股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效观察

目的观察股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。 方法前瞻性收集2015年1月至2017年1月重庆涪陵李志沧中医骨伤医院收治的老年股骨转子间骨折患者100例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各50例。观察组患者采取PFNA进行治疗,对照组患者采取股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）进行治疗。观察两组患者术中及术后的各项临床指标、髋关节Harris评分优良率及术后并发症情况。 结果所有患者均获得满意随访,随访时间为3~6个月,平均（4.3±0.8）个月。观察组患者的切口长度为（6.4±2.5）cm、手术时间为（69±10）min、术中出血量为（162±46）ml、住院时间为（18±3）d、术后负重时间为（14±4）d,均优于对照组的（11.2±2.3）cm、（77±11）min、（210±80）ml、（21±5）d、（17±4）d,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义。观察组患者的髋关节功能恢复优良率[86.0%（43/50）]高于对照组[68.0%（34/50）],差异有统计学意义（χ²=32.654,P<0.05）。观察组患者的术后并发症发生率[6.0%（3/50）]低于对照组[18.0%（9/50）],差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.657,P<0.05）。 结论采取PFNA治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,不仅具有创伤小、手术操作时间短,术后恢复快等临床特征,且能够显著提高患者的髋关节功能恢复效果,减少并发症的发生率,具有确切的临床疗效和较高的临床治疗安全性。     

The AO/ASIF proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA): A new design for the treatment of unstable proximal femoral fractures

Introduction

PFNA design compacts the cancellous bone to provide increased stability and has been bio-mechanically proven to retard rotation and varus collapse.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2007, 62 consecutive patients with unstable proximal femoral fractures were treated with the PFNA.

Results

Twenty males and 42 females with a mean age of 78 years (44-94) were reviewed. In 48 patients, the fracture resulted from a low energy injury. The majority of the fractures belonged to AO/ASIF types 31A2.3 (22) and 31A3.2 (29). Twelve patients required open reduction. The PFNA blade position was central in 52 patients with a mean tip-apex distance (TAD) of 12 mm (range 4-34 mm). Post-operatively, five patients died within 3 months and two patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-nine fractures united between 3 and 4 months. Four patients had delayed union. The PFNA blade cut out rate was 3.6%.

Conclusions

Unstable proximal femoral fractures were treated successfully with the PFNA. The PFNA blade appears to provide additional anchoring in osteoporotic bone. No results have been published on this new design.     

Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur associated with osteoporosis in Barcelona,Spain

Summary We studied the epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures of the proximal femur (cervical and trochanteric fractures) in residents of Barcelona, aged 45 years or over, for a 1-year period. Fractures resulting from metastases were not included. During the period of observation, a total of 1,358 patients with hip fractures were treated at acute-care hospitals in Barcelona. Of those, 1,163 were researched. For each case, age, sex, and home address were registered. The incidence of hip fractures per 100,000 inhabitants aged 45 years or over was 115.6 in men and 252.2 in women. Age was the most influencing factor in the occurrence of hip fractures. Women presented fractures of the proximal femur more frequently than men. The epidemiological curve was similar to that reported in other western countries, although the crude rate was lower than that found in northern countries. We conclude that osteoporotic fractures of the proximal femur are common processes in the Mediterranean area, and reflect the impact of osteoporosis in our environment; however, the lower incidence compared with northern geographical areas may probably reflect the influence of climatic, ethnic, or other factors. Send reprint requests to Dr. A. Diez-Pérez Servei de Medicina Interna, i Unitat Metabólica, Hospital G.M.D. Esperan?a, Av. Sant Josep de la Montanya, 12, 08024 Barcelona, Spain.     

What's new in the management of proximal femoral fractures?

The incidence of proximal femoral fractures has increased significantly in recent years, and is expected to continue to rise with increasing life expectancy. However, the optimal method of treatment of these fractures is still debated. This article summarises current evidence concerning the most controversial issues in the treatment of intracapsular and extracapsular proximal femoral fractures. Despite initial enthusiasm, many new treatment options have been proved inferior to older, traditional methods, and physicians should be cautious when it comes to managing these fractures. It seems that meticulous surgical technique and implant selection according to fracture pattern and the characteristics of the individual patient offer the best route to optimal final outcome.     

A computed tomography-based analysis of proximal femoral geometry for lateral impingement with two types of proximal femoral nail anterotation in subtrochanteric fractures

Objective

To evaluate and analyse the geometrical discrepancies between the proximal femur and two types of AO/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) Proximal Femoral Nail Anterotation (PFNA/PFNA-II) using computed tomography (CT)-based analysis in Asian patients, and its implication in lateral cortical impingement during reduction intra-operatively in subtrochanteric fractures.

Materials and methods

Coronal CT images of hips in 50 randomly selected healthy cases were analysed using a unique measurement method with respect to the height, diameter, bending angle and inclination angle of lateral cortex of proximal femur. The data were then compared with dimensions of PFNA and PFNA-II.

Results

The average height of proximal femur was 61.1 ± 5.2 mm, diameter 18.1 ± 1.5 mm, bending angle 8.4 ± 2.2° and inclination angle of lateral cortex 11.9 ± 1.1°. The average impingement length of the lateral cortex was 54.2 ± 4.7 mm (range 41.4-64.2 mm), which was shorter than the height of the proximal femur. On comparison with dimensions of PFNA and PFNA-II, the lateral inclination angle and impingement length were found to be discrepant in PFNA; however, in the latter the flat lateral surface helps avoiding impingement with the lateral femoral cortex.

Conclusion

Our study provides clear evidence that the flat lateral shape of PFNA-II is better suited for the femur of Asian patients by reducing the chances of impingement with the lateral proximal femoral cortex during intra-operative reduction in subtrochanteric fractures.     

Epidemiology of proximal femoral fractures

IntroductionWith increasing age, the incidence of proximal femoral fractures increases steadily. Although the different treatments are investigated frequently, little is known about the seasonal variation and predisposing factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiology, the impact of femoroacetabular impingement, as well as the presence of osteoarthritis.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of all patients with pertrochanteric, lateral and medial femoral neck fractures between 2012 and 2019. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients older than 18 years old who presented with isolated proximal femoral fractures without any congenital or hereditary deformity. For analysis, we assessed the demographics, season at time of accident, Kellgren-Lawrence score and corner edge (CE) angle.ResultsIn total, 187 patients were identified at a mean age of 75.1 ± 12.9 years old. Females consisted of 54.5% of this cohort. Most commonly, patients tend to present in winter with pertrochanteric fractures whereas no seasonal variation was found for medial femoral neck fractures. Significant correlations between season and age (regression coefficient −0.050 ± 0.021; p < 0.05) were identified. In medial neck fractures, the Gardner score was lower and Kellgren-Lawrence score higher for both female than males (p < 0.05). Patients with lateral neck fractures were significantly younger at 68.6 ± 12.5 years old (p < 0.05). In pertrochanteric fractures, the Kellgren-Lawrence score was significantly higher at 2.1 ± 0.8 (p < 0.05) with higher CE angle at 43.0 ± 7.6° (p = 0.14).ConclusionWith increasing incidences of proximal femoral fractures, it is essential to recognize potential risk factors. This allows for development of new guidelines and algorithm that can aid in diagnosis, prevention, and education for patients.     

A comparative analysis of distal locked and unlocked long proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA-II) in the fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures

PurposeLong proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA-II) is a preferred implant in recent years for fixation of pertrochanteric fractures, especially in osteoporotic patients. The purpose of this study is to prospectively investigate the effect of distal locking in long PFNA-II fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures.MethodsA total of 58 patients with isolated stable intertrochanteric fractures and treated in our hospital during the study period of 2017–2019 by distal locked or unlocked long PFNA-II fixation were included in this study. Patients who had multiple injuries or open fractures were excluded. There were 40 female and 18 male patients, with 33 affecting the left side and 25 the right side. Of them, 31 belonged to the distal locked group (group A) and 27 to the unlocked group (group B). Surgical procedures and implants used in both groups were similar except for the distal locking of the nails. General data (age, gender, fracture side, etc.) showed no significant difference between two groups (all p > 0.05). The intraoperative parameters like operative time, radiation exposure and follow-up parameters like functional and radiological outcomes were recorded and compared. Statistical tests like the independent samples t-test Fischer's exact and Chi-square test were used to analyze association.ResultsThe distribution of the fractures according to AO/OTA classification and 31A1.2 type of intertrochanteric fractures were most common in our study. All the included fractures united and the average functional outcome in both groups were good and comparable at the end of one year. The operative time (mL, 107.1 ± 12.6 vs. 77.0 ± 12.0, p < 0.001) and radiation exposure (s, 78.6 ± 11.0 vs. 40.3 ± 9.3, p < 0.001) were significantly less among the patients in group B. Fracture consolidation, three months after the operative procedures, was seen in a significantly greater proportion of patients in group B (92.6% vs. 67.7%, p = 0.025). Hardware irritation because of distal locking bolt was exclusively seen in group A, however this was not statistically significant (p = 0.241).ConclusionWe conclude that, in fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures by long PFNA-II nail, distal locking not only increases the operative time and radiation exposure but also delays the fracture consolidation and increases the chances of hardware irritation, and hence is not required.     

Clinical outcome of conventional versus biological fixation of subtrochanteric fractures by proximal femoral locked plate

IntroductionSurgical fixation is the standard management of the subtrochanteric fractures. Proximal femoral locked plating (PF-LCP) provides a strong construct for fixation with a high success rate. However, some studies reported implant failure due to loss of the postero-medial bone support and recommended an anatomical reduction. Other studies reported excellent to good results with indirect (biological) fixation without anatomical reduction. In this study, we reviewed the short-term clinical results of PF-LCP fixation for subtrochanteric fractures using both conventional and biological fixation.Materials and methodsForty six patients (34 males and 12 females) with comminuted subtrochanteric fractures were included aged between 18 and 74 (mean 44.3 years). They were treated in a single-blind random manner by either conventional (open, direct) or biological (indirect) reduction method and internal fixation with PF-LCP. Intra-operative variables including; duration of surgery, blood loss, fluoroscopy time and any complications were recorded. Post-operative differences including; duration of healing, implant failure, complications and the final clinical outcome by Harris Hip Score (HHS) were documented.Results44 cases continued to the final follow-up (23 of the open fixation group and 21 of the biological fixation group). Patients of open group demonstrated greater blood loss (756 ± 151 vs. 260 ± 39 ml; P < 0.0001), longer operative times (129 ± 16.9 vs. 91 ± 8 min; P < 0.0001) and incisions (s) length (20.4 ± 3 vs. 13.4 ± 1 cm; P < 0.0001). More patients needed blood transfusion in open group (11 patients vs. six in closed group; P < 0.0001). Patients of biological group demonstrated longer fluoroscopy time (80.9 ± 7.3 vs. 47.2 ± 5.8 sec.; P < 0.0001). For each group, one case of implant failure was recorded. Low patient compliance was a detrimental factor for the implant failure in both cases. No much difference was demonstrated for the healing rate (open group; 18.3 ± 3.7 vs. biological group16.5 ± 4 weeks; P < 0.058) and for the functional outcome (open group; excellent/good: 54%/37%, biological group; excellent/good: 57%/33%; P = 0.766).ConclusionPF-LCP provided a strong construct for fixation of the comminuted subtrochanteric fractures either by open or biological techniques. Low patient compliance is an influential factor for implant failure in both types.     

股骨近端髓内钉治疗股骨近端骨折

目的探讨股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗股骨近端骨折的疗效.方法采用PFN内固定治疗60例股骨近端骨折患者.结果术后随访55例,随访时间7～30个月(平均12个月).39例骨折接近解剖复位,疗效评定优28例,良9例,可2例;16例非解剖复位者疗效评定优5例,良9例,可2例. 结论仔细的外科技术和选择合适的PFN可减少并发症发生的几率.当可以进行不切开骨折部位的闭合复位时,PFN是一种好的侵害小的治疗不稳定股骨近端骨折的内固定物.     

Management of subtrochanteric femoral fractures and metastases using long proximal femoral nail

We report our initial experience with a new reconstruction nail, the long proximal femoral nail (L.PFN), in the treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures and metastases. We performed 52 L.PFN in 49 patients over a period of 18 months with an average follow-up period of 47.7 weeks. Group I consisted of 24 patients, who had L.PFN for traumatic subtrochanteric femoral fractures. Group II consisted of 25 patients, who had L.PFN for femoral metastases and pathological fractures. (Three bilateral.) In nine patients in group I, the fracture was extending to the intertrochnateric region with involvement of the piriformis fossa. Eight patients in group I had open reduction and cerclage cabling of the fracture prior to L.PFN. All the traumatic fractures in group I had united with an average time to union of 19.4 weeks. In eight operations there were technical difficulties with the insertion of proximal locking screws. Five patients in our series had complications but we had no mechanical failures of the implant. L.PFN is a reliable implant for subtrochanteric femoral fractures and metastases. We also showed that open reduction and cerclage cabling of unstable subtrochanteric fractures prior to nailing was not detrimental to fracture healing in our series.     

防旋股骨近端髓内钉与股骨近端锁定钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的比较使用防旋股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)和股骨近端锁定钢板(PFLP)治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对50例股骨转子间骨折患者采用PFNA治疗25例、PFLP治疗25例。观察两组切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量、住院天数、术后引流量、术后Hb下降情况、术后输血量、术后扶拐下地负重时间及骨折愈合时间,按髋关节Harris评分评价两组术后疗效,并进行统计学分析。结果 50例患者均获得随访,时间12~20(18.8±5.6)个月。两组在切口长度、住院天数、术后引流量及骨折愈合时间、髋关节Harris评分各项比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量、术后Hb下降情况、术后输血量及术后下地扶拐负重时间各项比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PFNA及PFLP内固定均是治疗股骨转子间骨折的有效方法。PFLP可明显减少术中、术后输血量;PFNA相对手术时间短、扶拐行走时间早。     

高龄股骨近端骨折早期股骨头置换

2000年1月～2006年1月,我们共收治12例90岁以上高龄股骨近端骨折患者,均实施早期（伤后48～72h）股骨头置换手术,疗效满意。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

正2011年5月~2014年10月,我们采用股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗43例股骨转子间骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组43例,男16例,女27例,年龄56~83岁。均为闭合骨折。骨折按AO分型:A1型9例,A2型19例,A3型15例。受伤至手术时间2~6 d。1.2治疗方法椎管内麻醉。患者侧     

大牵开器辅助下防旋股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折手术技术与疗效

目的:探讨在无牵床下大牵开器辅助维持复位使用防旋股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的手术技术和疗效。方法:自2012年4月至2016年12月采用大牵开器辅助维持复位下PFNA内固定治疗55例股骨转子间骨折患者,男18例,女37例;年龄47～90岁,平均75.65岁;左侧31例,右侧24例。术前患髋疼痛、活动受限,下肢极度外旋畸形或伴有短缩,术前X线片均明确骨折。记录手术时间、术中出血量及术中透视时间,评价髋关节功能。结果:手术时间平均45.35 min,术中出血量平均117.64 ml,术中透视时间平均3.42 min,骨折均复位良好。55例患者术后获得随访,时间12～24个月,平均16.43个月。所有患者骨性愈合,无髋内翻畸形,内固定松动、断裂等并发症。根据Harris髋关节功能评分,优40例,良8例,可5例,差2例。结论:大牵开器辅助维持复位下使用PFNA能固定各型股骨转子间骨折,对手术体位要求简单,设备要求低,手术时间短,创伤小,固定可靠,患者术后恢复好,该手术方式可在无牵引床的基层医院开展。     

倒置股骨远端锁定接骨板治疗股骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨倒置股骨远端锁定接骨板（LISS）治疗股骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法应用倒置LISS治疗26例股骨近端粉碎性骨折患者。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准评价术后髋关节功能。结果1例失访,1例死于内科疾患,24例获得随访,时间6—17个月。24例骨折均愈合,时间4—8个月。1例出现髋内翻畸形。末次随访时Harris髋关节评分为86～97分,其中优17例,良5例,可2例。结论应用倒置LISS治疗股骨近端粉碎性骨折能够更好地重建外侧壁,避免外侧壁的医源性损伤,固定可靠,疗效肯定。     

股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA内固定术中应用骨科牵引床的利弊分析

目的探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折术中应用骨科牵引床的优缺点。方法回顾性分析自2010-12—2014-02采用PFNA内固定治疗的165例股骨粗隆间骨折,根据手术时是否应用牵引床分为牵引床组和非牵引床组。记录并比较2组手术时间、PFNA尾帽安装时间、术中失血量、尖顶距(TAD)值、术后并发症、骨折愈合时间以及末次随访时髋关节Harris评分。结果所有患者均获得9~24(15.5±6.5)个月随访,骨折均顺利愈合。牵引床组手术时间(41.7±9.1)min,术中失血量(115.5±16.4)ml;非牵引床组手术时间(45.5±9.5)min,术中失血量(131.6±18.7)ml,牵引床组手术时间、术中出血量均少于非牵引床组,差异有统计学意义(t=0.751,P=0.010;t=0.008,P0.001)。牵引床组手术时尾帽安装时间为327.0(214.3,523.8)s,非牵引床组为277.0(93.0,389.0)s,牵引床组尾帽安装时间较与非牵引床组多,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.726,P=0.006)。牵引组并发症发生率高于非牵引组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.354,P=0.002)。2组TAD值、骨折愈合时间及末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论应用牵引床具有可长时间保持骨折端的复位状态、节省人力、减少术者放射性损伤、减少术中出血及手术时间的优点,但也存在尾帽安装困难、术后并发症多、增加侧位透视难度等缺点。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对45例老年股骨转子间骨折患者应用PFNA治疗。结果 45例均获得随防,时间12~24(15.1±4)个月。骨折均骨性愈合,无股骨头切割及髋内翻等并发症发生。根据Harris髋关节功能评分:优21例,良20例,中3例,差1例,优良率为91.1%。结论 PFNA治疗股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、下床早、并发症少、内固定可靠、骨折愈合率高等优点,尤其适合老年骨质疏松患者。     

微创内固定系统治疗复杂股骨转子部骨折的初步报告

目的探讨微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗复杂股骨转子部骨折的可行性、手术技术及指征,并总结其近期临床治疗效果。方法自2005年6月～2006年5月,应用LISS治疗复杂股骨转子部骨折12例。骨折采用AO分类法,其中转子间骨折5例：31-A2．2型2例,31-A2．3型2例,31-A3．3型1例；转子下骨折7例：32-A3．1型1例,32-B1．1型3例,32-B2．1型1例,32-B3．1型2例。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间,术后观察有无感染、下肢深静脉血栓、心肺疾患、应激性溃疡等并发症。术后1、2、3、6、12个月时常规随访。结果手术时间50～90 min,平均65 min；出血量50～400 mL,平均142 mL,术后住院时间6～15 d,平均9．3 d。无死亡病例。所有患者均未出现切口感染、下肢深静脉血栓、术后心肺疾患、应激性溃疡等并发症。12例均获得3～14个月(平均7．2个月)随访。10例在术后3个月复查骨折时达到临床愈合,1例假体周围骨折术后4个月、1例病理性骨折术后6个月达到临床愈合。所有患者在最后一次随访时均无骨折再移位、髋内翻畸形、内固定切出、内固定失败及股骨头坏死。结论微创反向使用股骨LISS从生物力学和解剖结构上都能满足股骨近端骨折内固定要求,并具有创伤小、操作简便、固定可靠、安全性高、并发症少的特点,尤其适用于老年人合并内科疾病、骨质疏松较重的转子间骨折及复杂的股骨近端骨折。熟练掌握间接复位技术,正确放置A孔导针,避免过早负重是手术成功的关键。     

股骨近端带锁髓内钉在粗隆间骨折的应用

目的评价股骨近端带锁髓内钉(ProximalFemoralNail,PFN)治疗股骨粗隆周围骨折的临床疗效。方法对72例股骨粗隆周围骨折的治疗作回顾性总结分析。其中男29例,女性43例。年龄64～96岁,平均78岁。在本组粗隆周围骨折的分型中,EvenⅠ型16例、Ⅱ型31例、ⅢA型14例、ⅢB型6例、Ⅳ型3例。其余2例为粗隆下骨折。结果随访自出院以后超过6个月的患者65例,除一例患者因患有严重的骨质疏松而出现拉力螺钉脱出并髋内翻外,其余患者拍片显示骨折已愈合,生活能够自理,临床疗效满意,骨折平均愈合时间为8周。结论PFN是治疗股骨粗隆周围骨折的一种较好的内固定方法,为股骨粗隆部位的骨折创造了理想的愈合条件,由于其并发症低,手术操作简便,符合微创技术的治疗要求,值得临床推广应用。     

Pitfalls and complications in the use of the proximal femoral nail

Background and aims Osteosynthesis with the proximal femoral nail (PFN) features the advantages of high rotational stability of the head–neck fragment, an unreamed implantation technique and the possibility of static or dynamic distal locking. However, the use of the nail is technically ambitious and is accompanied by some risks of error, which can lead to failure of the osteosynthesis. In this paper we present the results of a critical analysis of mistakes that were made in our hospital during the introduction period of this implant.Patients and methods We carried out a prospective analysis of the data of 121 consecutive patients who were suffering from trochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture between December 1997 and December 2000 and who had been treated with a PFN.Results We identified intraoperative technical difficulties in 23 patients (19.1%). Seven cases showed postoperative local complications that required operative revision on six patients (4.9%). The main reasons for the failure of the operations involved were poor reduction and wrong choice of screws. Following our critical analysis, we were able to avoid those problems.Conclusions When 31A fractures are to be stabilised with a PFN, the precise technical performance of the implantation represents the basic surgical requirement. Already present minor deviations will subsequently cause loosening of the implants and failure of the operation.