Clinical characteristics and long-term mortality of occult hip fracture elderly patients

Background and objective

Occult hip fractures (OHF) occur in a minute population of patients. Diagnosis is made via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or alternatively via bone scan. Very little is known about the clinical characteristics of OHF patients. Our aim was to characterize the clinical and long-term survival of OHF in elderly patients and to determine if a certain subgroup of patients would benefit from an MRI investigation following normal or equivocal radiography.

Methods

Twenty-nine OHF patients diagnosed by a bone scan during 1995-2004 were compared with a control group of 94 randomly chosen hip fractured patients diagnosed by plain radiography in the same hospital and during the same period.

Results

Mean age, women/men ratio, place of residence, comorbidities, cognitive and functional status were similar in the OHF and control group. Twenty-two (75.9%) and 4 (13.8%) patients in the OHF group had had subcapital and intertrochanteric fractures respectively, vs. 41 (43.6%) and 47 (50%) in the control group (p = 0.003). Diagnosis delay in the OHF group was 16.8 ± 26.5 days vs. 2.5 ± 2.9 days (p < 0.001) in the control group. There were fewer operations and complications in the OHF group compared to the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). During a 13-year follow-up, no differences in survival were found between the two groups nor any differences between those operated on and those who were not.

Conclusions

OHF patients have no distinctive clinical characteristics or long-term survival. The delay in diagnosing OHF is too much long and is probably related to the high prevalence of conservative treatment. MRI investigation is recommended whenever OHF are suspected and surgical treatment is considered, in order to improve diagnosis and treatment.     

The timing of surgery and mortality in elderly hip fractures: A retrospective,multicenteric cohort study

Background:

Early surgery is recommended for elderly hip fracture patients, but some studies show no clear advantage. The benefits of early surgery may differ according to the medical environment in different countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential benefits of early surgery in elderly hip fracture patients by evaluating the effect of timing of surgery on mortality.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted at multiple centers on hip fracture patients aged over 65 years. The primary outcome was 1 year mortality and the secondary outcomes were 30-day/6-month mortality and complications during admission. The effect of time to surgery on mortality was analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model.

Results:

Among the 874 patients, 162 (18.5%) received surgery within 3 days and their 1-year mortality rate was 9.9%. However, the 1-year mortality rate for the delayed surgery group was 12.5%. After adjustment for potential confounders, the 1-year mortality rates in patients who received surgery in 3-7 days (Hazard ratio = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-1.6) and over 7 days (hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.9-1.8) were not significantly different. In addition, the time to surgery did not have a significant effect on 30-day mortality, 60-day mortality or complications arising during hospitalization.

Conclusions:

The time to surgery did not affect short and long term mortality or the in hospital complication rate in elderly hip fracture patients. We recommend concentrating more on optimizing the condition of patients early with sufficient medical treatment rather than being bound by absolute timing of surgery.     

Decrease of inpatient mortality for hip fracture in France

Objective

Hip fracture is the most devastating osteoporotic fracture, increasing the risk of mortality. Recent data suggest a decrease in incidence of this fracture. Few data are available on potential changes in mortality. We studied the change of inpatient mortality from 2002 to 2008 in France.

Methods

Data were extracted from the French Hospital National Database. The absolute number of inpatient mortality for hip fracture was described as well as the case fatal rate and mortality rate adjusted on age and gender. Risk factors of inpatient mortality were assessed by multiple regressions.

Results

Inpatient mortality stay decreased from 3057 to 2350 in patients aged 40 years and over and in both gender. Inpatient mortality stays were more important in women and increased with age, but the case fatal rate was higher in men than in women (5.4 vs. 2.8% in 2008). During the study period, the mortality rate (per 1 000 000) varied from 132 to 88 and from 82 to 64 in women and men, respectively. In the older patients, case fatality and mortality rates decreased significantly during the study period. From 2008 data, age more or equal to 85 years, male gender, stay in intensive care and existence of some chronic or acute disease, especially cardiovascular disease, hepatic disease, renal insufficiency, and infection were significant determinants of inpatient mortality.

Conclusion

Inpatient mortality after hip fracture decreased in France between 2002 and 2008, although age, male gender and comorbidities were identified as determinants of inpatient mortality.     

Perioperative mortality for patients with a hip fracture

IntroductionStudies on mortality following hip fracture surgery have hitherto focused on the 30 day to 1 year period and beyond. This study focuses on the immediate perioperative period. It examines mortality rates, patient characteristics, operative details and post-operative complications.Patients and methodsA retrospective study of a hip fracture database in a large District General Hospital in the United Kingdom, from 1986 to 2015. A dataset of 9393 patients was identified, including patients undergoing surgery for curative and palliative purposes, over fifteen years of age and with no upper age limit imposed. It compared patients who survived the first 48 h from start of surgery with those who died within this perioperative period.Results9393 patients were treated surgically and included within this study, with a mean age of 80.13 and consisting of 7130 female and 2263 male patients. The all cause mortality within 48 h from start of surgery was 0.8% (72 patients). Increased risk of perioperative mortality was associated with increasing age, ASA grade 3 and above, in-hospital falls, impaired mobility prior to the fall and a reduced mental test score on admission. For the patient with a perioperative death, the most common circumstances identified in this study involved being found dead in bed by attending staff within 48 h of surgery.DiscussionThere has been significant attention paid to the optimization of patient management leading up to hip fracture surgery and its attendant impact on medium and longer term survival. The information from this study may be used to identify patients most at risk of death in the 48 h after surgery. The importance of this dataset is that it provides large numbers, which are needed in order to look for associations, given the low 48 h mortality rate found.ConclusionWe are unable to highlight any correctable or alterable factors associated with mortality. Further studies with detailed collection of data on a national scale may be needed to assess the impact of levels of postoperative care for hip fracture patients and perioperative mortality.     

老年髋部骨折患者术后并发脑梗塞防治策略

目的探索老年患者髋部骨折术后并发脑梗塞防治策略。方法对38例老年患者髋部骨折术后并发脑梗塞进行临床资料分析,确诊脑梗塞后常规、急性期、后期等系统康复治疗,进行疗效分析。结果术后随访时间6个月～8年,平均5.2年。死亡16例,22例均有不同程度的康复,其中15例生活能自理。结论老年患者髋部骨折术后并发脑梗塞,避免一些医源性因素,术中、术后进行正确预防和治疗,有效地预防和治疗这种并发症。     

Different reimbursement influences surviving of hip fracture in elderly patients

Objectives

Research has shown that early surgical intervention for hip fractures serves to decrease mortality. In 2004 the Ministry of Health decided to condition the reimbursement regime at the time of operation. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the reform succeeded to decrease inpatient mortality of hip fracture casualties.

Method

The study utilised data drawn from the Israeli Trauma Registry (ITR) for the years 1999-2006. The study population included patients aged 65 and older with an isolated diagnosis of hip fracture following trauma.

Results

Two years after the reform, the inpatient mortality decreased by 34% amongst patients undergoing fixation surgery, and by 30% amongst all operated patients. Median LOS decreased by 2 days. The proportion of patients undergoing hip fracture fixation surgery within 48 h increased by 35%.

Conclusions

The implementation of a payment limited by time for hip fracture fixation surgery increased the number of patients being operated within 48 h, shortened patient LOS, and decreased inpatient mortality.     

老年患者髋部骨折术后1年病死率及危险因素分析:一项回顾性队列研究

目的 调查老年髋部骨折患者术后1年病死率,并分析其危险因素. 方法 研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2011年～2014年因髋部骨折行手术治疗的老年(年龄≥65岁)患者信息,随访术后1年存活情况,采用Logistic回归分析筛选术后死亡的危险因素. 结果 共295名老年髋部骨折患者纳入本研究,平均年龄(78.4±6.7)岁,女性占71.5％,术前有3种以上合并症的占38％,平均随访(31.2±0.7)个月.住院期间、术后30 d、术后1年以及随访结束时病死率分别为0.7％、1.7％、3.7％和5.8％. 结论 高龄、术前合并呼吸系统疾病、既往有脑卒中病史及采用内固定手术是老年髋部骨折患者术后1年死亡的危险因素.     

肌少症对老年患者髋部骨折术后远近期死亡率的影响

目的探讨肌少症对老年患者髋部骨折术后近期及远期死亡率的影响。 方法2014年2月至2017年2月,共93例符合纳入及排除标准的老年髋部骨折患者纳入本研究。利用胸部CT测量T₁₂椎体（T₁₂）椎弓根水平肌肉组织的横截面积。以T₁₂椎弓根水平肌肉横截面积除以患者身高平方计算得到骨骼肌指数（SMI）。采用T₁₂水平SMI截断值：42.6 cm²/m²（男性）和30.6 cm²/m²（女性）,将患者分为肌少症组及非肌少症组,随访两组患者术后生存时间。采用Kaplan Meier分析两组患者的生存曲线,使用卡方检验对比两组在术后6个月和12个月的生存率差异。采用Cox比例风险模型分析肌少症、骨折类型（手术类型）、年龄、性别及ASA等级等多变量因素对髋部骨折术后死亡率的影响。 结果肌少症组患者共45例,非肌少症组患者共48例。肌少症组4例患者在术后6个月内死亡,死亡率为9.8%,非肌少症组3例患者在术后6个月内死亡,死亡率为8.3%,组间术后6个月死亡率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.008,P=0.929）。肌少症组19例患者在术后24个月内死亡,死亡率为42.2%,非肌少症组10例患者在术后24个月内死亡,死亡率为18.8%,组间术后24个月死亡率差异具有统计学意义（χ²=6.081,P=0.014）。Cox比例风险模型分析结果为：患有肌少症及患者年龄和术后24个月死亡率显著相关（HR=2.015,95% CI：2.690,20.904,P=0.000;HR=0.062,95% CI：1.004,1.128,P=0.036）,患有肌少症及年龄较大的患者,术后24个月死亡率越高,而骨折类型（手术类型）、性别及ASA等级对术后24个月死亡率无明显影响。 结论肌少症会增加髋部骨折患者术后远期（24个月）的死亡风险,对近期（6个月）患者死亡率无明显影响。     

乌司他丁对老年患者髋部骨折术后谵妄的影响

目的评价围术期静脉输注乌司他丁对老年患者髋部骨折术后谵妄(POD)的影响。方法选择择期行髋部骨折手术的老年患者96例,男38例,女58例,年龄70~93岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组:乌司他丁组(U组)和对照组(C组),每组48例。麻醉方式均采用腰-硬联合麻醉+髂筋膜间隙阻滞。U组于切皮前、术后第1天和第2天静脉泵入乌司他丁5 000U/kg;C组给予等容积生理盐水。术后1~3d采用意识错乱评估法(CAM)评定POD的发生情况。分别于麻醉前(T0)、术毕(T_1)和术后第3天(T2)采集外周静脉血5ml,采用ELISA法检测血清IL-6和S100β的水平。结果 C组POD发生13例(28.2%),U组POD发生2例(4.3%),U组POD发生率明显低于C组(P0.05);与T0时比较,T_1、T_2时C组血清IL-6和IL-10水平明显升高(P0.05);T_1、T_2时U组血清IL-6水平明显低于C组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_1时C组S100β水平明显升高(P0.05);T_1时U组血清S100β水平明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁降低老年髋部骨折患者POD发生率,机制可能与抑制血清促炎症因子IL-6和S100β的过度释放相关。     

Delay to surgery and mortality after hip fracture

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures in elderly patients are associated with increased mortality. These patients frequently experience a delay to surgery for both medical and non-medical reasons. The effect of this delay on patient morbidity and mortality is controversial. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of 222 consecutive patients greater than 50 years of age who underwent surgical management of a hip fracture at one tertiary hospital. Baseline measures recorded were age, sex, time to theatre, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores, type of surgery, number of theatre cancellations and the reason for any cancellation. Our primary outcome was 30-day mortality after surgery. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality after hip fracture was 7.2%. Patients who were operated on within 2 days of admission had a 30-day postoperative mortality rate of 5.8% versus 9.4% in those patients who experience a delay of more than 2 calendar days. This was not a statistically significant difference, and the effect of surgical delay was less on multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the only statistically significant predictors of 30-day mortality were an increasing ASA score and having a fracture treated with an arthroplasty procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not show a significant increase in mortality in patients whose surgery was delayed by more than 2 days. However, in the context of other published work, we would continue to recommend early surgery to minimize length of stay and complications.     

Risk factors for contra-lateral hip fracture in elderly patients with previous hip fracture

Introduction

Contra-lateral hip fractures in elderly patients with a previous hip fracture increase the incidence of complications and socioeconomic burden. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of contra-lateral hip fracture in elderly patients.

Materials and methods

Among 1093 patients treated for a hip fracture, 47 patients sustained a contra-lateral hip fracture. These patients were compared with 141 patients with a unilateral hip fracture (controls).

Results

The incidence of contra-lateral hip fracture was 4.3% among the 1093 patients treated for a hip fracture at our institute. A contra-lateral hip fracture occurred within 2 years of initial fracture in 66%, and subsequently, the annual incidence rate decreased. A similar fracture pattern was noted in 70% of patients who sustained an intertrochanteric fracture. In terms of preoperative factors, respiratory disease (OR 2.57, P = 0.032) and visual impairment (OR 2.51, P = 0.012) were higher in patients with a contra-lateral hip fracture than in controls, and for postoperative factors, the proportions of patients with postoperative delirium (OR 2.91, P = 0.022), late onset of rehabilitation (OR 1.05, P = 0.023), and poor ambulatory status at 3 months (OR 1.34, P = 0.002) were also significantly higher in patients than in controls.

Conclusions

Postoperative delirium and underlying visual impairment and respiratory disease could be risk factors of contra-lateral fracture in elderly patients. Early and active rehabilitation after surgery is important to prevent the occurrence of contra-lateral hip fracture in the elderly.     

Usefulness of simple biomarkers at admission as independent indicators and predictors of in-hospital mortality in older hip fracture patients

IntroductionThe data on predictive value of the routinely obtained preoperative biochemical parameters in hip fracture (HF) patients are limited. The aims of this study were to examine in older HF patients (1) the relationships between a broad set of routine laboratory parameters at admission and in-hospital mortality, and (2) evaluate the prognostic value the biomarkers and clinical characteristics (alone or in combination) provide to predict a fatal outcome.Patients and methodsIn 1820 consecutive patients with low-trauma osteoporotic HF aged >60 years (mean age 82.8 ± 8.1 years; 76.4% women; 65% community-dwelling) 35 laboratory variables along with 20 clinical and socio-demographic characteristics at admission were analysed. The validation cohort included data on 455 older (≥60 years of age) HF patients (mean age 82.1 ± 8.0 years, 72.1% women).ResultsThe mortality rate was 6% (n = 109). On univariate analysis 14 laboratory and 8 clinical parameters have been associated with in-hospital mortality. Multiple regression analyses determined 7 variables at admission as independent indicators of a fatal outcome: 4 biomarkers (albumin <33 g/L; alanine aminotransferase/gamma-glutamyl transferase ratio [GGT/ALT] >2.5; parathyroid hormone [PTH] >6.8 pmol/L; 25(OH)vitamin D < 25 nmol/L) and 3 pre-fracture clinical conditions (history of myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease [GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m²] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.75 (95%CI 0.70–0.80). The risk of in-hospital death was 1.6–2.6 times higher in subjects with any of these risk factors (RFs), and increased by 2.6–6.0-fold in patients with any two RFs (versus no RFs). The mortality rate increased stepwise as the number of RFs increased (from 0.43% –none RF to 16.8%- ≥4RF). The prognostic value of a single RF was low (AUC ≤0.635) but combination of 2 or more RFs improved the prediction significantly; AUC reached 0.84(95%CI 0.77–0.90) when ≥4 RFs (versus 0–1RF) were present. In the validated and main cohorts the number of predicted by 1, 2, 3 or ≥4 RFs and observed deaths were practically similar.ConclusionsIn HF patients, seven easily identifiable at admission characteristics, including 4 biomarkers, are strong and independent indicators of in-hospital mortality and can be used for risk stratification and individualised management.     

Predictors of severe pain in the immediate postoperative period in elderly patients following hip fracture surgery

Introduction

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for severe postoperative pain immediately after hip-fracture surgery.

Patients and methods

Three hundred forty-four elderly patients with an acute hip fracture were admitted to the hospital during a 12-months period. All patients who entered the study answered a structured questionnaire to assess demographic characteristics, previous diseases, drug use, previous surgery, and level of education. Physical status was assessed through the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ preoperative risk classification, cognitive status using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The presence of preoperative delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method was assessed during day and night shifts until surgery. Pain was measured using a numeric rating scale (NRS). An NRS ≥7 one hour after surgery indicated severe pain.

Results

Patients with elementary-level education (8 yr in school) presented a higher risk for immediate severe postoperative pain than university-educated patients (>12 yr in school) (P < 0.05). Higher cognitive function was associated with higher postoperative pain (P < 0.01). Patients with symptoms of depression and patients with preoperative delirium presented a higher risk for severe pain (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that depression and a low level of education were independent predictors of severe pain immediately after surgery.

Conclusion

Depression and lower levels of education were independent predictors of immediate severe pain following hip-fracture surgery. These predictors could be clinically used to stratify analgesic risk in elderly patients for more aggressive pain treatment immediately after surgery.     

Hip fracture in the elderly: does counting time from fracture to surgery or from hospital admission to surgery matter when studying in-hospital mortality?

Summary  This study aims to analyze whether the interval from hospital admission to surgery may be used as a surrogate of the actual gap from fracture to surgery when investigating in-hospital hip fracture mortality. After analyzing 3,754 hip fracture admissions, we concluded that those intervals might be used interchangeably without misinterpretation bias. Introduction  The debate regarding the influence of time to surgery in hip fracture (HF) mortality is one of the most controversial issues in the HF medical literature. Most previous investigations actually analyzed the time from hospital admission to surgery as a surrogate of the less easily available gap from fracture to surgery. Notwithstanding, the assumption of equivalency between those intervals remains untested. Methods  We analyzed 3,754 hospital admissions of elderly patients due to HF in Quebec, Canada. We compared the performance as predictors of in-hospital mortality of the delay from admission to surgery and the actual gap from fracture to surgery using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results  The mean times from fracture to surgery and from admission to surgery were 1.84 and 1.02 days (P < 0.001), respectively. On univariate logistic regression, both times were slightly significant as mortality predictors, yielding similar odds ratios of 1.08 (P < 0.001) for time from fracture to surgery and 1.11 (P < 0.001) for time from admission to surgery. After accounting for other covariates, neither times remained significant mortality predictors. Conclusion  The gap from admission to surgery may be used as a surrogate of the actual delay from fracture to surgery when studying in-hospital HF mortality.     

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction does not affect one-year mortality in elderly patients after hip fracture: A prospective longitudinal study

Mortality after hip fractures in the elderly is one of the most important patient outcome measures. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is common in the elderly population. This is a prospective study of 131 elderly patients with a mean (SD) age of 82.0 (8.9) years (range: 61-94) admitted consecutively to our trauma unit. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction in an elderly cohort of patients with hip fracture and to determine if this affects the one-year mortality.There were three times more women (n = 100) than men (n = 31) in this cohort. All patients underwent surgical treatment for the hip fracture. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 5.5 mU/L) was 15% (n = 20) and of subclinical hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.35 mU/L) was 3% (n = 4). Overall 18% (n = 24) of patients had a subclinical thyroid dysfunction. The twelve-month mortality was 27% (n = 36).Age, gender, heart rate at admission, pre-existing coronary heart disease, ASA grade and presence of overt or subclinical thyroid dysfunction were analysed for association with twelve-month mortality using a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis. Only ASA grade was found to significantly affect mortality at twelve months (χ² = 3.98, df = 1, p = 0.046). Independently the presence of subclinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism was not associated with a higher mortality (p = 0.477). We conclude that subclinical thyroid dysfunction does not affect the one-year mortality in elderly patients treated surgically for hip fracture.     

老年患者髋部骨折术后肺部并发症的危险因素

目的采用巢式病例-对照研究分析老年髋部骨折患者术后肺部并发症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2014年12月诊治的老年髋部骨折患者的临床资料,对其中术后新发生肺部并发症的56例患者(研究组),采用巢式病例-对照研究的方法,按照1∶6匹配同期同类未发生肺部并发症的336例患者(对照组),探讨性别、年龄、术前并存疾病(心脏疾病、高血压、肺部疾病、糖尿病、脑血管疾病和慢性肾脏疾病)、术前卧床时间、手术方式、麻醉方法、失血量和手术时间对术后肺部并发症的影响。结果 572例老年髋部骨折患者中,56例术后新发肺部并发症,单因素分析显示,研究组年龄明显大于对照组(P0.05),术前合并肺部疾病、髓外固定术、全身麻醉比例明显高于对照组(P0.05),术前卧床时间明显长于对照组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄(OR=1.12,95%CI 1.07～1.18,P0.001)、术前合并肺部疾病(OR=3.30,95%CI 1.34～8.15,P=0.010)、术前卧床时间延长(OR=1.29,95%CI 1.15～1.44,P0.001)、髓外固定术(OR=5.69,95%CI 2.10～15.39,P=0.001)和全身麻醉(OR=2.15,95%CI 1.05～4.40,P=0.036)是老年髋部骨折患者术后新发肺部并发症的独立危险因素。结论高龄、术前合并肺部疾病、术前卧床时间延长、髓外固定术和全身麻醉可以作为老年髋部骨折患者术后新发肺部并发症的独立危险因素,针对危险因素进行干预或可降低术后肺部并发症的发生。     

Timing and safety of hip fracture surgery in patients on direct-acting oral anticoagulants

BackgroundMany geriatric patients presenting for emergency hip fracture surgery are on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) most of which are not easily reversible. A safe policy was required to reduce delays to surgery. Prior to institution of our hospital's protocol in January 2021, most of these patients had surgery after 48 h following the last dose of DOAC due to concerns about increased perioperative blood loss.MethodsThis was a prospective closed loop audit of the protocol-surgery within 24 h from last dose of DOAC (if creatinine clearance >50 ml/min) with administration of 1-g of tranexamic acid at anesthesia induction. 131 eligible patients (DOAC, n = 22; no anticoagulation, n = 109) between January–June 2021 who had emergency hip fracture surgery were identified. Primary outcome measures were peri-operative blood loss, transfusion requirements and policy compliance. Secondary outcome measures were 30-day mortality, thrombotic complications and wound bleeding.ResultsCompliance with surgical timing and tranexamic acid administration were 55% and 81% respectively after the second audit cycle. The mean estimated blood loss (EBL) in the DOAC group versus the non-anticoagulated control group was 500 ml and 330 ml respectively. The difference between these groups was statistically significant at an alpha level of 5% (P = 0.0115, 95% CI 38.48–299.16). The difference for intra-operative (RR 3.43; 95% CI 1.68–7.01) and post-operative blood transfusion (RR 2.10; 95% CI 1.23–3.58) for the 2 groups was also statistically significant. However, there was no case of massive blood transfusion in both groups. The DOAC group had a lower risk for 30-day mortality (RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.09-5.46). There was no major thrombotic complication in the DOAC group.ConclusionThis audit has shown that this protocol is safe although clinicians should anticipate some degree of increased intra-operative blood loss. We will recommend continuation of this policy with sustained safety monitoring in order to reduce delays to surgery.     

老年髋部骨折的手术时机选择与预后分析

目的探讨手术时机选择对老年髋部骨折预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月期间解放军总医院第七医学中心骨科收治的814例老年髋部骨折患者资料。男272例,女542例;年龄为60~99岁,平均79.9岁;根据美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级将患者分为全身状态好(ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,403例)和全身状态较差(ASA分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,411例)两类,每类患者根据是否在入院后48 h内手术再分为2组:早期手术组和晚期手术组。分别比较早期手术组与晚期手术组患者的住院时间、并发症发生率、术后30 d和1年死亡率、术后1年日常生活活动(ADL)评分等。结果在全身状态好的患者中,两组患者术前一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。早期手术组患者术后30 d死亡率[0%(0/94)]、术后1年死亡率[5.3%(5/94)]显著低于晚期手术组患者[4.2%(13/309)、14.2%(44/309)],住院时间[(9.6±5.2)d]显著短于晚期手术组患者[(12.3±5.9)d]、术后1年ADL评分[75(70,85)分]显著高于晚期手术组患者[70(60,80)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者的并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在全身状态较差的患者中,两组患者术前一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。早期手术组患者住院期间并发症发生率[42.2%(35/83)]显著高于晚期手术组患者[30.5%(100/328)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而两组患者术后30 d和1年死亡率、住院时间及术后1年ADL评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于老年髋部骨折,若患者身体状态好,可尽快实施手术;若患者一般状况差,不能一味强调早期手术,需评估身体状态后再选择合适的手术时机。     

Clopidogrel therapy--implications for hip fracture surgery

It remains unclear whether it is justifiable to delay hip fracture surgery in patients who are taking clopidogrel therapy-to allow the drug's anti-platelet effect to wear off. In a follow-up of 740 consecutive admissions with hip fracture we describe the extent of blood loss and complications in 17 (2.3%) who were taking clopidogrel. The peri-operative fall in haemoglobin was 1.3g/dl (95% CI: 0.4-2.3g/dl) less in the 10 patients in whom the surgeon's policy was for surgery to be delayed for at least 5 days. However, this group also experienced thromboembolic complications that were potentially attributable to this approach. Clopidogrel therapy does have implications for peri-operative blood loss, but hip fracture is a complex and multifactorial condition. We propose an individualised approach to patients taking this increasingly common drug.     

Mortality profile after 2 years of hip fractures in elderly patients treated with early surgery

BackgroundIn geriatric age group, hip fractures tend to become a major public health hazard. Due to this high occurrence, there is a need to develop standardized, effective, and multidisciplinary management for treatment. These elderly patients have excessive mortality that can extend ahead of the time of recovery. Early surgery after hip fractures has lead to a notable reduction in mortality rates. Still, it is considerably high as compared to other fractures.Methods266 patients of >65 years who were operated within 72 h hours in a tertiary level health care centre for hip fractures were included. They were evaluated with X-rays and grade of Singh’s index was noted. Mortality rates and the factors associated with it such as age, sex, co morbidities (using Charlson’s co morbidity Index/CCI) were evaluated after 2 year follow up.ResultsThe overall 2-year mortality reported in our study population was 11.2%. It was broadly lower as compared to most of the other studies. It was 6.3% in females as compared to 18.1% in males. While it was reported to be only 6% in 65–74 years of age, it was 25% in patients who were 85 years and above. 76.6% of the patients had Singh’s index of ≤ grade 3 showing osteoporosis. The patients with Low Charlson’s score showed only 4.2% mortality while those with high Charlson’s score showed 25.5% mortality.ConclusionIt was concluded that Mortality among elderly patients after early surgery after osteoporotic hip fractures is quite significant. The factors for improvement in long term survival post-hip fracture may include changing treatment patterns, increasing life expectancy and early surgery. Increase in age, female sex, and high CCI Scores were major risk factors of mortality after hip fractures in a 2-year follow-up period.