervical spine patients operated on by the members of the international Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS).Patient sampleAll patients who have undergone cervical spine surgery by a current member of CSRS as of the spring of 2012.Outcome measuresFor each surgeon surveyed, we collected self-reported measures to include the number of cervical cases performed in the surgeon's career, the number of VAIs encountered, the stage of the case during which the injury occurred, the management strategies used, and the overall patient outcome after injury.MethodsAn anonymous 10-question web-based survey was distributed to the members of the CSRS. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t tests for numerical outcomes and chi-squared analysis for categorical variables.ResultsOne hundred forty-one CSRS members (of 195 total, 72%) responded to the survey, accounting for a total of 163,324 cervical spine surgeries performed. The overall incidence of VAI was 0.07% (111/163,324). Posterior instrumentation of the upper cervical spine (32.4%), anterior corpectomy (23.4%), and posterior exposure of the cervical spine (11.7%) were the most common stages of the case to result in an injury to the vertebral artery. Discectomy (9%) and anterior exposure of the spine (7.2%) were also common time points for an arterial injury. One-fifth (22/111) of all VAI involved an anomalous course of the vertebral artery. The most common management of VAI was by direct tamponade. The outcomes of VAIs included no permanent sequelae in 90% of patients, permanent neurologic sequelae in 5.5%, and death in 4.5%. Surgeons at academic and private centers had nearly identical rates of VAIs. However, surgeons who had performed 300 or fewer cervical spine surgeries in their career had a VAI incidence of 0.33% compared with 0.06% in those with greater than 300 lifetime cases (p=.028).ConclusionsThe overall incidence of VAI during cervical spine surgery reported from this survey was 0.07%. Less experienced surgeons had a higher rate of VAI compared with their more experienced peers. The results of VAI are highly variable, resulting in no permanent harm most of the time; however, permanent neurologic injury or death occur in 10% of cases.     

How to prevent overlooking cervical spine injuries: pitfalls in spinal diagnostics

Many patients with a cervical spine injury do not show clinical signs of the injury. Therefore, cervical spine trauma may not be recognized, especially in unconscious and multiply injured patients. Due to proximity to the spinal cord, neurological deficits inclusive of complete tetraplegia are possible. Since cervical spine injuries are typically associated with injuries at other spinal levels, accurate knowledge of the trauma mechanism is essential. Even mild clinical symptoms need to be carefully evaluated in a standardized fashion with clinical and radiological examinations including plane X-rays and possibly CT scans. The authors did not receive any commercial or monetary support for this paper.