老年2型糖尿病患者血清超敏C反应蛋白与糖尿病肾病相关性分析

目的 分析老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)与糖尿病肾病(DN)的相关性及临床意义.方法 72例老年T2DM患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为:正常白蛋白尿组(A组)30例,微量白蛋白尿组(B组)22例,临床白蛋白尿组(C组)20例;另设健康对照组(D组)30例.采用免疫透射比浊法测定各组血清hsCRP浓度,比较T2DM各组与对照组的hsCRP水平.结果 T2DM各组血清hsCRP水平较对照组明显升高,且随UAER的增高而升高.结论 hsCRP为DN的发病危险因素之一,且随DN病程的进展,hsCRP水平逐渐升高.     

2型糖尿病患者血清护骨素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的 2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清护骨素水平与糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系.方法 110例T2DM患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为正常白蛋白尿组 38例、微量白蛋白尿组 36例及大量白蛋白尿组 36例,同时选择年龄、性别相匹配的40例健康者为对照组.血清护骨素采用ELISA法测定.结果 在T2DM各组中,大量白蛋白尿组患者的血清护骨素水平[(4.45±0.76)ng/L]显著高于微量白蛋白尿组[(3.62±0.70)ng/L]、正常白蛋白尿组[(2.77±0.78)mg/L]和对照组[(2.29±0.37)ng/L](均P＜0.01);微量白蛋白尿组患者的血清护骨素水平高于正常白蛋白尿组.血清护骨素水平与空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及UAER呈明显正相关.血清护骨素水平是DN的重要影响因素.结论 DN患者血清护骨素水平明显升高,护骨素可能在DN的发生中起一定作用.     

糖尿病肾病患者TNF-α,hsCRP的变化及意义

目的分析糖尿病肾病（DN）患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）、超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平的变化及意义。方法将302例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床白蛋白尿组,测定各组TNF-α、hsCRP水平。结果三组间比较,随着UAER的增加,TNF-α、hsCRP水平逐渐升高;TNF-α和hsCRP与UAER呈显著正相关（r分别为0．420、0．468,P均〈0．01）。结论T2DM患者TNF-α、hsCRP水平与DN关系密切。     

血清脂联素、转化生长因子β1在糖尿病肾病中的水平分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清脂联素（APN）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的水平及二者的相关性。方法选择糖尿病患者120例,根据尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、大量自蛋白尿组,用ELISA方法检测其血清APN和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）浓度,同时测定各组的UAER、血糖、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白等的水平,取正常人34例为对照组。结果（1）血清APN、TGF-β1水平随病程进展逐渐升高,各组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）在DN阶段血清APN与TGF-β1水平呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0．449（P〈0．01）。（3）在DN阶段血清APN、TGF-β1水平与UAER、血糖、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白水平呈正相关。结论APN和TGF-β1可能在DN的发病过程中起重要作用;TGF-β1可作为早期发现DN的一种新的敏感指标;APN、TGF-β1有望成为治疗DN的新靶点。     

肾脏结缔组织生长因子的检测及其对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的价值

目的探讨结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）在糖尿病（DM）患者肾组织中以及尿中的检测对早期诊断糖尿病肾脏损害的意义。方法40例DM患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿（N-UAlb）组（〈20μg／min，15例）、微量白蛋白尿（M-UAlb）组（20～200μg／min，13例）和大量白蛋白（L-UAlb）尿组（〉200μg／min，12例）。双抗体夹心ELISA法检测尿中CTGF的浓度，其中20例行肾活检，免疫组织化学技术检测肾组织中CTGF的表达，并与30例正常对照（NC）组进行比较。结果CTGF在正常肾组织中无或仅有基础量表达，随着DM肾脏损害的加重，表达逐步增强；与NC组相比，DM患者尿CTGF排泄在正常白蛋白尿组已显著升高（P〈0．01），且随着UAER增加其水平亦呈逐渐递增趋势，组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。相关分析表明：尿CTGF与UAER及之间呈显著正相关（P〈0．01），与肌酐清除率呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论CTGF在糖尿病肾病（DN）的发生发展中起着重要作用。测定DM患者尿CTGF的含量，不仅可作为诊断DN早期肾损害较敏感的指标，还将有助于监测、判断DN的病程进展。     

2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿患者血浆血小板活化因子的检测及其临床意义

目的研究2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿患者血浆血小板活化因子(PAF)的水平及其与尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)的相互关系.方法采用生物学方法和放免法分别测定30例健康人(正常对照组)、30例2型糖尿病正常白蛋白尿患者、28例2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿患者血浆PAF和UAER水平.结果 (1)正常对照组与正常白蛋白尿组相比UAER、血浆PAF均无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)在排除代谢因素影响后,2型糖尿病组中微量白蛋白尿组与正常白蛋白尿组相比血浆PAF有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);(3)UAER与PAF正相关,相关系数0.68,尤其在微量白蛋白尿组,相关系数达0.74.结论血浆PAF增高可能参与了2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿的发生、发展过程,它的检测可作为早期糖尿病肾病的诊断、治疗、预后观察的一个临床指标.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9及转化生长因子β1与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的　观察 2型糖尿病患者 (T2DM)血清基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP 9)、转化生长因子β1(TGF β1)、IV型胶原 (CIV)的变化 ,探讨其在糖尿病肾病 (DN)进展中的作用。　方法　根据尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)将 6 4例T2DM患者分为正常白蛋白尿 (NA)组、微量蛋白尿 (MA)组、临床白蛋白尿 (ODN)组 ,分别检测各组的MMP 9、TGF β1、CIV。　结果　血清MMP 9含量在MA组及ODN组较正常对照 (NC)组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,且ODN组较MA组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1)。血清TGF β1含量NA组、MA组及ODN组均较NC组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,MA组及ODN组较NA组升高明显 (P<0 .0 1)。血清CIV含量ODN组明显高于其他三组 (P <0 .0 1) ,NA组、MA组虽较NC组升高但无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　血清MMP 9、TGF β1升高在DN的发生、发展中起着重要作用     

糖尿病肾病患者血清抵抗素水平与24h尿白蛋白定量的关系

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清抵抗素水平与24 h尿白蛋白定量的关系。方法选择2型糖尿病患者89例,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组35例、微量白蛋白尿组32例和大量白蛋白尿组22例。分别观察各组患者的空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白、24 h尿白蛋白定量、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）和血清抵抗素水平。结果正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组的24 h尿白蛋白定量、hs-CRP和抵抗素水平依次升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。相关分析显示,DN患者的抵抗素水平与24 h尿白蛋白定量呈明显正相关（r=0.342,P〈0.05）。结论抵抗素可能在DN的发病中起着重要的作用,可作为DN严重程度的评判指标。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清电解质水平变化的研究

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清电解质变化,及与尿微量白蛋白的相关性.方法 选取2013年4月至2014年10月在天津中医药大学第二附属医院内科住院的2型糖尿病患者450例,按尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)结果分为3组,＜20 μg/min为无DN组(176例),20～200 μg/min为微量白蛋白尿组(182例),≥200 μg/min为大量白蛋白尿组(92例).同时检测患者血清电解质钾、钠、氯、磷、镁、钙水平,并留取患者一般资料,分析各种电解质变化与DN的关系.结果 3组间的钾、磷、钙、镁水平有差异,大量白蛋白尿组的钾(F=11.139,P＜0.01)、磷(F=3.115,P＜0.05)水平最高,镁(F=7.251,P＜0.05)、钙(F=5.721,P＜0.01)水平最低.微量白蛋白尿组与大量白蛋白尿组患者的钾、磷水平均高于无DN组,镁水平低于无DN组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).大量白蛋白尿组钙水平低于无DN组(P＜0.01).与微量白蛋白尿组相比,大量白蛋白尿组钾、磷水平升高,而钙、镁水平降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).直线相关分析显示,磷、钾水平与24 h尿微量白蛋白呈正相关(r=0.348,0.258,P＜ 0.001).钙、镁水平与24h尿微量白蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.360,-0.374,P＜0.001).结论 DN患者随着尿微量白蛋白的增多,钾、磷水平逐渐升高,镁、钙水平逐渐降低.     

糖尿病肾病患者血、尿转化生长因子-β1水平变化及其临床意义

目的探讨不同阶段糖尿病肾病患者血、尿转化生长因子β1(TGFβ1)水平变化及其临床意义。方法依据尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)的不同,将68例2糖尿病患者分为3组,正常白蛋白尿糖尿病组23例,UAER<20μg/min;早期糖尿病肾病组25例,UAER>20～200μg/min;临床糖尿病肾病组20例,UAER>200μg/min。用ELISE法测定血、尿转化生长因子β1水平,并对其临床意义进行分析。结果与正常对照组比较,正常白蛋白尿糖尿病组血TGFβ1水平轻度升高,无显著差异(P>0.05);而早期糖尿病肾病组、临床糖尿病肾病组血TGFβ1水平明显升高(P<0.01);3组糖尿病组尿TGFβ1均较对照组明显升高(P<0.05～0.01)。各组糖尿病患者尿TGFβ1水平与UAER呈正相关(r值分别为0.612,0.572,0.624,P均<0.01)。尿TGFβ1与血肌酐也呈正相关(r值为0.513,P<0.05)。结论尿TGFβ1变化可能更早显示基底膜成份和结构变化,可作为较白蛋白更敏感的糖尿病肾病早期诊断的一个指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.