胎儿主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征

目的 探讨主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征,以提高其产前超声诊断率.方法 回顾性分析73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿的产前超声声像图、引产后胎儿尸检结果或新生儿超声心动图结果,并与正常胎儿产前超声图像进行对比,研究主动脉弓异常的产前超声图像特征.结果 73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿中,主动脉弓位置异常33例,正常左位主动脉弓伴右锁骨下动脉迷走9例,主动脉弓离断5例,主动脉弓缩窄26例.本组66例经产后证实的病例资料显示主动脉弓异常产前超声诊断准确率为86.36%.最有效的扫查切面是三血管切面和三血管气管切面.结论 先天性主动脉弓异常各类型均有特征性的超声表现,掌握其产前超声诊断的主要切面及产前超声声像图特征,其产前超声诊断准确率较高.但是主动脉弓严重缩窄与主动脉弓离断产前超声鉴别诊断有一定难度.     

Three-dimensional imaging of aortic arch anomalies in infants and children with intravascular ultrasound catheters from a transesophageal approach.

Aortic arch anomalies usually require surgical intervention preceded by precise anatomic definition. We studied 20 patients to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of using intravascular ultrasound catheters from a transesophageal approach with 3-dimensional image reconstruction for the diagnosis of aortic arch anomalies in infants and children. All patients had transthoracic echocardiograms and/or angiograms or magnetic resonance imaging. A 12.5-MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter was positioned in the esophagus and withdrawn by using an electrocardiogram and a respiratory gated pullback device to acquire the mediastinal images. All patients with arch anomalies underwent surgical repair. Reconstructed images were analyzed in the "anyplane" mode and with surface rendering. Intravascular ultrasound 3-dimensional imaging was successfully accomplished without complications. Anatomy was correctly identified in all patients by both blinded and unblinded observers, thus confirming the sensitivity and accuracy of the technique. We foresee this new technique to be useful as an adjunctive imaging modality applicable at the bedside or in the cardiac imaging laboratory.     

Fetal sonographic diagnosis of aortic arch anomalies.

Aortic arch anomalies refer to congenital abnormalities of the position or branching pattern, or both of the aortic arch. Although aortic arch anomalies are not uncommon, reports on their prenatal diagnosis are scarce. Insight into the hypothetical arch model is crucial to understanding anomalies of the aortic arch in the fetus. Recognition of the trachea, three major vessels, ductus arteriosus and descending aorta in the axial views of the upper mediastinum is necessary for a complete fetal cardiac assessment. Clues to aortic arch anomalies include abnormal position of the descending aorta, absence of the normal 'V'-shaped confluence of the ductal and aortic arches, a gap between the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery in the three-vessel view, and an abnormal vessel behind the trachea with or without a vascular loop or ring around the trachea. Meticulous attention to anatomic landmarks will lead to successful prenatal diagnosis of important vascular rings making early postnatal management possible.     

Imaging of aortic arch anomalies and associated findings

Imaging is important in the diagnosis of aortic arch disease. Echocardiography is the test of choice. It possess minimal risk, can be performed at the bedside without sedation and provides a complete evaluation of the heart and the great vessels. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) is an alternative when echocardiography is limited by acoustic windows. It does not use ionizing radiation or nephrotoxic contrast. 3D reconstruction and soft tissue characterization are possible. cMRI evaluates physiology and may be an alternative to diagnostic catheterization. Longer scan times, need for sedation and the presence of implantable metal devices that may be a contraindication for cMRI are the main limiting factors. Computed tomography with angiography has very short scanning times, limiting the need for sedation. It has high spatial resolution and can evaluate physiology. Its use is limited because it uses radiation, has poor temporal resolution compared with cMRI and uses iodinated contrast. Catheterization is the test of choice, and can serve for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.     

婴儿主动脉弓中断矫治术的手术配合

2001年2月—2004年1月我院为12例主动脉弓中断（IAA）婴儿进行了手术，1例采用左胸后外侧切口，于非体外循环下手术．其余11例采用深低温体外循环下手术。主动脉开放后心脏均自动复跳，1例因心跳骤停死亡，其余11例存活。根据IAA手术的特点。进行充分的术前准备，确保了手术的成功率。     

婴儿主动脉弓中断矫治术的手术配合

2001年2月—2004年1月我院为12例主动脉弓中断(IAA)婴儿进行了手术,1例采用左胸后外侧切口,于非体外循环下手术,其余11例采用深低温体外循环下手术。主动脉开放后心脏均自动复跳,1例因心跳骤停死亡,其余11例存活。根据IAA手术的特点,进行充分的术前准备,确保了手术的成功率。     

胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断线索和方法研究

目的 探讨胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断方法技巧、诊断线索,提高主动脉弓异常的产前超声诊断率.方法 选择2006年1月至2009年12月在我院行产前系统超声检查并获得结果验证的1472例正常和异常胎儿为研究对象,每个胎儿均进行四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管切面的观察,当怀疑主动脉弓异常时,进一步获得主动脉弓长轴切面和冠状切面及经过气管的冠状切面.结果 产前超声共诊断148例主动脉弓异常,漏诊1例,92例获得结果验证,包括主动脉弓缩窄28例,主动脉弓离断10例,右位主动脉弓及主动脉弓分支异常52例,双主动脉弓2例.24例合并其他严重心脏畸形.主动脉弓缩窄、主动脉弓离断的线索为三血管气管平面均显示主动脉弓内径和动脉导管内径比例失调,主动脉弓内径异常小,四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称;右位主动脉弓及其分支异常在3VTV平面显示主动脉弓位于气管右侧、主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大呈"U"形和(或)在气管后方有发自降主动脉起始段的血管分支-锁骨下动脉.主动脉弓横切面即三血管气管切面、纵切面、冠状切面的显示率分别为 98.4%、90.0%、81.9%.结论 四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称和3VT平面显示主动脉弓内径异常小,主动脉弓与动脉导管内径比例失调是诊断主动脉弓缩窄、离断的线索,主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大是诊断右位主动脉弓的线索,三血管气管平面是诊断主动脉弓异常最易显示和最敏感的切面,主动脉弓冠状切面、纵切面及经过气管的冠状切面对诊断具有补充和鉴别意义.

Abstract：

Objective To study the ultrasonographic clues and methods for fetal anomalies of the aorta arch and improve prenatal detection of anomalies of the aorta arch.Methods One thousand four hundred and seventy-two cases fetus who were carried out detailed scan and whose results were confirmed were chose as study objects.Every routine fetal echocardiography included four chamber and left and right outflow tract and three-vessel trachea view(3VT).The more views which included longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus were obtained when the abnormality of aorta arch was suspected.Results One hundred and forty-eight cases with anomalies of aorta arch were diagnosed by ultrasonography.One case was misdiagnosed.Ninety-two fetus with anomalies of aorta arch which included 28 aortic coarctation(CoA) and 10 interrupted aortic arch (IAA) and 52 right-side aortic arch and abnormal aortic branch and 2 double aortic arch were confirmed by postmortem or postnatal echocardiography and surgery.Of the 92 confirmed cases,24 had prenatally diagnosed additional complex intracardiac anomalies.All cases with CoA and IAA presented ventricular and/or great arterial disproportion with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter on four chamber view and 3VT.Right aortic arch (RAA) and abnormal aortic branch(AAB) displayed aortic arch located on the right side of the trachea and increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct and abnormal aortic arch branch-subclavian artery originating from the beginning section of the descend aorta which coursed behind the trachea with U-shaped appearance on the 3VT plane.The display rate of the transverse and longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch was 98.4%,90.0%,81.9%,respectively.Conclusions Disproportional ventricular and /or great arterial with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter are the clues for CoA and IAA.Increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct is the clue for RSA.The transverse view of the aortic arch 3VT is the most sensitive for detecting the anomalies of the aortic arch and the most easily be obtained.The longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus are helpful in differentiating the anomalies of the aortic arch.     

Prenatal double aortic arch presenting with a right aortic arch and an anomalous artery arising from the ascending aorta

Double aortic arch is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch and this may cause tracheal damage by compressing the trachea during the first year of life. We report here on three fetal cases of double aortic arch and their outcomes. These malformations presented as an isolated right aortic arch or as a typical vascular ring form on the prenatal echocardiography that was obtained between 22 and 24 weeks gestation. In two of the three patients, the major intracardiac anomaly was a ventricular septal defect, and this was associated with the aortic malformation. A more detailed evaluation of the branching pattern of the aorta, and particularly whether the aorta gives off a left-sided limb of the double arch, could suggest the diagnosis of a double aortic arch in utero. Two patients underwent successful surgical correction and they showed good clinical outcomes. Fetal double aortic arch can be prenatally suspected after performing fetal echocardiography for those fetuses that show a right side aortic arch, and this can help to avoid delaying the postnatal management of this rare anomaly.     

Diagnosis of congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies in Chinese children by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies in children and compare it with transthoracic echocardiography and other MR imaging techniques (ECG gated T1-weighted spin-echo imaging and gradient-echo cine imaging). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, ECG gated T1-weighted spin-echo imaging, and gradient-echo cine imaging were performed for the diagnosis of congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies in 416 patients from April 1999 to March 2005 (age range, 3 days to 12 years; mean age, 2.4 years) using a GE 1.5T MR scanner. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients prior to MR examination. Surgery and/or conventional X-ray angiocardiography were done in all patients to determine the final diagnosis. RESULTS: The population consisted of 416 patients. Congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies were diagnosed in 213 patients and ruled out in 203 patients by operation and/or conventional X-ray angiocardiography. Among the 213 patients with anomalies, coarctation of aorta was diagnosed in 174, interruption of aortic arch was diagnosed in 35, and persistent fifth aortic arch with fourth aortic arch interruption was diagnosed in 4 patients. Among the 35 patients with interruption of aortic arch, 21 were of type A, and 14 were of type B. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies were 98% (208/213), 99% (201/203) and 98% (409/416), respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography were 88% (187/213), 92% (186/203) and 90% (373/416), respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of other MR imaging techniques (ECG gated T1-weighted spin-echo imaging and gradient-echo cine imaging) were 89% (189/213), 84% (170/203) and 86% (359/416), respectively. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography is a reliable, noninvasive imaging technique for the diagnosis of congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies in children. Occasionally, even more information can be obtained from this technique than from conventional X-ray angiocardiography. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography and other MR imaging techniques (ECG gated T1-weighted spin-echo imaging and gradient-echo cine imaging) for diagnosis of congenital obstructive aortic arch anomalies in children.     

超声心动图诊断小儿主动脉弓离断伴迷走右锁骨下动脉的研究

目的探讨超声心动图诊断小儿主动脉弓离断伴迷走右锁骨下动脉的可行性及价值。 方法选取2012年7月至2016年12月间在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院就诊的经手术证实的6例IAA伴ARSCA患儿对照手术结果,分析超声心动图特点,并与不伴迷走右锁骨下动脉的主动脉弓离断病例进行比较,分析总结主动脉弓离断伴迷走右锁骨下动脉特有的超声表现。年龄、体重以及肺动脉与主动脉比值等在IAA-B伴ARSCA与IAA-B普通型两组间比较采用t检验。 结果6例主动脉弓离断（均为主动脉弓离断B型）伴迷走右锁骨下动脉,4例误诊为主动脉弓离断C型。主动脉弓离断B型伴迷走右锁骨下动脉特征性表现：主动脉弓离断前发出右、左颈总动脉,与升主动脉一起呈对称的"Y"型,离断后降主动脉发出左、右锁骨下动脉,迷走右锁骨下动脉走行多变。肺动脉直径与主动脉直径的比值增大较未伴迷走右锁骨下动脉者明显。 结论超声心动图早期确诊主动脉弓离断同时能检查迷走右锁骨下动脉,提高分型正确率,为外科手术提供全面有效依据。     

超声心动图诊断主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图诊断主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的准确性.方法 分析7例主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良患儿的二维超声图像,并与心血管造影,心脏CT及手术结果对比分析,总结其诊断要点.结果 除主动脉缩窄的超声表现外,超声特异表现为:胸骨上凹主动脉弓长轴切面可见主动脉横弓部及弓降部明显变窄.发育不良的范围可自无名动脉起始后或左颈总动脉起始后;发育不良主动脉弓的内径/膈肌处降主动脉胸段的内径<0.5;多普勒测定主动脉缩窄处血流速度均在正常范围.超声诊断均与心血管造影、心脏CT及手术结果相符.结论 超声心动图诊断丰动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良具有较高的准确性,在主动脉缩窄的诊断中.应提高对合并主动脉弓发育不良的认识.     

CT血管造影及超声诊断小儿主动脉弓畸形价值

目的探讨CT血管造影（CTangiography,CTA）及超声在诊断主动脉弓畸形中的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术组织病理证实的22例主动脉弓畸形患者超声及CTA声像资料。结果超声诊断主动脉弓畸形符合率72．7％（16／22）,合并心内畸形的符合率为96．9％（28／29）;CTA诊断主动脉弓畸形符合率100％（22／22）,合并心内外畸形的符合率为79．3％（23／29）;CTA诊断主动脉弓畸形的符合率高于超声（x2=6．345,P=0．014）,诊断合并心内外畸形的符合率低于超声（x2=5．231,P=0．016）。结论CTA对主动脉弓畸形的诊断准确率高于超声检查,但对合并心内外异常结构的诊断不如超声。     

Diagnosis of subclavian steal in infants with coarctation of the aorta and interruption of the aortic arch by color-coded Doppler sonography

We report the noninvasive diagnosis of subclavian steal by color-coded Doppler ultrasonography in nine infants with congenital heart disease. The underlying cardiovascular malformations included coarctation of the aorta in four infants, interrupted aortic arch type B in three patients, truncus arteriosus communis type A4 (one patient), and isolation of the right subclavian artery (one patient). In all patients both vertebral arteries could be displayed through the anterior fontanel in coronal sections. Normally the flow in both vertebral arteries, as well as the flow in the basilar artery, is displayed in red. In eight patients with angiographically proved unilateral subclavian steal, an antegrade (red) flow could be shown in one vertebral artery, whereas the contralateral vertebral artery was displayed blue, indicating reverse flow. In one infant with interrupted aortic arch type B and associated aberrant right subclavian artery, both vertebral arteries and the basilar artery were displayed blue, indicating bilateral subclavian steal. Color-coded Doppler sonography seems to be a sensitive, noninvasive method for diagnosing congenital subclavian steal, especially in infants with obstruction of the aortic arch.     

无创中心动脉压正常范围的初步探讨

目的:探讨无创中心动脉压(CASP)检测的准确性及正常范围。方法:选择有近期体检资料的健康志愿者(正常人)300名,采用实时监测动脉脉搏波结合BProA-PULSECASP中心动脉压应用软件获得健康志愿者的CASP数值。结果:①无创CASP检测仪器的稳定性和可重复性良好。②正常人无创CASP与性别、年龄呈线性关系,特别是同时考虑年龄和性别时,其与无创CASP的相关性更显著,年龄每增长10岁,无创CASP约升高1.9mmHg,男性无创CASP平均高于女性约2.5mmHg。③正常人无创CASP范围,男性为91.60～132.04mmHg,女性为81.72～131.59mmHg。④无创CASP水平低于肱动脉收缩压(SBP),但肱动脉SBP-无创CASP差值与年龄无关,不随年龄的变化而变化。结论:无创CASP检测方法较方便且监测数据稳定。正常值范围接近已知的有创CASP水平,但其检测的方便程度不如肱动脉血压测量,若在临床上广泛推广使用还需更新设备、简化操作方法。     

Subclavian and pulmonary artery steal phenomenon in a patient with isolated left subclavian artery and right aortic arch

We describe a patient with an isolated left subclavian artery associated with right aortic arch, patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect. As the isolated left subclavian artery is supplied by the left vertebral artery in which blood flows in the retrograde direction, this anomaly is usually responsible for a congenital subclavian steal phenomenon. Atrophy of the left cerebral hemisphere and inverted left vertebral arterial flow were clearly depicted by echoencephalography in this patient, whose subclavian artery was connected to the main pulmonary artery by a patent ductus arteriosus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013.     

Percutaneous cannulation of the radial artery in severely ill premature and newborn infants

Cannulation of the radial artery is an easy and safe alternative to the usual procedure of catheterization of the umbilical artery to secure blood for gas sampling and for monitoring blood pressure in critically ill neonates. The use of a fiberoptic light source further improves the success of percutaneous radial artery cannulation. We performed this procedure in 264 critically ill babies and it was successful in 211 (80%). The average weight was 2.160 g (740-4,300), gestational age was 33 weeks (26-45). The radial artery catheter had an average useful life of 5 days (1-22). In 53 newborn infants the catheter had to be removed prematurely because obtaining blood samples was no longer possible. In 15 babies the catheter had to be removed on account of arterial spasms. One patient developed skin necrosis of a small area on the tip of the thumb due to a thrombo-embolic complication. No case of bacterial infection due to cannulation was observed. No neurological disturbance in hand or finger function was found on follow up after one year. In conclusion, this method is safe, easy to handle, has less complications and several advantages over previous methods.     

颞浅动脉与桡动脉有创血压监测在婴幼儿中的应用效果比较

目的 比较经颞浅动脉、桡动脉行有创血压监测在婴幼儿中的应用效果.方法 随机抽取40例病重婴幼儿,每例分别行同侧颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺置管监测血压,比较2条动脉一次穿刺成功率、动脉置管成功的平均耗时、拨管后按压时间及置管期间的并发症.结果 颞浅动脉一次穿刺置管成功率显著高于桡动脉,两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=12.17...     

双主动脉弓及合并畸形的MSCT和超声心动图诊断对比分析

目的评价及对比分析MSCT及UCG对诊断双主动脉弓(DAA)及合并畸形的价值。方法回顾性15例确诊为双主动脉弓病例的临床、超声心动图及多层螺旋CT资料,并将其影像诊断结果与手术结果进行对照。结果所有患者均行手术治疗。15例DAA患者MSCT均完全符合诊断,其中TypeⅠ型(双弓开放)13例,右弓粗大者9例、左弓粗大2例,两弓均衡2例;TypeⅡ型(一弓闭锁)2例,均为左弓闭锁。超声心动图确诊9例,误诊6例。6例误诊患者中,5例超声诊断为右位主动脉弓,其中实为双侧主动脉弓均开放者3例(右弓粗大、左弓细小),双主动脉弓左弓闭锁者2例;1例超声诊断为左位主动脉弓,实为双侧主动脉弓均开放者(左弓粗大、右弓细小)。15例DAA中,仅2例为单发畸形,其余13例均合并一种或多种心、外内畸形,合并畸形主要包括:房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等。7例患者有不同程度的气管/支气管狭窄。15例中9例采用前瞻性心电门控CT扫描的CTDI平均值2.78±0.15 m Gy、DLP平均值29.35±1.73m Gy·cm2、ED平均值0.73±0.42 m Sv;图像均符合诊断要求。结论多层螺旋CT能准确地诊断双主动脉弓及并发畸形,以及合并的气道狭窄,诊断符合率明显优于超声,对制定治疗方案有重要的价值。