第一恒磨牙局部涂氟防龋效果3年纵向研究

目的评估对学龄儿童第一恒磨牙进行局部涂氟的防龋效果,为制定学龄儿童龋病防治策略提供依据。方法选取2014年11月广西大化县某小学一年级6～7岁儿童666例,采用整群随机抽样的方法,分为试验组与对照组。从2014年11月到2017年5月,试验组儿童每半年进行1次第一恒磨牙局部涂氟,同时进行口腔健康教育;对照组儿童仅进行口腔健康教育,并在2014、2016、2017年的11月对所有研究对象进行口腔检查,收集第一恒磨牙患龋情况数据并进行统计分析。结果干预2年后,试验组第一恒磨牙龋病发病率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预3年后,试验组患龋率、龋均、龋面均及龋病发病率均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后,试验组上下颌第一恒磨牙龋病发病率及窝沟龋发病率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),邻面龋发病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论局部涂氟对第一恒磨牙龋具有良好的预防效果,且涂氟时间越长,防龋效果越好。     

四川省6岁儿童乳恒牙患龋状况及相关性研究

目的了解四川省6岁儿童患龋情况,探讨乳磨牙患龋与第一恒磨牙患龋之间的相关性。方法参照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学抽样调查方案,在四川省3个城市、3个农村随机抽样选取调查点,共调查714名6岁儿童的患龋情况,并分析乳磨牙患龋情况与第一恒磨牙患龋情况之间的相关性。结果四川省6岁儿童乳牙患龋率为74.37%,龋均为3.94±3.93,龋齿充填率为4.96%。乳牙患龋率和龋均在男性和女性、城市和农村儿童间无统计学差异（P>0.05）,城市乳牙龋齿充填率高于农村（P<0.05）。已萌的第一恒磨牙中有2.98%患龋,充填率为7.69%。乳磨牙患龋是第一恒磨牙患龋的危险因素[P=0.001,r=0.175,OR=5.756,95%CI（1.733,19.121）],乳磨牙与第一恒磨牙的龋均呈弱相关（P<0.001,r=0.194）。结论四川省6岁儿童乳牙患龋情况较重,乳磨牙龋坏可作为临床及预防工作中预测第一恒磨牙龋坏的因素之一。     

江苏省中老年人群龋病现况调查

目的了解江苏省中老年人群恒牙龋病流行现状,为江苏省进一步开展成年人口腔健康教育和预防保健工作提供科学依据。方法参照WHO《口腔健康调查基本方法》(第4版)调查方法,采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,对江苏省4个项目区县内中老年人群进行口腔健康检查及问卷调查,使用CPI探针检查全口恒牙冠根龋病情况,计算冠根龋患病率、龋均。结果共有450名中老年中老年人参与调查,49. 33%(222/450)为男性,50. 89%(229/450)为城镇人口,60.44%(272/450)患有龋病,男女及城乡间患龋率无统计学差异。随着年龄增高,患龋率升高。其中冠龋龋均城镇是8.031±7.269,农村是7.466±6.473,城乡间无差异(P>0.05)。男性是7.901±6.996,女性是7.610±6.794,男女间无差异(P>0.05)。随着年龄增加,冠龋龋均增加,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。受教育水平越高,冠龋龋均越低,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。根龋龋均城镇是0.555±1.464,农村是0.348±0.900,城乡间无差异(P>0.05)。男性是0.482±1.254,女性是0.425±1.194,男女间无差异(P>0.05)。随着年龄增加,根龋龋均增加,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。不同受教育水平的根龋龋均组间无差异(P>0.05)。结论江苏省中老年人群患龋率较高,口腔健康状况较差,提示应加强中老年人,尤其是老年人的口腔健康教育和预防保健工作。     

东北地区中老年人群根面龋抽样调查分析

目的:了解东北地区中老年人群恒牙根龋患病状况及分布,为龋病防治策略提供依据.方法:根据全国第三次口腔健康流行病学调查的方法,对东北地区4752名35~44岁和65~74岁人群的根面龋进行了调查.以龋均和患龋率作为统计指标,采用SPSS13.0软件包进行数据的统计分析.结果:东北地区根龋患病率为12.08%,龋均为0.21.随着年龄的增高,根面龋上升显著;35~44岁人群根面患龋城乡之间无显著性差异,而65~74岁人群根面患龋城乡之间具有高度显著性差异(P<0.01);东北地区根面患龋男女之间具有高度显著性差异(P<0.01),而已充填的根面龋则男女之间无显著性差异.在上颌牙位,尖牙和磨牙根面患龋较高;在下颌牙位,磨牙患龋最高.结论:应重视东北地区中老年人根龋的防治,并采取各种保健措施,以维护和促进口腔健康.     

唐山市7~9岁儿童第一恒磨牙患龋状况及相关性研究

目的 了解唐山市7~9岁儿童患龋情况,探讨第一恒磨牙患龋与乳牙患龋之间的相关性。方法 参照WHO《口腔健康调查基本方法》和《第三次全国口腔健康调查方案》,采用分层整群随机的抽样方法,在唐山市51所小学中随机选取10所小学作为调查点,对被调查的1 794名7~9岁学生进行患龋情况检查。结果 第一恒磨牙患龋率为47.49%（852/1 794）,龋均为1.30±1.59,龋面均为1.96±3.40,龋齿充填率为2.35%（20/852）。第一恒磨牙患龋率和龋均在不同性别及年龄组间有统计学差异（P<0.05）,龋面均仅在年龄组间有统计学差异（P<0.05）。乳牙患龋率为83.11%（1 491/1 794）,龋均为4.82±3.55,龋面均为6.51±5.61,充填率为12.41%（185/1 491）。乳牙患龋是第一恒磨牙患龋的危险因素[r=0.277,OR=5.736,P=0.00,95%CI（4.175,7.881）],乳牙患龋与第一恒磨牙患龋呈显著相关（r=0.274,P<0.001）。结论 唐山市7~9岁儿童第一恒磨牙患龋情况严重,乳牙龋可作为临床及预防工作中预测第一恒磨牙龋坏的危险因素。     

上海市徐汇区小学生第一恒磨牙龋病调查分析

目的:了解并分析上海市徐汇区小学生第一恒磨牙龋病情况,为防治提供依据。方法:以WHO口腔健康调查基本方法为标准,对采用随机整群抽样方法抽取的上海市徐汇区8所小学7～12岁5698名小学生的第一恒磨牙龋病情况进行调查,采用SPSS 13.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:第一恒磨牙患龋率为16.18%,患龋者龋均为1.80。女性患龋率和患龋者龋均均显著高于男性(P<0.01)。7～12岁第一恒磨牙患龋率随年龄增长明显升高,第一恒磨牙总体充填率为56.04%,下颌第一恒磨牙比上颌易患龋,每天刷牙1次或以下者,第一恒磨牙患龋率显著高于每天刷牙2次及以上者。结论:上海市徐汇区小学生第一恒磨牙患龋情况不容乐观,需进一步加强对第一恒磨牙龋患的预防和治疗。     

辽宁省12岁儿童龋病流行病学抽样调查分析

目的:了解辽宁省12岁儿童恒牙患龋状况,为龋病预防提供科学依据。方法:按照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查的要求,对辽宁省城乡6个地区36个调查点的792名12岁儿童进行了口腔检查。结果:在792名受检者中,患龋率和龋均分别为30.05%和0.51,农村和城市地区的患龋率分别为28.54%和31.57%,经统计学检验城乡无统计学意义(χ2=0.87,P>0.05),男女患龋率之间有统计学意义(χ2=10.6,P<0.01),显著性龋均指数为1.53。结论:辽宁省12岁儿童龋患明显低于十年前的状况,但患龋率仍达到30.05%,龋齿充填率也较低,龋齿主要集中于第一恒磨牙,仍应加大预防的力度,以降低龋病的发生。     

怀化市小学生第一恒磨牙龋病调查分析

目的探讨影响小学生第一恒磨牙患龋的因素,为怀化市龋病的防治工作提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法和世界卫生组织龋病诊断标准,对怀化市市区2 238名6～13岁小学生第一恒磨牙患龋情况进行调查。结果第一恒磨牙总患龋率为42.72%,龋均1.06±0.63,龋病发生率随年龄增长而升高,患龋率女性高于男性,下颌高于上颌。吃甜食、酸饮料及刷牙次数对第一恒磨牙龋有显著影响（P〈0.05）。结论怀化市市区小学生第一恒磨牙患龋情况较严重,应大力加强口腔卫生防治工作。     

徐州市小学生第一恒磨牙龋病调查分析

目的分析徐州市区小学生第一恒磨牙的龋患情况,为小学生开展口腔卫生保健提供参考。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样,从全市主城区78所小学中随机抽取16所学校70个班级,共3 018名小学生,进行第一恒磨牙的龋病流行病学调查。诊断标准参照WHO口腔健康调查方法第四版的要求,采用SPSS16.0数据软件统计和分析。结果第一恒磨牙总患龋率为15.11%,龋均为0.283。患龋率从7岁的5.91%逐渐增长到10岁的19.44%。第一恒磨牙的患龋率有明显升高的趋势。女生患龋率17.48%,男生患龋率12.91%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。下颌的患龋率高于上颌,总体的充填率为7.25%。结论徐州市小学生第一恒磨牙患龋情况严重,且充填率较低,应加强对第一恒磨牙龋病的预防和治疗。     

四川省652名6岁儿童乳恒牙龋3年观察结果

目的 了解四川省6岁儿童2010-2012年的口腔健康状况,监测龋病的患病趋势,为四川省儿童口腔卫生保健规划提供信息和科学依据。方法 采用多阶段、分层、随机抽样的方法抽取四川省6岁儿童652名为观察对象。根据WHO口腔健康调查基本方法,于2010-2012年连续调查3年,记录652名儿童乳恒牙的患龋状况并进行统计分析。结果 四川省652名6岁儿童2010、2011、2012年乳牙患龋率分别为74.23%（484/652）、75.61%（493/652）、81.90%（534/652）;2012年乳牙充填率最高,为5.87%（145/2 471）;城市地区儿童乳牙充填率为10.84%（133/ 1 227）,农村地区为0.96%（12/1 244）,城市地区明显高于农村地区（P<0.01）;第一恒磨牙为恒牙的主要患龋牙位;2012年第一恒磨牙窝沟封闭率为14.11%（92/652）,城市和农村地区分别为25.79%（90/349）和0.66%（2/ 303）,城市地区明显高于农村地区（P<0.01）。结论 四川省6岁儿童乳恒牙患龋率均较高,随年龄增加患龋情况呈上升趋势;龋病的治疗状况较差;恒牙龋主要集中于第一恒磨牙。     

DMFT, dmft and treatment requirements of schoolchildren in Asturias, Spain

An epidemiological survey was carried out in 1992 to study the dental health status of schoolchildren aged 6, 9 and 12 in Asturias, Spain. It focused on the caries prevalence, dmtf, DMFT, restoration indices and dental treatment needs of this population. A representative sample of 1839 subjects, randomly selected and proportionally assigned by age group (6, 9 and 12) with the classroom as the sample unit, was examined. Analysis of the data showed that in 6-year-old children the caries prevalence in primary teeth was 45.8%. The mean caries in-dices were 2.10 dmft and 0.25 DMFT. At 9 years old the prevalence of caries in primary teeth was 62.8% and in the permanent teeth 49.1%. The mean level of caries was 2.38 dmft and 1.50 DMFT. At 12 years old the caries prevalence in permanent teeth was 71% and in first molars 64.2%. The mean caries experienced was 3.30 DMFT. In all groups the D-component constituted the major part of the caries index. The results for girls were higher than for boys in almost all age groups. Surface fillings were the treatment most required in all age groups.     

乳牙列龋病对早期第一恒磨牙龋病的预测研究

为了探讨乳牙列龋病对第一恒磨牙龋病的预测价值，本研究依据１６０名儿童５岁时乳牙列ｄｍｆｔ指数与其８、９或１０岁时第一恒磨牙ＤＭＦＴ指数的纵向资料，对乳牙龋病与第一恒磨牙龋病进行相关分析并计算以乳牙列龋病状况来预测第一恒磨牙龋病的特异性，敏感性，正确预测率，阳性及阴性预测值。结果显示：５岁时乳牙列ｄｍｆｔ与早期第一恒磨牙ＤＭＦＴ显著相关，敏感性与特异性之和最大值为１２８％，出现在ｄｍｆｔ为８时，此时     

深圳市1 497名小学生第一恒磨牙患龋分析

目的了解学龄儿童第一恒磨牙患龋情况，以帮助研究龋病防治工作的重点并提出对策。方法调查不同年龄组儿童第一恒磨牙患龋情况。结果在小学生中第一恒磨牙龋齿患病率和龋均随年龄的增长，呈明显的上升趋势；7、9、12岁年龄组儿童中，大部分恒牙龋齿都发生在第一恒磨牙；特别是在下颌第一恒磨牙。结论预防和治疗儿童龋齿的重点是第一恒磨牙，针对其好发部位应积极推广窝沟封闭。     

The oral health of children with clefts of the lip, palate, or both.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, developmental defects of enamel, and related factors in children with clefts. DESIGN: This cross-sectional prevalence study used standard dental indices for assessment. SETTING: Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the outpatient department of a dental hospital as part of an ongoing audit to monitor clinical outcomes. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one children aged 4, 8, and 12 years were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Dental caries were assessed by use of the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft); Decayed, Missing, and Filled index for permanent teeth (DMFT) according to the criteria as used in the national survey of children's dental health in the United Kingdom. Developmental defects were assessed using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (Clarkson and O'Mullane, 1989). Dental erosion was assessed using the criteria derived for the national survey of children's dental health. RESULTS: Caries prevalence increased with age; 63% of patients at 4 years and 34% at 12 years were caries free. The mean dmft for the 4-year-olds was 1.3 with a mean DMFT for the 12-year-olds of 1.8. All the 4-year-olds had evidence of erosion of enamel in the primary teeth (incisors and first molars) and 56% of the 12-year-olds had erosion of permanent teeth (incisors and first permanent molars). Developmental defects of enamel became more prevalent with age, with at least one opacity in 56% of 4-year-olds and 100% of 12-year-olds. Hypoplasia was not found in the primary dentition but affected permanent teeth in 38% of 8-year-olds and 23% of the 12-year-olds. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that dental disease is prevalent in these patients. These assessments not only provide a baseline on oral health parameters in young people with clefts but underline the need for a more aggressive approach to prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.     

Caries prevalence in primary teeth as a predictor of early fissure caries in permanent first molars

The study aimed to examine the validity of employing the caries experience of the primary dentition for predicting early caries in the permanent first molar fissures. Subjects consisted of 192 children who were followed for 2 yr, 91 of whom were pursued for a further year, all receiving semiannual check-ups. The caries prevalence in the primary dentition (dmft), excluding incisors, was recorded at baseline, which was the year the children became 6. Fissure caries in the permanent first molars was recorded as being confined to enamel or dentin, based on findings during cavity preparation. The correlation between dmft and the number of intact permanent first molars was -0.368 and -0.337 after 2 and 3 yr observation respectively. When the children were grouped according to their dmft, a statistically significant relationship was found between the dmft and the number of intact molars in each individual. The positive and negative predictive values as well as the sensitivity and specificity of different dmft values were calculated, and the relationship between them illustrated by the use of ROC curves. Even if there are no specific dmft values which seem obviously favorable for the purpose, these data give information relevant in planning for large scale use of fissure sealing in preventing early fissure caries in permanent first molars.     

Caries increment in the permanent dentition of Mexican children in relation to prior caries experience on permanent and primary dentitions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the likelihood of caries increment in schoolchildren, based on their prior caries experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We undertook a longitudinal study in 452 six-to-nine year olds between 1999 and 2001 in Mexico, with dental exams conducted by two standardized examiners (kappa>0.85). The dependent variable was the DMFT increment, dichotomized as without increment, and at least one unit of increment. Independent variables estimated caries experience at baseline. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and generalized linear models (log-binomial) to calculate relative risk (RR) adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The percentage of caries-free children diminished by 20.5% from 1999 to 2001. DMFT index increased two-fold, from 0.25+/-0.70 in 1999 to 0.77+/-1.30 in 2001 (p<0.001). The overall risk for this sample was 24%. The DMFT increment was higher (p<0.001) in children with DMFT>0 and dmft>0 in 1999 (RR=1.89, 95% CI=1.37-2.62; RR=2.71, 95% CI=1.94-3.76, respectively). The likelihood for DMFT increment from the 1999 levels was: (1) 2.78 times higher (95% CI=2.06-3.76) if schoolchildren had caries in any of the first permanent molars and (2) 1.62 times higher (95% CI=1.20-2.19) if schoolchildren were affected by high severity caries at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Both caries prevalence and mean DMFT had significant increments in 18 months. Dental caries in the primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentitions at baseline are goods indicators of subsequent caries development in this group of children in a medium income country. This relationship became stronger when the occurrence of caries in the first permanent molars was included.     

Dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren: A comparison of 1988–1989 and 1998–2001 surveys

Objectives: To compare two surveys across seven states for the prevalence of dental caries among Mexican schoolchildren. Study Design: Analysis of two cross-sectional surveys: Schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years of age were examined in the 1988–1989 survey and 6- to 10-year-old and 12-year-old students were included in the 1998–2001 survey. The baseline data of seven states were available for analysis. Representative probability samples were conducted statewide in both surveys. The World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain the dental caries index (dmft, DMFT). At present, additional and more recent epidemiological data representative statewide in Mexico are unavailable. Results: The participants were 9798 schoolchildren in the 1988–1989 survey and 16882 schoolchildren in the 1998–2001 survey. The prevalence of caries in children ages 6 to 10 years was 86,6% in the first survey and 65,5% in the second survey, showing a 24,4% reduction. The primary teeth index in the first survey was dmft = 3,86 (IC95% 3,68 4,04) and in permanent teeth, it was DMFT = 1,03 (IC95% 0,95 1,11). In the second survey, the comparable values were dmft = 2,36 (IC95% 2,20 2,52) and DMFT = 0,35 (IC95% 0,29 0,40), corresponding to a reduction of 38,89% and 66,02% in the primary and permanent dentition, respectively. Treatment needs remain high: In the second survey, as 92,75% of the index DMFT was conformed as decayed teeth. Conclusion: Overall, we detected a downward trend in the dental caries indices, particularly in the permanent dentition. The increase in the availability of fluoride likely contributed to the observed decline in dental caries. Key words:Schoolchildren, dental caries, treatment needs, salt fluoridation, Mexico.     

Dental caries and associated factors in Mexican schoolchildren aged 6-13 years

The objectives of the present study were to establish dental caries prevalence (percentage with caries) and experience in the primary and permanent dentition (dmft and DMFT) of 6 to 13-year-old schoolchildren in Campeche, Mexico, and to estimate the contributing roles of the likely risk indicators. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,644 children aged 6-13 years. Self-administered questionnaires obtained information on social, economic, behavioral, and demographic variables. The primary dentition of 1,309 children and the permanent dentition of 1,640 children were evaluated in the oral examinations. The main outcome measures were DMFT, dmft, and SiC indices. Data were modeled using logistic regression analysis. The overall caries prevalence was 77.4%, 73.6% in the primary dentition (61.6% in 6-year-olds), and 49.4% in the permanent dentition. The dmft and DMFT indices were 2.85+/-2.73 and 1.44+/-2.05, respectively (DMFT = 3.11+/-2.62 in 12-year-olds). The SiC index was 6.05 at 12 years of age. Associated variables to dental caries in both dentitions were presence of enamel defects, presence of dental plaque, low socio-economic status, female sex, and older age. Mother's schooling was negatively associated (OR = 0.95) with caries in primary dentition. Caries experience in the primary dentition (OR = 6.02) was positively associated with caries in the permanent dentition. Dental caries status in these Mexican children was closer to the goals proposed by the WHO/FDI for 2000 than previous studies. This study has identified clinical, socio-economic, and behavioral determinants for dental caries in primary and permanent dentition on Mexican schoolchildren.     

Dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren: A comparison of 1988-1989 and 1998-2001 surveys

Objectives: To compare two surveys across seven states for the prevalence of dental caries among Mexican schoolchildren. Study Design: Analysis of two cross-sectional surveys: Schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years of age were examined in the 1988-1989 survey and 6- to 10-year-old and 12-year-old students were included in the 1998-2001 survey. The baseline data of seven states were available for analysis. Representative probability samples were conducted statewide in both surveys. The World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain the dental caries index (dmft, DMFT). At present, additional and more recent epidemiological data representative statewide in Mexico are unavailable. Results: The participants were 9798 schoolchildren in the 1988-1989 survey and 16882 schoolchildren in the 1998-2001 survey. The prevalence of caries in children ages 6 to 10 years was 86,6% in the first survey and 65,5% in the second survey, showing a 24,4% reduction. The primary teeth index in the first survey was dmft = 3,86 (IC95% 3,68 4,04) and in permanent teeth, it was DMFT = 1,03 (IC95% 0,95 1,11). In the second survey, the comparable values were dmft = 2,36 (IC95% 2,20 2,52) and DMFT = 0,35 (IC95% 0,29 0,40), corresponding to a reduction of 38,89% and 66,02% in the primary and permanent dentition, respectively. Treatment needs remain high: In the second survey, as 92,75% of the index DMFT was conformed as decayed teeth. Conclusion: Overall, we detected a downward trend in the dental caries indices, particularly in the permanent dentition. The increase in the availability of fluoride likely contributed to the observed decline in dental caries.