破裂脑动脉瘤急诊手术探讨

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血有51％～80％为破裂动脉瘤所致。近年来随着医学影像技术的迅速发展，动脉瘤的诊断率有逐年明显上升的趋势。作者1996年6月至2005年10月共对108例破裂动脉瘤急诊手术，取得了较为理想的效果。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤的早期显微外科治疗

目的：本报告颅内破裂动脉瘤２４例的早期显微产治疗,方法 ２４例临床Ｈｕｎｔ ａｎｄＨｃｓｓ分别是１级５例,ＩＩ级９例,ＩＩＩ级７例,ＩＶ级２例,Ｖ级１例,入院后经脑血管造影诊断为前交通动脉瘤１２例,颈内－后交通动脉瘤９例,大脑中动脉瘤２例,颈内－脉络膜前动脉瘤１例,２４例分别于蛛网膜下腔出血后０～３ｄ内显微直接夹闭术,其中〈２４ｈ内手术１５例,２４～４８ｈ内手术５例,〈７２ｈ内手术４例,结果 ２４例中除１例Ｖ级病人于术后３ｄ死亡和１例ＩＩＩ级病人于术后２个月因颅内感染死亡飓,余２２例均获得优或良疗效,治愈率达９０．６％,结论 早期显微外科治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤,尤其对Ｈｕｎｔ Ｉ～ＩＩＩ级病人,有利于缩短住院天数,有利于降低保守治疗期间再出血的危险性。     

前循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨前循环动脉瘤患者的手术时机,总结临床经验.方法 回顾分析210例前循环动脉瘤患者显微外科手术资料,其中183例伴蛛网膜下隙出血患者Hunt-Hess分级为I ～Ⅱ级82例、Ⅲ级77例、Ⅳ级21例和V级3例.结果 共199例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭术,11例行动脉瘤切除包裹术.Glasgow预后分级恢复良好者97例(46.19%)、轻残80例(38.09%)、重残24例(11.43%)、死亡9例(4.29%).结论 前循环动脉瘤的显微外科手术需根据患者具体情况选择手术时机,对不同类型前循环动脉瘤术中的判断及处理措施,是手术获得成功的重要因素.     

早期显微外科手术夹闭动脉瘤22例治疗体会

目的探讨动脉瘤显微外科手术时机、术中处理及术后治疗方法。方法分析22例在72h内行显微外科手术,术前术中采用了过度换气、脱水药物、侧脑室穿刺释放脑脊液等多种方法降低颅内压。术后采用"3H"疗法并应用尼莫地平。结果成功夹闭动脉瘤21例,动脉瘤包裹1例。Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级20例中,治愈17例,轻残2例,重残1例;Ⅳ级2例中,重残1例,死亡1例。结论早期显微手术夹闭动脉瘤,可早期预防动脉瘤破裂后蛛网膜下腔出血引起的脑血管痉挛,有效地防止脑缺血或脑梗死和动脉瘤再出血的发生。     

显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤29例

1．1一般资料 我院2001年8月～2003年3月应用显微神经外科技术夹闭颅内动脉瘤29例，其中男15例，女14例；年龄10～70岁，平均43．7岁。单发动脉瘤27例，多发动脉瘤l例，烟雾病合并动脉瘤l例。动脉瘤部位：大脑前动脉瘤2例3个，前交通动脉瘤6例，颈内动脉一后交通动脉瘤12例，大脑中动脉瘤Ml段     

显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤25例

目的：总结25例颅内动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗经验，探讨显微手术技巧及动脉瘤破裂的处理。方法：在气管插管全麻及控制性低血压下，依据动脉瘤的部位选择手术入路，在显微镜直视下操作，解剖动脉瘤颈，稳妥夹闭瘤蒂，结果：本组25例中术后恢复工作19例（76％），轻残3例，重残2例，死亡1例，并发脑积水2例，水灶性脑梗塞2例。结论：显微神经外科技术使颅内动脉瘤手术成功率明显提高，采用控制性低血压和暂时阻断载瘤动脉是降低术中动脉瘤破裂出血和术后病人致残及死亡的重要措施。脑积水是最常见并发症，需行V－P分流。     

显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤25例

颅内动脉瘤的手术治疗难度大、危险性高.1998年至2002年我们采用显微神经外科技术治疗颅内动脉瘤25例,现就治疗效果、手术技巧及术中动脉瘤破裂的处理等方面问题加以分析.     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤显微手术的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析我院从2008年1月至2013年8月显微手术夹闭的31例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,动脉瘤位于延髓前段9例、延髓侧段6例、扁桃体延髓段5例、终末扁桃体段7例、扁桃体上端区域4例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例;采用远外侧入路15例、乳突后枕骨下入路7例、枕骨后正中入路9例。结果术后6个月,运用改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分评估患者预后,mRS评分0分20例,1分5例,2分3例,4分1例（Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级）,6分2例（1例死于肿瘤感染,1例死于）。结论小脑后下动脉动脉瘤破裂常表现脑干周围蛛网膜下腔出血,或仅表现为第四脑室出血;小脑后下动脉常有变异,CT血管造影不易发现动脉瘤;受小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的位置和解剖变异的影响,手术入路应给予个性化考虑。     

脑动脉瘤致蛛网膜下腔出血的脑血管痉挛及早期手术问题

脑动脉瘤破裂引起的蛛网膜下腔出血所致之血管痉挛是外科手术前后最常见和最严重的并发症之一。根据16个国家68个神经外科中心联合研究的资料,在3346例患者中有33.5％血管痉挛是病情恶化和死亡的主要原因。在住院患者中,因血管痉挛导致死亡和病情恶化者占14％。显而易见,血管痉挛引起了包括神经外科在内的临床医师的关注,并提出了包括早期手术在内的防治措施。现将有关问题的研究进展综述如下。     

出血性颅内动脉瘤患者延期手术治疗存在的相关问题探讨

目的了解出血性颅内动脉瘤患者延期手术治疗存在的相关的危险因素。方法对2002年至2010年收治的89例出血性颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,特别是在住院等待手术期间的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 89例出血性动脉瘤患者在延期手术期间并发动脉瘤再次破裂出血9例(10.11%),脑血管痉挛25例(28.09%),脑积水15例(16.85%)。术后按GOS评分,恢复良好66例,中残12例,重残4例,死亡7例;病残率17.98%,死亡率7.87%。结论出血性颅内动脉瘤患者在延期手术治疗期间动脉瘤再破裂出血、脑血管痉挛及脑积水发生率高,应采取多方面措施积极干预,才能提高其治愈率、降低死亡率和致残率。     

颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术163例分析

目的 总结颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术的治疗经验。方法 统计近年２年来显微外科手术夹闭的１６３例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料、手术方式及术后转归。结果 成功夹闭１６２例,５例为栓塞失败后改为手术夹闭。术中过早破裂３１例,其中１例在切开脑膜前破裂,未予夹闭。１１２例恢复正常工作（６９．９％）,轻残１９例,重度残废２１例,死亡８例（４．９％）,术后脑积水３２例。结论 颅内动脉瘤一旦诊断明确,即应积极处理,Ｈｕｎ     

Flow diverters for treatment of intracranial aneurysms: Current status and ongoing clinical trials

The ultimate treatment goal for intracranial aneurysms is to reconstruct the vessel wall and correct the hemodynamic disturbance. A flow diverter is a stent placed in the parent artery to reduce blood flow in the aneurysm sac to the point of stagnation, gradual thrombosis, and neointimal remodeling to maintain outflow in the side branches and perforators. Here, we review the two commercially available flow diverters, the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) and the SILK flow diverter (SFD). The rates of severe hemorrhagic complications have been reported to be 2% for the PED and 0.8% for the SFD. The results of studies completed thus far show that endovascular reconstruction with flow diverters is an effective treatment of wide-necked, fusiform, large, and giant unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with 5% to 10% of patients experiencing permanent major morbidity and mortality. The results of ongoing studies may resolve whether flow diverters can replace coil embolization for the treatment of all, or selected, intracranial aneurysms.     

小脑后下动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法 .方法 回顾性分析21例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法 .其中男9例,女12例,平均40.6岁.1例表现为后颅窝占位;20例为动脉瘤破裂出血.入院时患者Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例.头颅CT表现为幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血,或第四脑室出血或二者兼有.脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤13例,远端动脉瘤8例,分别采用枕下旁正中及枕下正中入路进行手术.结果 19例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例行孤立术,1例行载瘤动脉近端切断术.3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;1例术后偏瘫、后组脑神经麻痹和长期昏迷,2例轻度后组脑神经受损,3个月后完全恢复;其余患者术后无神经功能损伤或并发症,恢复良好.结论 小脑后下动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护后组脑神经和后下动脉是手术的关键.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者在血管内弹簧圈治疗中动脉瘤破裂的原因、处理和预后

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者在血管内弹簧圈治疗中动脉瘤被穿破的原因、处理和预后.方法回顾性研究1992～2003年在弗莱堡大学医院神经中心的202例急性动脉瘤性SAH接受血管内弹簧圈介入治疗患者,系统研究病例记录和由2名神经放射科医生重新阅片.结果6例患者发生介入术中动脉瘤被穿破,男1例,女5例,年龄33～87岁.5例囊性动脉瘤,1例右颈内动脉夹层动脉瘤.4例被弹簧圈穿破,1例被微导丝穿破,1例被微导管穿破.4例临床预后好,出院时没有新的神经功能缺损(mRS 0分和2分各2例),1例临床状况无改变(治疗前H&H V级,出院时mRS 5分),1例死于严重的SAH(治疗前H&HV级).结论在动脉瘤性SAH患者的血管内弹簧圈治疗中,总的术中穿破率为3%,死亡率为0.5%;造影剂外渗或弹簧圈的头端突出动脉瘤外提示术中动脉瘤被穿破,发生穿破后应尽可能快的用弹簧圈封堵动脉瘤的破裂部位;患者的预后可能与治疗前病情轻重直接相关.     

早期血性脑脊液引流在颅内动脉瘤破裂介入治疗后的应用

目的:探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤血管内介入栓塞术后行早期血性脑脊液引流的临床效果。方法:本研究对2007年1月—2016年7月江苏大学附属澳洋医院神经外科收治的40例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,a SAH)患者在血管内介入栓塞术后早期接受腰椎穿刺引流和脑室持续外引流以引流血性脑脊液的治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果:40例患者中,颅内动脉瘤破裂后2~7 d并发脑血管痉挛12例(30.0%),经对症治疗后病情缓解;出院后1~2个月,3例(7.5%)患者出现脑积水;术后1个月时,改良Rankin量表分级结果显示,37例(1级)为恢复良好,2例(2级)为轻度残疾,1例(6级)为预后不良(家属放弃治疗后,因肺部感染而死亡)。至随访结束,39例患者中,37例(94.9%)患者治愈或好转;2例(5.1%)患者智力下降,但未发生偏瘫、失语和肢体功能障碍等严重的后遗症。结论:颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后早期血管内介入栓塞治疗后行腰椎穿刺引流和脑室持续外引流以释放血性脑脊液,可以显著降低患者的并发症发生率,缩短恢复时间,是一种操作简便、安全而廉价的有效治疗方法。     

Endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny intracranial aneurysms

Endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny intracranial aneurysms (RTIA) is technically challenging. We retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical data of 51 patients with RTIA who underwent attempted endovascular treatment at our institution between November 2000 and April 2009. Forty-nine patients were successfully treated by coiling alone (29 patients), stent-assisted coiling (11 patients) or stent placement alone (nine patients). Procedural complications occurred in five patients. One patient died from a severe initial hemorrhage and poor clinical condition. At the time of discharge, 44 patients (89.8%) had recovered in good condition (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] score 5), two were moderately disabled (GOS score 4) and two were severely disabled (GOS score 3). Angiographic follow-up (mean follow-up time = 14 months) was available for 33 patients, and two were re-treated. None of the 46 patients who were clinically followed up (mean = 54.2 months) experienced re-bleeding. Our results suggest that RTIA is not uncommon and can be safely treated endovascularly.     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤后脑血管痉挛和预后的影响因素分析

目的 探讨影响显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的预后和脑血管痉挛(CVS)发生的相关因素.方法 收集深圳市第二人民医院神经外科自2006年6月至2009年5月行显微手术治疗的322例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,Logistic回归分析年龄、性别、血压、血糖、手术时机、Fisher's分级、Hunt-Hess分级、感染等因素对患者预后及CVS发生的影响.结果 多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher's分级、CVS、感染、腰穿次数是影响患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05);Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher's分级、动脉瘤数量、终板造瘘、腰穿次数、感染是影响CVS发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论 年龄、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher's分级、CVS、腰穿次数、感染影响患者预后,其中CVS是最重要的影响因素.CVS受Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher's分级、动脉瘤数量、终板造瘘、腰穿次数及感染因素影响.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the relevant factors of prognosis of intracranial aneurysms after microsurgical treatment and risk factors of cerebral vasospasm (CVS). Methods Three hundred and twenty-two patients with intracranial aneurysms, admitted to and received surgical treatment in our hospital from June 2006 to May 2009, were chosen in our study; their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the influences of age, gender, blood pressure level, blood sugar level, operation time, Fisher's grade, Hunt Hess grade and infection on the prognosis of patients with intracranial aneurysms and the risk of CVS. Results Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that age, Hunt Hess grade, Fisher's grade, CVS, infection and lumber puncture times were the independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients with intracranial aneurysms (P< 0.05). Hunt Hess grade, Fisher's grade, number of aneurysms, endplate colostomy, lumber puncture times and infection were the independent risk factors of CVS (P<0.05). Conclusion Age, Hunt Hess grade, Fisher' s grade, CVS, lumber puncture times and infection are the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with intracranial aneurysms, among which, CVS is the most important factor. CVS is mainly affected by Hunt Hess grade, Fisher's grade, number of aneurysms, endplate colostomy, lumber puncture times and infection.     

颅内复杂动脉瘤搭桥孤立术疗效观察

目的 探讨颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型复杂动脉瘤的术式选择及适应证.方法 回顾分析2008年2月-201 1年12月经脑血管造影术明确诊断的12例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者术前评价方法 及手术治疗经过.结果 12例患者中颈内动脉系统巨大型动脉瘤6例(4例位于颈内动脉海绵窦段或床突段、2例位于颈内动脉交通段),大脑中动脉巨大型动脉瘤3例,后循环动脉瘤3例.其中7例术前MR灌注成像显示载瘤动脉远端组织存在明显缺血.选择行颞浅动脉.大脑中动脉低流量血管吻合术;5例载瘤动脉远端组织供血正常,且搭桥血管长度较长(≥15 cm)、术前球囊闭塞试验呈阴性、患侧压颈脑血管造影侧支循环充盈不良患者,行高流量颅内外血管搭桥术.11例术后神经功能缺损程度评价良好,改良Rankin量表评分0-3分;1例术后4分,3个月后改善至3分.结论 对于无法施行塑形夹闭术的颅内复杂巨大型动脉瘤患者,颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术是其可选择的最后方法 ;而MR或CT灌注成像观察载瘤动脉远端组织供血正常与否.是选择不同流量血管吻合或搭桥术的关键.枕动脉、颞浅动脉或桡动脉为常用搭桥血管.     

Epidemiologic and anatomic aspects comparing incidental and ruptured intracranial aneurysms: A single centre experience

The feasibility of multicentric international data such as integrated in the PHASES score for patient counseling in unruptured intracranial aneurysms has recently been challenged. To determine, whether this data is applicable to local populations in a restricted catchment area, we performed a retrospective mono-centric analysis comparing patients with ruptured aneurysms to patients with incidental aneurysms. 200 patients with unruptured aneurysms and 197 patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were analyzed for risk factors differing between the groups and to the general German population. Subgroup analysis was performed for 25 patients harboring multiple aneurysms, in 19 patients with intracavernous aneurysms and in 77 women of childbearing potential. While the preponderance of female patients was confirmed, significantly more men figured in the patient group with subarachnoid hemorrhage (36.4%) than among unruptured aneurysms (25%). Patients with bleeding events were significantly younger (51.6 years) than patients with incidental aneurysms (57.8 years). The rupture risk prediction of the PHASES score concerning aneurysm size below 7 mm and patient age over 70 years could not be confirmed, instead score points correlated to the clinical outcome after rupture. In our population, pregnant women were not overrepresented. Intracavernous carotid aneurysms contributed to the low risk profile of giant aneurysms. Thus, recommendations from pooled international data have to be adapted cautiously to local circumstances. We retained seven items with predictive value for outpatient counseling: age, smoking, hypertonus and concurrent vascular aberrations as patient characteristics and irregular shape, (increasing) largest diameter and the harboring vessel for the aneurysm.