上海市脑卒中社区人群计划防治研究

目的了解已证明有效的干预措施在社区实施的效果以及需要的人力和费用如何,从而总结出符合中国国情的脑卒中防治方案.方法对上海8个社区38.3万人口进行以社区为基础的脑卒中综合防治研究,干预措施包括高血压控制、糖尿病控制和合理营养.结果通过2年的干预,全人群高血压知晓率为80.6%;高血压病人管理率达66%,血压值＜160/95mmHg的控制率为61%,血压值＜140/90mmHg的控制率为31%;2年里高血压人群收缩压下降3.9mmHg,舒张压下降1.8mmHg.干预人群脑卒中标化发病率较干预前下降42.24/10万.以5个设有对照的社区来分析,扣除了对照的基数后,2年来脑卒中发病减少70例,平均每年脑卒中发病减少25.41/10万.经济学分析表明8个干预点用于高血压防治预防脑卒中所花费用平均为38.0元/人@年,平均每位卫生工作人员应管高血压病人数为459人.研究也发现在高血压和脑卒中的第一级预防、对三级高血压病人的管理和对上班人员高血压的防治方面仍是薄弱环节.结论脑卒中的社区综合防治是有效的,但需要进一步加强高血压的第一级预防和对轻度高血压尤其是上班族高血压的管理,研究提出了脑卒中社区防治4要素的方案.     

社区人群综合干预对预防和控制高血压效果评价

目的评价社区人群综合干预对预防和控制高血压的效果。方法按照类实验设计,于1996年在北京市选取干预、对照社区各5万人群,对干预社区开展为期3.5 a的高血压一、二级预防,期间对确诊高血压患者进行随访管理,并分别于1997年和2000年先后对干预、对照社区各整群随机抽取800人左右进行基线和干预后血压水平及相关知识、态度、行为（KAB）调查。结果干预社区的2 478名确诊高血压患者的随访管理过程中,1998、1999和2000年确诊高血压患者管理率分别为64.15%,73.82%和82.56%,血压控制率分别为54.28%,62.04%和62.42%,管理率和血压控制率逐年提高。经过干预活动后,与对照社区比较,干预社区人群KAB水平及人群关心保健知识、受知识影响和规律性锻炼率变化更明显（P〈0.05）。干预社区高血压人群收缩压、舒张压水平降低幅度和高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率提高程度均大于对照社区,但差别无统计学意义。结论社区综合干预措施能有效地规范人群的健康相关行为,对控制人群高血压具有重要意义。     

浙江省社区高血压综合防治研究

目的 通过以社区为基础对一般人群、高危人群和高血压现患人群进行5年的高血压及相关危险因素的综合干预，降低高血压和心血管急性事件的发生率和死亡率。探讨以社区为基础的高血压综合防治模式。方法 选择嘉兴、丽水、绍兴三地区分别代表农村、城镇社区、城市，每个地区均设有干预区和对照区。在干预区内对一般人群进行健康促进，对高危人群进行强化干预，对患病人群进行系统管理。结果 通过社区综合干预，(1)提高了人群高血压知识知晓率、服药率(44．65％)和血压控制率(11．78％)；(2)多种高血压危险因素得到进一步控制；(3)高血压患者收缩压下降2．69mmHg．舒张压下降了3．22mmHg；(4)心血管急性事件的发生率和死亡率逐年降低。结论 以社区为基础的高血压综合干预措施对减少人群的高血压危险因素水平，增加高血压患者的治疗率和血压控制率，降低心血管急性事件的发生率和死亡率不仅有效，而且是切实可行的。     

北京房山社区人群1992～1997年高血压防治结果分析

对北京房山区５ 个乡１０ 余万人进行了心血管病社区人群综合防治研究,干预措施以健康教育和高血压防治为主,对１９９２ ～１９９７ 年高血压防治结果进行分析。结果显示,１９９５年和１９９７ 年两次复查的干预区高血压管理率均比对照区高（ｐ＜００５）。１９９５ 年和１９９７ 年干预区高血压服药率明显高于对照区（ｐ＜００５）,女性差别更显著（ｐ＜ ００１）。１９９２～１９９５ 年,干预区人群的血压呈下降趋势,而对照区人群的收缩压呈上升趋势,舒张压呈下降趋势;１９９５ ～１９９７ 年,干预区和对照区人群血压都有上升;１９９２ ～１９９７ 年,干预区人群血压有净下降,收缩压和舒张压的净下降分别为００８ 和０１３ｋＰａ。结果提示,以健康教育和高血压防治为主的综合干预措施使农村社区人群的高血压管理率和服药率提高,人群血压水平下降     

高血压社区综合防治效果评价

目的 评价高血压社区综合防治效果，为进一步完善该项工作提供科学依据。方法 对社区3种来源的高血压患者采取三级管理、用药指导、改善生活习惯的综合防治措施，并对防治效果进行指标评价。结果 2002年5月至2004年10月，共管理高血压患者14872人，女性多于男性，55至80岁患者为主要管理对象，管理率达92.60%。二级管理效果显著，血压控制率逐年提高。2003年、2004年脑卒中、冠心病的发病北和死亡率有所下降。结论 经过近3年的社区综合干预，高血压控制率逐年提高、心脑血管病发病纺与死亡率均有所下降，提示社区高血压综合防治方案设计合理、病情得到有效控制，对预防心脑血管病是有效的。     

社区高血压管理效果评估研究

[目的]探讨社区综合干预措施对高血压控制率、血压水平以及知识态度行为的影响. [方法]对深圳市某社区健康服务中心登记的513名高血压患者进行综合干预,比较干预前后血压控制率、血压、知晓率及行为的改变率. [结果]综合干预措施后,血压控制率由17.93%提高到42.11%(P＜0.01),血压平均水平下降(P＜0.01),有不良行为如吸烟、过量饮食、缺乏体力活动的患者比例下降(P＜0.05). [结论]社区健康服务中心实施高血压综合防治方案,对提高高血压患者的血压控制率是一种有效的管理模式.     

社区人群高血压管理与脑卒中发病关系的研究

目的 了解高血压患者血压水平的控制情况以及管理控制效果能在多大程度上降低脑卒中的发病.方法 对国家"八五"和"九五"科技攻关课题的全国脑血管病社区人群综合性预防研究的北京市天坛医院、普仁医院和体育馆路医院所在地的3个社区年龄≥35岁队列人群共36 863人进行基线调查,随访管理其中的高血压患者,每年监测脑卒中发病情况,将新发脑卒中作为研究终点.结果 无论是临界高血压还是确诊高血压,管理率和控制率逐年上升,女性管理率高于男性,但控制率却低于男性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访管理第三年血压控制率达18%.随着逐年血压控制达标,无论是总的脑卒中、缺血性卒中还是出血性卒中的发病风险均逐年下降,并且血压控制达标对出血性卒中发病下降更有作用.3年控制达标可使总的脑卒中、缺血性卒中和出血性卒中的发病风险分别减少25.7%、19.1%、27.4%.将血压控制在140/90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)以下,比控制在160/95 mm Hg以下可分别减少12.3%总的脑卒中、12.8%缺血性卒中、14.9%出血性卒中的发病风险.结论 对社区人群中的高血压患者进行长期随访管理,将血压尽可能控制在较低水平能明显减少脑卒中的发病风险.     

育龄女性避孕药使用与高血压社区干预效果评价

目的 评价高血压社区综合干预对育龄女性高血压控制的效果.方法 在江苏省太仓市沙溪镇和如东县马塘镇对1932年7月1日以后出生的已婚女性人群进行基线调查,对观察人群实施避孕药使用的知情选择等高血压防治综合干预措施,然后进行终点调查,评估干预效果.结果 (1)干预效果显著,高血压控制率由2.04%上升至22.84%(P<0.001),育龄高血压女性收缩压和舒张压分别下降5.19(95% CI:3.85～6.54)mmHg和6.45(95% CI:5.74～7.15)mmHg;干预效果地区差异明显,太仓市女性高血压收缩压下降达6.53 mmHg,高于如东县女性(3.78 mmHg)(P<0.05).(2)育龄高血压女性降压药物使用率显著升高,由7.70%上升至55.62%(P<0.001).(3)育龄高血压女性收缩压随口服避孕药(oral contraceptives,OC)使用时间的增加逐渐升高,呈剂量效应关系(P<0.001);干预后OC累积使用时间与收缩压/舒张压的剂量效应曲线均显著低于干预前(P<0.001).结论 育龄女性高血压社区综合干预效果显著,高血压患者降血压药物使用率显著升高,高血压控制率显著升高,OC累积使用时间与收缩压/舒张压的剂量效应曲线均显著下降.     

海岛社区高血压综合干预效果评价

目的：了解海岛社区居民高血压人群综合干预效果,为慢性病综合防治提供依据。方法对2010-2012年登记的舟山市翁州社区高血压患者进行干预,通过基线和随访调查了解患者高血压知晓率、服药率和控制率的变化情况,并分析其变化趋势。结果高血压综合干预实施3年后,高血压患者知识知晓率、服药率、控制率分别达到82.27%、78.18%和73.86%,且均呈逐年增高趋势（ P〈0.05）。结论社区综合干预可以有效地提高高血压患者的知识知晓率、服药率和血压控制率。     

天津市某城市社区慢性病综合防治效果评估

目的对天津市某社区为期2年的慢性病社区综合防治项目进行效果评估。方法在天津市某社区街道依据自愿参加的原则,滚动式纳入3030名社区居民。依据居民健康情况进行分类,对其中高血压患者、超重且向心性肥胖患者进行血压和体重的综合干预以及随访管理,并于项目结束时进行效果评估。结果参加项目的3030名居民中,一般人群占23.3%、高危人群占35.1%、慢性病患者占41.6%;纳入血压管理1015人、体重管理者739人;对项目全部人群进行终末调查发现,收缩压、舒张压、腰围等指标有所下降,血压控制率提高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;参加血压管理的高血压患者,收缩压由管理前的（135.56±15.32）mmHg下降到管理后的（133.73±11.58）mmHg,舒张压由管理前的（84.68±10.00）mmHg下降到管理后的（82.72±7.56）mmHg,血压控制率随随访次数的增加而呈上升趋势;参加体重管理的超重且向心性肥胖者,干预前后腰围、体重和BMI差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论通过在社区中开展慢性病综合干预项目,参加血压管理、体重管理以及其他项目人群的血压、体重等指标均有所下降,综合干预效果显著。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.