组织多普勒定量组织速度成像技术在扩张型心肌病中的应用

目的探讨组织多普勒定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术在扩张型心肌病患者左心室的收缩及舒张功能。方法选取76例扩张型心肌病患者,应用定量组织速度成像技术测量左心室基底段前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁、后室间隔及前室间隔的收缩期（Vs）、舒张早期（Ve）、舒张晚期（Va）的室壁运动速度及持续时间,并进行统计学分析。结果 76例扩张型心肌病患者中室壁运动速度均减低。结论超声多普勒定量组织速度成像技术可实时、准确地反映心肌舒缩运动状况,为进一步了解局部及整体心肌功能提供更多信息。     

定量组织速度成像评价原发性肺动脉高压右心室长轴功能的临床研究

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术评价原发性肺动脉高压（PPH）患者右心室长轴舒缩功能的价值。方法获取16例PPH患者与15例正常人的标准心尖四腔切面TVI图像，应用QTVI技术离线分析右心室游离壁三尖瓣环处组织速度曲线，测量收缩期峰值运动速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值运动速度（Ve）和舒张晚期峰值运动速度（Va），计算Ve与Va比值（Ve／Va）。应用二维超声心动图测量室间隔厚度（IVS）、右心室前壁厚度（RVAw）、右心室收缩末期容积（RVESV）和右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）。结果与正常人相比，PPH患者Vs、Ve、Va和Ve／Va显著降低，IVS、RVAW、RVESV和RVEDV显著增加。结论PPH患者右心室发生代偿性重构，而其右心室长轴舒缩功能显著受损。     

定量组织速度成像技术对肥厚型心肌病收缩及舒张功能的评价

目的应用定量组织速度成像技术(QTVI)评价肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者左心室长轴方向上的收缩和舒张功能。方法应用QTVI技术离线分析24例HCM患者和22例正常对照者左心室各心肌节段长轴方向上的速度曲线,测量收缩期峰值(Vs)、舒张早期峰值(Ve)和舒张晚期峰值速度(Va),并计算Ve/Va及收缩期和舒张早期心肌速度梯度(MVG)。结果HCM组收缩期和舒张早期MVG及各室壁基段、中段和部分尖段的Vs、Ve及Ve/Va均小于对照组,而Va与对照组间的差异无统计学意义;肥厚最为明显的节段(后室间隔中段)的Vs与相应侧壁节段的比值小于对照组,后室间隔中段的Vs、Ve与该节段的厚度呈负相关。结论HCM患者左心室长轴方向上的收缩及主动舒张功能受损,并同时累及肥厚及非肥厚的室壁,以肥厚的室壁最为明显。肥厚心肌的舒缩功能与心肌的厚度呈负相关。     

定量组织速度成像技术评价冠心病左心室局部心肌收缩与舒张功能的研究

目的探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术评价冠心病（CAD）患者左心室心肌收缩与舒张功能的价值。方法应用QTVI获取35例正常人和35例CAD患者左心室长轴方向不同室壁节段的心肌多普勒速度曲线,分析并比较收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、收缩期加速度（a）、快速充盈期和心房收缩期的速度（Ve和Va）、二尖瓣舒张期血流频谱E／A值、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室质量指数（LVMI）、Vs／Ve、Va／Ve比值。结果CAD患者Vs、Ve、Va、a、Vs／Ve、LVEF均比正常人降低;CAD患者Vs的测值与临床NYHA分级有相关性（r=0．73）,Ve／Va与E／A有明显相关关系（r=0．74）。结论QTVI定量提供了一种较精确的评价CAD患者左心室局部心肌收缩舒张功能变化方法。     

定量组织速度成像评价2型糖尿病患者左心功能

目的应用定量组织速度成像技术观察2型糖尿病患者是否存在左心舒张和收缩功能异常.方法运用定量组织速度成像技术观测33例2型糖尿病患者和24例健康人心尖左心长轴、二腔和四腔切面二尖瓣环运动速度曲线,测量收缩期峰值速度Vs,舒张早期峰值速度Ve和舒张晚期峰值速度Va,计算Ve/Va比值;彩色多普勒血流显像法测量二尖瓣口舒张早期血流频谱E峰速度,舒张晚期血流频谱A峰速度,计算E/A比值.结果糖尿病组收缩期峰值速度Vs与健康人无显著差异 (P＞0.05);糖尿病组舒张早期峰值运动速度Ve较健康人减低(舒张早期峰值速度Ve糖尿病组/健康人:9.96±3.10/13.29±3.99,P＜0.05);舒张晚期峰值速度Va较健康人升高(舒张晚期峰值速度Va糖尿病组/健康人:11.58±2.21/10.13±1.36,P＜0.05),Ve/Va比值较健康人明显减低(Ve/Va比值糖尿病组/健康人: 0.88±0.32/1.33±0.40,P＜0.01).结论糖尿病患者早期即存在左室舒张功能异常,运用定量组织速度成像技术检测糖尿病患者左室舒张功能可检出松弛延迟和血流频谱假性正常化的病例.     

定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度

目的　应用定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度评价扩张型心肌病患者左室舒张功能。方法　定量组织速度成像测量 14例正常人和 14例扩张型心肌病患者二尖瓣环 6个节段 (后间隔和侧壁、前间隔和后壁、前壁和下壁 )舒张早期峰值速度Ve、左房收缩期峰值速度Va ,计算Ve Va ;多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度E峰、左房收缩充盈速度A峰 ,计算E A值。结果　正常人和扩张型心肌病患者两组间E A无显著统计学差异 ,而扩张型心肌病组二尖瓣环平均Ve Va、平均Ve较正常组显著减低 (Ve Va :0 .89± 0 .11vs 1.76± 0 .76,P =0 .0 0 1;Ve :-4 .79± 2 .2 2vs -8.42± 2 .2 7,P<0 .0 0 0 1) ;正常组中二尖瓣环平均Ve Va与E A显著相关 (r =0 .63 ,P =0 .0 0 8) ,而扩张型心肌病组二尖瓣环平均Ve Va与E A无显著相关。结论　扩张型心肌病患者二尖瓣口血流频谱表现为假性正常化 ,定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度可准确评价其左室舒张功能。     

定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法对扩张型心肌病左室功能的分析

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）和组织追踪法（TT）对扩张型心肌病（DCM）患左室收缩和舒张功能的价值。方法 获取标准心尖位左室长轴切面，两腔切面及四项切面，分别应用QTVI和TT技术分析30例正常人和20例DCM患左室长轴方向不同室壁节段即左室前壁、后壁、侧壁、下壁、前间隔和后间隔的心肌多普勒速度曲线和位移曲线；用M-型超声心动图测量收缩期二尖瓣环下移距离（Don）；用二维超声心动图测量左室射血分数（LVEF）：用多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度E峰、左房收缩充盈速度A峰，计算E/A值。结果 DCM患左室不同室壁节段Vs，Ve，Va和Ds以及LVEF均比正常人显减低。在DCM患中，用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法测量的二尖瓣环水平Ds与用M-型超声心动图测量的Dm显相关（r=0.64，P=0.005），二尖瓣环水平的平均Vs(r=0.73，P=0.001）、平均Ds(r=0.64,P=0.005）与LVEF分别显相关。正常人与DCM患两组间E/A值无显统计学差异，而DCM患二尖瓣环平均Ve/Va较正常人显减低；正常人中二尖瓣环平均Ve/Va与E/A显相关（r=0.63,P=0.008)，而DCM患二尖瓣环平均Va与E/A无显相关。结论 定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法技术可快速、直观、元创性定量评价扩张型心肌病患左心室收缩舒张功能。     

多普勒组织成像技术定量评价冠心病患者PTCA支架置入术后心肌灌注的超声研究

目的应用多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术定量评价PTCA支架置入术后心肌灌注恢复的特性。方法选择45例接受PTCA支架置入术的冠心病患者,根据心电图和冠状动脉造影结果分为心肌缺血组20例和心肌梗死组25例,用脉冲多普勒组织成像(PW-DTI)技术将采样容积置于PTCA支架置入血管所对应的供血心肌节段及二尖瓣环,测量舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va)、Ve/Va、收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期充盈波的加速度时间(EAT)及减速度时间(EDT),于手术前、术后3d、1个月和3个月观察DTI所测各指标的变化情况。结果(1)心脏整体的舒缩功能两组二尖瓣环DTI的Vs、Ve和Ve/Va在术后增高,EDT下降,Ve/Va在术后3d即开始增高。Vs与左室射血分数(EF)呈正相关,r=0.656,P=0.021;(2)心肌局部的舒缩功能心肌梗死组和心肌缺血组分别在术后1个月和3个月出现相应节段Vs、Ve及Ve/Va增高,EDT和EAT下降。结论二尖瓣环的Ve/Va是反映PTCA支架置入术后心脏整体灌注改善的早期指标,Vs的增高是PTCA支架置入术后心脏整体收缩功能恢复的标志。心肌缺血和心肌梗死患者的局部及整体心肌血供的恢复时间各具特性。     

应用组织速度成像和组织追踪法评价川崎病患儿左心功能

目的应用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪法评价恢复期川崎病患儿左心功能状况。方法恢复期川崎病患儿30例(患病组)，正常儿童20例(正常组)。通过M型超声获得左室射血分数(LVEF)，通过二尖瓣口血流频谱获得二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度(E)，左房收缩期速度(A)，计算E／A；应用定量组织速度成像和组织追踪分析软件测量心脏前间隔、后壁、前壁、下壁、后间隔和侧壁的二尖瓣环处收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、收缩期最大位移(D)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、左房收缩期峰值速度(Va)，计算Ve／Va。并比较两组间各参数。结果患病组LVEF、E峰、A峰及E／A都在正常范围内，与正常组相比无统计学差异；各室壁的二尖瓣环处的Vs和D两组间差异有显著性意义，6个室壁的平均Vs和D两组间差异也有有显著性意义；各室壁的舒张速度Ve和Va以及Ve／Va，只在少数室壁两组间差异有显著性意义。结论川崎病恢复期左室整体收缩功能受损，舒张功能尚正常；组织速度成像技术能够定量评价小儿纵向左室功能改变。     

定量组织速度成像评价酒精性心肌病右心室功能的价值

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价酒精性心肌病右心室功能的临床应用价值。方法酒精性心肌病(ACM)患者35例,正常对照组30例。对两组行常规超声参数及QTVI参数测定,在标准四腔切面下应用QTVI获取三尖瓣前叶及隔叶瓣环处的运动速度曲线,记录包括:收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs),舒张早期运动速度(Ve),舒张晚期运动速度(Va),计算舒张早期运动速度与舒张晚期运动速度之比(Ve/Va)及右心室Tei指数。分析ACM组侧壁瓣环Tei指数与Vs、Ve、Ve/Va相关性。结果常规超声心动图参数比较,ACM患者左心室舒张末内径(LVDd)、右心室前后径(RVEDd)明显增加(P<0.05),左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显减低(P<0.05),右心室射血分数(RVEF)无明显变化(P>0.05)。QTVI参数ACM组与对照组比较,Vs、Ve、Ve/Va显著减低(P<0.05),Tei指数显著增高(P<0.05)。相关分析显示:ACM组侧壁瓣环Tei指数与Vs、Ve、Ve/Va均具有相关性(P<0.05)。结论 QTVI可作为有效评价ACM右心室功能的一种无创性的新方法,具有重要的临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.