Ultrasonographic Mass Screening for Thyroid Carcinoma: A Study in Women Scheduled to Undergo a Breast Examination

This study was carried out to clarify the sensitivity of ultrasonographic mass screening for thyroid carcinoma. Between December 1997 and July 1998, a total of 1401 subjects who were scheduled to undergo either a breast examination or a follow-up examination for breast cancer were enrolled in this study. Patients with thyroid nodules were classified into two groups according to their potential risk for malignancy based on the ultrasonographic findings. Ultrasonographic high-risk patients for thyroid cancer underwent an ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and were advised to undergo a thyroidectomy based on the FNAB results. The characteristics of the thyroid cancer patients detected by mass screening were then compared with those of 106 consecutive female patients with clinical thyroid cancer during the same period. Thyroid nodules were detected in 353 (25.2%) of the subjects, 94 (26.6%) of whom were placed in the high-risk group for thyroid cancer. Among the 94 high-risk patients, 43 underwent a thyroidectomy and 37 turned out to have thyroid carcinomas. The detection rate for thyroid cancer was 2.6% for all subjects. The tumor size was significantly smaller than that of the clinically detected cancer group (P < 0.05). Ultrasonographic mass screening for thyroid carcinoma in women who require breast examinations is thus considered to be effective for the detection of subclinical thyroid carcinoma.     

Multiple primary thyroid and breast cancer in Israel, 1960-1976

The occurrence of breast and thyroid multiple primary neoplasms has been evaluated using data from the Israel Cancer Registry. During the 16 years 1960-1976, 3,072 cases of thyroid cancer were registered in Israel. The occurrence of a second primary tumour was reported in 92 of these patients. In this latter group were 25 female patients (27%) with breast cancer, developing synchronously in 7 cases and metachronously in the remaining 18. The average age at the time of appearance of breast cancer was 50 years. Most of the patients (84%) were of European origin. The most common histological types were ductal and intraductal carcinoma and scirrhous adenocarcinoma. The possible aetiological factors common to breast and thyroid cancer are discussed. Efforts aimed at improving the survival of patients with thyroid cancer must incorporate strategies for the early detection and treatment of secondary breast cancer.     

甲状腺癌诊断及复发因素分析

目的探讨甲状腺癌的诊断及与术后复发有关的因素。方法回顾性分析1999年3月至2006年2月期间上海市第一人民医院宝山分院收治的256例经手术及病理检查证实的甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。结果甲状腺乳头状癌235例(91.8%),滤泡状癌11例(4.3%),髓样癌7例(2.7%),未分化癌3例(1.2%)。所有病例均行手术治疗,手术方式包括:患侧腺叶+峡部+对侧甲状腺腺叶大部切除+病变侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫术;明确颈淋巴结转移或肿块明显外侵者,则行功能性颈淋巴结清扫术;对多灶癌或双腺叶癌者则施行双侧甲状腺全或近全切除,单或双侧Ⅵ区颈淋巴结清扫或一侧功能性颈淋巴结清扫+对侧Ⅵ区颈淋巴结清扫术。228例患者有完整的术后随访资料,随访3～9年,平均随访(6.5±1.3)年。随访期间14例发生复发或转移,其中6例死亡,死亡原因均为术后复发或远处转移。结论影像学检查是诊断甲状腺癌最主要的检查方法,肿块细针穿刺细胞学检查对肿块性质的判断准确率高,可靠性强。淋巴结转移率与原发病灶直径有关,肿瘤病理类型、分期、肿瘤外侵程度、淋巴结转移度、年龄及初次手术方式的选择与术后复发有关。     

全内镜下甲状腺切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌25例

目的 总结全内镜下甲状腺切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的经验并评估其治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析自2004年11月至2009年7月行乳晕腋窝入路全内镜下甲状腺癌手术25例患者的临床资料. 结果全部25例患者均在全内镜下成功实施甲状腺根治性手术,11例行患侧腺叶全切,14例行患侧腺叶全切加峡部及对侧腺叶大部分切除;7例术中清扫淋巴结.术后病理诊断均证实为分化型甲状腺癌(乳头状癌23例,滤泡状癌2例),中位随访时间28.0月(5～58月),无手术并发症,无复发病例,全部患者对美容效果满意.结论 内镜下甲状腺切除手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌是一种兼顾安全性,可行性及美容性的方法.     

甲状腺结节内钙化与甲状腺癌的关系研究

目的 探讨超声探测到的甲状腺结节内钙化与甲状腺癌的关系.方法 收集本院5年间行甲状腺手术患者4186例,对比甲状腺结节术前彩色超声检查与术后病理诊断.结果 甲状腺癌患者甲状腺结节内钙化,微小钙化和非微小钙化的发生率明显高于良性疾病中的发生率(P＜0.05).微小钙化对于预测甲状腺癌更有意义(P＜0.01),它在≥45岁和＜45岁组问比例分别为2.4%和16.8%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);钙化在不同性别问差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);伴钙化的恶性结节在单发与多发组间比例为70.7%和49.1%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 超声探测到微小钙化病灶对诊断甲状腺癌的特异性高,特别是对乳头状甲状腺癌.微小钙化对诊断微小乳头状癌有重要临床意义.     

多发性甲状腺结节伴甲状腺癌23例的临床分析

目的 探讨多发性甲状腺结节中甲状腺癌的诊断。方法 回顾分析1988年5月至2000年12月治疗的23例多发甲状腺结节伴甲状腺癌病例。结果 23例患者中术前确诊仅6例，第2次手术患者13例，良性疾病与甲状腺癌并存20例。结论 多发性甲状腺结节中的甲状腺癌多与良性疾病并存，临床诊断困难，病理诊断是减少误诊率与再手术率的有效方法。     

Renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the thyroid gland

Cancers that metastasize to the thyroid gland are uncommon. Metastasis to the thyroid gland has been reported in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies, malignant melanoma, sarcoma, hematologic malignancies, and other genitourinary cancers. A computer search of the records of the department of pathology at Loyola University Medical Center was done to determine the number of thyroidectomies performed between 1988 and 1998. A detailed review of the clinical records of patients with metastasis to the thyroid gland from RCC was done. A total of 941 thyroidectomies were performed between 1988 and 1998. Metastasis to the thyroid gland was seen in six cases (0.64%). Three of these six cases had metastasis from RCC. The interval between the diagnosis of the primary RCC and the thyroid metastasis was 2 to 10 years. Two of these three patients had an adenomatous thyroid gland. Metastases to the thyroid, though relatively rarely diagnosed clinically as a cause of thyroid nodule, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodule, particularly in patients who have a history of RCC.     

Changes in Breast Cancer Reports after Pathology Second Opinion

Breast cancer pathology reports contain valuable information about the histologic diagnosis, prognostic factors and predictive indicators of therapeutic response. A second opinion may be requested by medical oncologists and surgeons, when a patient is referred from another institution for treatment. We report the experience with pathology second opinion in selected patients referred to the Breast Oncology Unit. 205 cases referred to the Breast Oncology Unit were selected for second opinion after clinical evaluation, between 2002 and 2012. The cases reviewed included 102 core needle biopsies, 88 surgical specimens from the breast and 18 lymphadenopathies, 14 from the axillary region. Pathology second opinion was based on a review of hematoxylin‐eosin preparations, recuts of submitted paraffin blocks and written external pathology reports. Immunohistochemical studies for hormone receptors, HER2, myoepithelial cells, and other markers were performed in selected cases. A case was reclassified as showing major change when second opinion showed a potential for significant change in prognosis or treatment. Otherwise, it was considered to represent minor change or to be concordant. In 52 cases (25.4%), the pathology review showed changes. Thirty‐three (16%) patients were reclassified for major changes and 19 (9.2%) as minor changes. In six patients, more than one major change was identified. The major discrepancies identified were related to the histologic classification (12 cases), the presence or absence of invasion in ductal carcinoma (15 cases), the results of hormone receptors (5 cases), and HER2 (7 cases). Major changes in histologic classification included two cases diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma and reclassified as benign, four cases with diagnosis of breast cancer reclassified as metastatic lung cancer, one case diagnosed as small cell carcinoma of lung metastatic in the breast, reclassified as primary carcinoma of the breast, and three cases with diagnosis of breast cancer in the axilla reclassified as primary cutaneous adnexal carcinomas (2) and metastatic melanoma (1), respectively. In two cases, the histologic type of the primary breast tumor was changed. Second opinion in breast pathology may uncover significant discrepancies that impact on patient management and prognosis. Major discrepancies are most frequently related to the assessment of the presence or absence of invasion in ductal carcinoma, the results of predictive makers of therapeutic response, and the differential diagnosis of breast cancer and nonmammary tumors in the breast, the axilla, and at distant sites.     

Results of surgical treatment of nodular diseases of the thyroid gland in senile patients

The article presents an analysis of results of surgical treatment of 90 patients aged older than 75 years (mean age 78.0+/-2.8 years) with nodular diseases of the thyroid gland. The influence of a concomitant pathology in other organs on the course of diseases of the thyroid gland was established. It was noted that in senile patients malignant tumors appeared three times more often against the background of a benign pathology of the thyroid gland than in young patients. Main indications for surgical treatment were compression syndrome and cancer of the thyroid gland. The results of treatment of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland in senile patients and causes of postoperative complications were studied. Unfavorable results of treatment were due to prolonged observations at the pre-admission stage, predominance of patients (63.0%) with the 4th stage of disease, almost half of them had anaplastic cancer.     

Coexistent Thyroid Pathologies and High Rate of Papillary Cancer in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Controversies About Minimal Invasive Parathyroid Surgery

Thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid diseases associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may cause difficulties in the diagnosis, localization and therapy of PHPT. In this study, we analysed coexistent thyroid pathologies in 51 patients who underwent neck exploration with a diagnosis of PHPT between 1999-2002. Five hundred thirteen patients who underwent thyroidectomy for nodular thyroid disease without a parathyroid pathology in histopathological examination served as controls. In patients with PHPT there were 43 cases (84.3%) of coexistent thyroid pathology. Nine patients (17.6 %) had coexistent papillary thyroid cancer. Nine patients (17.6 %) had lymphocytic thyroiditis, two (3.9%) had benign thyroid adenoma and 24 (47%) had nodular hyperplasia. In one patient (2%), there was intrathyroidal metastasis from a parathyroid cancer. One patient had coexistent lymphocytic thyroiditis and multifocal papillary cancer. One of the two cases with thyroid adenomas was Hürthle cell type. In the control group only 28 patients (5.5%) had thyroid malignancy (27 papillary cancer and one follicular cancer). In conclusion, the coexistent thyroid pathologies are highly prevalent in patients with PHPT and pre-and intra-operative thyroid examination should be performed to avoid overlooking important thyroid pathologies.     

Coexistent thyroid pathologies and high rate of papillary cancer in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: controversies about minimal invasive parathyroid surgery

Thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid diseases associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) may cause difficulties in the diagnosis, localization and therapy of PHPT. In this study, we analysed coexistent thyroid pathologies in 51 patients who underwent neck exploration with a diagnosis of PHPT between 1999--2002. Five hundred thirteen patients who underwent thyroidectomy for nodular thyroid disease without a parathyroid pathology in histopathological examination served as controls. In patients with PHPT there were 43 cases (84.3%) of coexistent thyroid pathology. Nine patients (17.6 %) had coexistent papillary thyroid cancer. Nine patients (17.6 %) had lymphocytic thyroiditis, two (3.9%) had benign thyroid adenoma and 24 (47%) had nodular hyperplasia. In one patient (2%), there was intrathyroidal metastasis from a parathyroid cancer. One patient had coexistent lymphocytic thyroiditis and multifocal papillary cancer. One of the two cases with thyroid adenomas was Hürthle cell type. In the control group only 28 patients (5.5%) had thyroid malignancy (27 papillary cancer and one follicular cancer). In conclusion, the coexistent thyroid pathologies are highly prevalent in patients with PHPT and pre- and intra-operative thyroid examination should be performed to avoid overlooking important thyroid pathologies.     

Bilateral ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast after radiation therapy for Ewing’s sarcoma of the vertebra in a young woman: Report of a case

Thoracic radiation in the early years of life is a known risk factor for breast cancer later in life. A 21-year-old woman who had received thoracic radiation therapy for Ewing's sarcoma of the vertebra 9 years earlier was referred to our hospital for investigation of a palpable mass in her left breast. Ultrasonography and excisional biopsy showed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the left breast, with no detectable pathology in the right breast except that it was more hypoplastic than the left breast. Considering the known risk factors for invasive breast cancer in both breasts, we performed bilateral skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using subpectoral implants. The final histopathological diagnosis was bilateral DCIS.     

BRAF突变与甲状腺乳头状癌临床病理学特征关系研究

目的 探讨BRAF基因在甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）中的突变率,及其与临床病理学特征的关系。方法 选取2018年1月至2019年12月经手术治疗的253例甲状腺乳头状癌患者作为研究对象,分析BRAF基因突变与甲状腺乳头状癌患者临床病理学特征的关系。结果 81%的PTC患者中发现有BRAF基因的突变。BRAF突变率随着年龄的增长而增加,BRAF 突变与PTC的淋巴转移以及临床分期间比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥45岁、高肿瘤分期、区域淋巴结转移是BRAF突变的独立影响因素（均P<0.05）。结论 BRAF基因突变与PTC淋巴结转移、临床分期相关,而且对于甲状腺肿瘤良恶性的诊断具有重要价值。     

Does the use of pretreatment MRI change the management of patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer?

Breast MRI plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of preoperative breast MRI on the management of a large cohort of breast cancer patients at our institution. This study is a retrospective chart review of all newly diagnosed breast cancer patients who underwent preoperative breast MRI at our institution between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009. 1352 patients comprised the study population. 241 (17.8%) patients underwent a change in surgical management as a result of preoperative MRI. Patients with tumors in the lower inner quadrant and the central breast and those with pathology of invasive lobular carcinoma were significantly more likely to have their management changed by preoperative MRI. There was also a significant trend for larger tumors to be associated with a change in surgical management. No statistically significant association was found between breast density and change in management. This study supports the recommendation for the use of preoperative breast MRI in the majority of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, especially those with larger tumors, pathology of invasive lobular carcinoma, and tumors in the lower inner quadrant. Preoperative breast MRI is a useful tool for the evaluation of additional disease that led to a change in the surgical management of 17.8% of patients.     

细胞角蛋白34βE12在乳腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨细胞角蛋白34βE12(CK34βE12)在乳腺癌组织中的表达情况及其与乳腺癌患者预后的关系. 方法用免疫组化法对100例乳腺癌组织和30例癌旁组织中CK34βE12的表达水平进行测定,分析CK34βE12表达情况与乳腺癌患者的年龄、月经状态、雌激素受体表达、孕激素受体表达、肿瘤组织学分级、临床病理分期(TNM分期)、病理类型等指标之间的关系;同时分析CK34βE12表达情况与乳腺癌患者生存期之间的关系. 结果 (1)CK34βE12的表达情况与乳腺癌患者的年龄、月经状态、雌激素受体和孕激素受体的表达情况等均无关(P>0.05);但与肿瘤组织学分级、病理类型、临床病理分期等指标均有关(P<0.05).(2)单因素生存分析显示CK34βE12阴性表达组乳腺癌患者5年生存率(44.23%)低于阳性表达组乳腺癌患者5年生存率(79.55%),两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素生存分析显示CK34βE12的表达是乳腺癌预后的一个独立危险因素.结论 CK34βE12的表达与乳腺癌的肿瘤恶性生物学指标相关,乳腺癌组织中CK34βE12阴性表达提示预后不佳,可用于乳腺癌恶性程度和预后的判断.     

Breast cancer concurrent with hyperthyroidism: A case report

A case of breast cancer concurrent with hyperthyroidism was reported and the relation between breast cancer and thyroid dysfunction was reviewed. It has been frequently suggested that the incidence of breast cancer is decreased in patients with hyperthyroidism and breast cancer co-incidental with hyperthyroidism is rare.     

Thyroid and associated polyglandular neoplasms in patients who received head and neck irradiation during childhood

One hundred fifty-one patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the head, neck, and thorax had neck explorations (142 for “cold” thyroid nodules and 9 for hypercalcemia). Fifty-nine of the patients had thyroid carcinoma, and associated glandular tumors were found in 20 others. In addition, 6 female patients developed breast carcinoma; 4 of these women also had thyroid carcinoma. In this series, 48.6% of the patients irradiated for acne and 36.4% with tonsil and adenoid irradiation developed thyroid carcinoma, but only 10.5% with thymic irradiation did so. It is suggested that the workup on these patients include not only complete thyroid and parathyroid testing, but also a careful examination of all salivary glands, both major and minor. Women should have thorough breast examinations and should perhaps be followed as if they were in the potentially high-risk breast group. When thyroid surgery is performed, a total thyroidectomy is recommended.     

儿童甲状腺乳头状癌临床分析及肺转移风险因素讨论

目的 探讨分析儿童甲状腺乳头状癌临床特征及肺转移风险因素以指导临床工作.方法 收集2005-2016年郑州大学第一附属医院甲状腺外科收治的14岁以下首次行手术治疗并经过术后常规病理证实为甲状腺乳头状癌患者资料40例,将有关头颈部恶性肿瘤或淋巴瘤病史、继发性甲状腺癌、甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺乳头状癌,病例资料不完整的病例排除.40例患儿年龄3 ～ 14岁,其中男12例,女28例.最大肿瘤直径7.5 cm,最小肿瘤直径0.3 cm.肿瘤病灶单发22例,多发18例.肿瘤合并颈部淋巴结转移33例,无颈部淋巴结转移7例.肿瘤合并肺转移10例,无肺转移30例.采用x2检验和Logistic回归分析儿童甲状腺乳头状癌患者年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、病灶数、手术方式、颈部淋巴结转移等临床特征及肺转移相关风险因素.结果 儿童甲状腺乳头状癌肺转移的阳性率为25.0％(10/40),统计分析发现:肿瘤合并肺转移患儿阳性率在多发病灶数(x2=8.620,P=0.003)、肿瘤直径≥2 cm(x2=5.763,P=0.016)中较高且差异有统计学意义,经Logistic回归分析示:多病灶数是儿童甲状腺乳头状癌肺转移的危险因素(OR:13.058,P=0.028).结论 较高的肺转移率为儿童甲状腺乳头状癌的临床特征,对于多病灶的甲状腺乳头状癌患儿,肺转移风险明显增高.     

青年甲状腺癌的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨青年甲状腺癌患者群的构成、外科治疗方法及效果.方法 回顾性分析2002年至2009年收治的44例青年甲状腺癌和83例老年甲状腺癌的临床资料.结果 44例青年患者中,男女比为1:3.89,存在明显差异;分化型甲状腺癌约占93.18%,其中乳头状癌占86.36%.83例老年患者中,男女比为1:2.19;分化型甲状腺癌约占73.49%,其中乳头状癌占67.47%.手术方式主要采取患侧腺叶、峡部切除加对侧叶次全切除术.结论 本组甲状腺癌以分化型甲状腺癌为主;手术应根据病变性质、TNM分期及患者情况采取个体化方案,而专业化培训、细致操作、规范化手术过程可有效减少并发症的发生;规范、系统的激素治疗和必要时的131I治疗,可降低术后复发率.     

乳腺-甲状腺多原发癌的临床分析

目的探讨乳腺-甲状腺多原发癌的临床特点。方法收集2010-05—2016-05间在郑州大学第二附属医院诊断为乳腺-甲状腺多原发癌患者24例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 (1)24例乳腺-甲状腺多原发癌均为女性。(2)同时癌9例,异时癌15例。乳腺癌首发12例,甲状腺癌首发3例。(3)两原发癌发生间隔时间在3a内的18例,占75%。(4)乳腺多原发癌与乳腺单癌发病诊断年龄无统计学差异,甲状腺多原发癌发病诊断年龄与甲状腺单癌发病诊断年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(5)多原发癌中乳腺首发癌浸润性癌占80.95%;再发癌以导管内癌为主,占66.66%。多原发癌中甲状腺癌均为乳头状癌,其首发癌与再发癌中乳头状微小癌分别为83.33%、91.66%。(6)乳腺多原发癌ER阳性率为62.5%,乳腺单发癌ER阳性率52.63%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(7)24例多原发癌中,乳腺癌与甲状腺癌,均获得根治性手术机会,预后良好。结论乳腺-甲状腺多原发癌的第二原发癌好发于3a内,其再发癌肿瘤分化好,临床分期较早。早发现、早诊断,治疗效果好。