A型肉毒毒素改善脑性瘫痪儿童下肢痉挛状态的效果评价

目的评估A型肉毒毒素(botulinumtoxinA,BTX-A)在下肢痉挛性脑性瘫痪(CP)患儿的治疗作用。方法11例痉挛性CP患儿,采用BTX-A3～6IU/kg注射下肢痉挛肌肉,依照马氏等制定的疗效与评估标准和修订的Ashworth量表评估注射前与注射后72h、1、2、4、8周不同时期的运动功能、痉挛状态及肌张力的变化。结果运动功能恢复和肌肉痉挛状态改善,注射后较注射前比较差异有显著或非常显著性意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论BTX-A注射疗法有较好的改善运动功能和降低下肢肌肉痉挛状态。     

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: theoretical and practical foundations of effective therapy

Spasticity is one of the constituent elements of upper motor neuron syndrome. For now, it is also the only symptom which is pharmacologically treatable. The pathophysiology of spasticity is very complex, and many aspects remain unclear. The great majority of commonly used oral drugs modulate the activity of receptors and/or neurotransmitters at different levels of the central nervous system. This is perhaps the main reason for the limited effectiveness of these drugs in many cases. Recently a new strategy - local injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) - has been introduced for the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy and post-stroke patients. BTX-A is a unique drug that acts at the final stage of the common pathway of pathological information mediated through the peripheral nerves to the muscles (at the motor end plates). Its mode of action is known as "chemical denervation", which serves to reduce increased muscle tone, improve the range of motions, positioning, function, and promote muscle growth in children. BTX-A was firstly used in post-stroke spasticity patients by Das and Park in 1989, but the best effects have been achieved in cerebral palsy. Accordingly, since 1997 this method has been approved in many European countries and Australia, and the principles governing this treatment strategy were published in the journal "Gait and Posture" in 2000. In the present paper, the author discusses the mechanism of spasticity, the logical approach to therapy, and many practical problems (injection modality, tolerability).     

Botulinum toxin type A in prophylactic treatment of migraine

Current migraine preventive therapies are often unsatisfactory because of their limited efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions. An open-label, non-controlled study of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) suggested some benefits for patients with migraine. To assess the efficacy and safety of BTX-A, a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, parallel group study was conducted in 32 patients with a history of 2 to 8 migraine attacks per month, with or without aura. The patients were randomized to receive single administrations of 50-U BTX-A or vehicle injected into multiple sites of pericranial muscles at the same visit. Patients kept daily diaries in which they recorded outcome measures like migraine frequency, migraine severity, and the occurrence of migraine-associated symptoms. Patients graded symptoms on a 4-point scale ranging from grades 0 to 3 before and up to 3-months after treatment. The assessments were made at 0, 1, and 3 months. The primary efficacy parameters included number of headaches resolved (grade 3/2 to grade 0) and alleviation of other accompanying symptoms of migraine. The supplementary end point included improvement in quality of life (QOL). About 75% of patients reported complete relief to mild headache (grade 0-1) by BTX-A and none by placebo group. Patient' QOL parameters like energy/vitality and feelings and concerns about the treatment had shown considerable improvement. However, normal day-to-day work functioning and social interactions deteriorated. No adverse effects were reported in any of the patients in either of the groups during the study. It is evident from the study that pericranial injection of 50-U BTX-A showed good efficacy and tolerability as a prophylactic agent. However, this therapy will be expensive to the patients, but it is far superior in providing relief to the patients compared with existing therapies.     

Parent evaluation of spasticity treatment in cerebral palsy using botulinum toxin type A

OBJECTIVE: To assess parent ratings of treatment acceptability associated with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: A single-point survey design across a sequentially recruited cohort, using a standardized evaluation measure. SETTING: Regional specialty health care center medical clinic and pain research program. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-nine parents of children with CP receiving BTX-A injection for spasticity. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Treatment Evaluation Inventory. RESULTS: Overall, parent ratings of treatment acceptability ranged from moderate to high. There were no significant differences for caregiver ratings in relation to characteristics of the raters (age, sex, marital status) or of the children (age, sex, mental retardation, severity of disability) characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that on average, parents of children with CP consider BTX-A treatment for the management of spasticity to be an acceptable form of treatment.     

Botulinum toxin A in the management of focal muscle overactivity in children with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy comprises a heterogenous group of neurological disorders representing a continuum of pathologies and clinical phenotypes. Although cerebral palsy is not a focal disorder, it is appropriate to treat identified focal problems as long as the intervention is goal directed. This paper reviews principles of managing muscle imbalance in the growing, changing child using a range of complementary, carefully timed intervention options. Over the past two decades these options have increasingly included intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin-A to manage focal spasticity and dystonia. The predictable movement patterns and postures characteristic of spasticity enable a systematic clinical rationale to be developed to determine the role of botulinum toxin-A to manage the spasticity and subsequently improve function. The management of dystonia with botulinum toxin-A is more complex, particularly when spasticity and dystonia are present in combination. An active therapy programme remains central to the management of movement problems in the child with cerebral palsy, including task-specific motor training, maintenance of muscle lengths, and improved muscle strength, aiming to achieve carry over improvements that persist beyond the pharmacological effects of the botulinum toxin-A. A series of case examples are presented to highlight the role of botulinum toxin-A in the overall management of the child with focal muscle hyperactivity.     

Botulinum toxin A in the management of focal muscle overactivity in children with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy comprises a heterogenous group of neurological disorders representing a continuum of pathologies and clinical phenotypes. Although cerebral palsy is not a focal disorder, it is appropriate to treat identified focal problems as long as the intervention is goal directed. This paper reviews principles of managing muscle imbalance in the growing, changing child using a range of complementary, carefully timed intervention options. Over the past two decades these options have increasingly included intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin-A to manage focal spasticity and dystonia. The predictable movement patterns and postures characteristic of spasticity enable a systematic clinical rationale to be developed to determine the role of botulinum toxin-A to manage the spasticity and subsequently improve function. The management of dystonia with botulinum toxin-A is more complex, particularly when spasticity and dystonia are present in combination. An active therapy programme remains central to the management of movement problems in the child with cerebral palsy, including task-specific motor training, maintenance of muscle lengths, and improved muscle strength, aiming to achieve carry over improvements that persist beyond the pharmacological effects of the botulinum toxin-A. A series of case examples are presented to highlight the role of botulinum toxin-A in the overall management of the child with focal muscle hyperactivity.     

A型肉毒毒素联合上田法治疗痉挛型脑瘫儿童下肢肌张力障碍的疗效评价

目的 探讨A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)联合上田法治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢肌张力障碍的疗效。方法 40例痉挛型下肢瘫脑瘫儿分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组 18例患儿采用 BTX-A肌肉注射联合上田康复手法进行治疗,对照组22例患儿单用上田康复法治疗,2组治疗前、后均用医师等级评价量表法(PRS)及 Ashworth痉挛评分法进行效果评价。结果 治疗组治疗后3 d PRS及Ashworth评分较治疗前有显著差异(P<0.05),治疗后2周治疗组评分较对照组差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗后8周评分差异无显著性意义。结论 BTX-A注射疗法联合上田康复手法能有效地治疗痉挛型脑瘫,起效快,并降低肌张力完全,可缩短康复疗程时间。     

肉毒毒素A治疗小儿上肢痉挛性脑性瘫痪:用药量化方法与效果

目的:探讨肉毒毒素A治疗小儿上肢痉挛性脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)的给药量化方法以及效果。方法:选取2003-07/2004-07哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院小儿外科住院治疗的伴有上肢痉挛性瘫痪的脑瘫患儿35例,根据体质量、肌张力以及肌力的大小,通过患儿的药物/公斤体质量权重Dkg(Dkg=体质量(kg)+肱二头肌肌力(kg),然后采用Ashworth分级为I+级的肌群只给予基础用药量2.0U/Dkg,分级Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的肌群给药量分别增加25%和50%。前臂及手掌用量与上臂用量各占总量50%,据此计算得出肉毒毒素A的使用剂量,采用扇形注射方法进行治疗,通过改良Ashworth评定治疗前后肌张力,改良医师评价法进行上肢的运动形式的评定,同时参照马若飞等提出的小儿脑瘫评估标准,进行运动功能评价及治疗进展评估。结果:按实际处理分析,治疗及随访至24周时,患儿为77%(27/35)。①拇内收肌最短2h肌张力即开始降低,平均显效时间24h,作用最佳时间8周,所有注射治疗部位肌张力均有不同程度下降,其中,注射治疗2周后Ashworth评分下降2级及2级以上13例,下降1至2级9例,8周后Ashworth评分下降2级及2级以上18例,下降1至2级11例。②肌力在注射肉毒毒素A后24h内即有轻度的下降,但下降幅度并不大,注射4周后下降至最低水平(20%～59%),其中以伸腕肌群肌力下降最为显著,而在肱二     

Botulinum toxin type A in pregnancy

Question My patient received 62 units of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for facial lines. Two weeks later, she found out that she was pregnant. Will this cause any harm to her fetus?Answer Botulinum toxin is not expected to be present in systemic circulation following proper intramuscular or intradermal injection. Moreover, BTX-A, which has a high molecular weight, does not appear to cross the placenta. From the 38 pregnancies reported in the literature, including women who had botulism poisoning during pregnancy, exposure to BTX-A does not appear to increase the risk of adverse outcome in the fetus.     

Botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine

Since the second edition of the International classification of headache disorders (ICDH-II 2004), chronic migraine has been listed amongst migraine complications. Compared to episodic migraine the prevalence of chronic migraine is low, its impact, however, significant. Until recently no prophylactic drug had been approved for chronic migraine prophylaxis. After case reports had stated an effect of botulinum toxin type A on migraine, several randomized placebo-controlled studies were conducted in episodic headache; the results, however, were disappointing. Only when botulinum toxin type A was used in chronic migraine in the PREEMPT (phase 3 research evaluating migraine prophylaxis therapy) trials, its superiority compared to placebo was established. Thus, for the first time a prophylactic drug against chronic migraine is available which is both effective and well tolerated. Botox? has been licensed in England for the prophylaxis of headaches in adults with chronic migraine in 2010. Approval for its use in Germany has been applied for.     

Botulinum toxin type A treatment of upper limb spasticity

In recent years, local injections with Botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) have become the treatment of choice for dystonia. However, several studies have demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of focal spasticity as well. These studies have shown efficacy and safety in upper limb spasticity treatment at a total dose between 500 and 1500 units of Dysport per injection session. While injections in upper arm muscles are easily administered without EMG-guidance, we recommend EMG-guidance for lower arm and finger muscles. In addition to functional improvement, BtxA treatment may also be considered for the following reasons: treatment of spasticity associated pain or painful muscle spasms, improved hygiene, facilitation of care, prevention of skin breakdown, and improved positioning of the upper limb. The definition of a realistic treatment goal, in agreement with the patient, as well as adjunctive physiotherapy are prerequisites for a successful BtxA treatment. Dose recommendations are given in Table 1.     

Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) for treatment of migraine

An open-label study and 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have provided supporting evidence of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) as an effective, well-tolerated treatment for migraine. Observed durations of benefit were consistent with known properties of BTX-A. Findings suggest that response may vary by features of preinjection headaches, such as migraine frequency. The precise mechanism by which BTX-A provides pain relief is hypothesized to be related not only to acetylcholine inhibition but also to a blocking action on the parasympathetic nervous system. Additional studies that control factors likely to be related to response may lead to better understanding of the BTX-A effect on migraine and an optimal treatment protocol.     

Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of urinary tract dysfunction in neurological disorders

Botulinum toxin type A injections represent an important therapeutic option for patients with neurogenic urinary dysfunction in whom conservative treatment has not been effective. The nurse's role in ensuring that these patients receive appropriate assessment and treatment is discussed.     

Botulinum toxin treatment of spastic equinus in cerebral palsy: a randomized trial comparing two injection sites

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical relevance of injection site by comparing two different injection techniques in children with cerebral palsy who have spastic equinus gait. DESIGN: A total of 19 children (13 boys, 6 girls; range, 1 yr 6 mos to 7 yrs; nine hemiplegics, eight diplegics, two quadriplegics; levels I to IV with the Gross Motor Function Classification System) participated in the study. The children were randomized into two groups: the proximal group received a botulinum toxin A injection into the proximal part of both heads of the gastrocnemius, and the distal group received a botulinum toxin A injection into the mid-belly of the muscle bulks. A single-point injection of BOTOX, 3 units/kg per site, was used. Assessments of active and passive range of motion, dynamic muscle length (modified Tardieu scale), calf tone (modified Ashworth scale), and video gait analysis (Observational Gait Scale) were performed before treatment and 3, 8, and 16 wks posttreatment. RESULTS: Active and passive dorsiflexion and calf tone in both groups and Observational Gait Scale total scores in the distal group improved at all time points. The median change from baseline values in Observational Gait Scale initial foot contact and total scores at 8 wks showed a significant difference favoring the distal group, but the clinical relevance remained tenuous. CONCLUSIONS: Using the methods described, no major changes in main outcome measures were associated with changing the injection site.