维生素D受体组合基因型与职业性铅毒性易感性的关系

目的 探讨维生素D受体(VDR)组合基因型与职业性铅作业者血铅浓度易感性的关系.方法 选取广州市职业病防治院铅作业工人专项体检中377名高暴露铅作业工人为研究对象,根据《中华人民共和国国家职业卫生标准》中《职业性慢性铅中毒诊断标准》(GBZ 37-2002),以血铅＜1.9 μmol/L者,为血铅正常组,血铅≥1.9 μmol/L者为血铅异常组.采用统一调查表问卷调查工人的基本情况:年龄、工龄、经济收入、吸烟、饮酒等.采用TaqMan探针技术对VDR基因Bs-mI、Tru9I和ApaI单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行检测,利用ABI7500 SDS Software V1.4软件,进行组合基因型的计算和构建.结果 高铅暴露人群中,VDR基因BsmI-Tru9I-ApaI的组合基因型中,与分布频率最高CC+ CC+ CC比较,CC+ CC+ AC是血铅浓度异常的危险因素,OR值为5.214(95％ CI 2.569～ 10.582),P＜0.01.结论 VDR基因BsmI-Tru9I-ApaI的组合基因型CC+ CC+ AC可能是铅中毒的易感基因型.     

福建省汉族人群维生素D受体基因ApaI和TaqI多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的探讨福建省汉族人群维生素D受体(VDR)基因ApaI(rs7975232)和TaqI(rs7975232)位点多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法运用分层随机抽样,从"2015年福建成人慢性病与营养状况调查数据库"中选取病例组和对照组。共抽取476人,其中糖尿病患者(DM组)116人、血糖受损(IFG组)100人和血糖正常(NC组)260人,采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)进行VDR基因多态性研究,比较各组基因型分布、等位基因频率等,并进行相关危险因素分析。结果 VDR基因ApaI位点在三组人群的分布差异具有显著性,差异主要表现在NC组与DM组之间(X2=13.53P<0.01),DM组aa基因型比例及等位基因a频率均大于NC组, aa基因型空腹血糖及BMI指标要明显高于AA和Aa;VDR基因TaqI位点在三组人群的分布不存在差异;分性别的非条件Logistic回归分析显示,高血压、中心性肥胖、bb基因型、Aa和aa基因型是男性糖尿病患者的危险因素,而年龄增大、高血脂、中心性肥胖则是女性糖尿病患者的危险因素。结论福建省汉族人群ApaI位点基...     

婴幼儿佝偻病VDR基因ApaI、BsmI位点多态性与连锁不平衡分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿佝偻病患者维生素D受体（VDR）基因ApaI、BsmI位点多态性分布特征及连锁不平衡关系及其与佝偻病的遗传易感因素.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法对56例佝偻病患儿和76例健康对照儿进行VDR基因ApaI、BsmI位点多态性的检测,分析两组VDR基因型和等位基因频率及两位点间连锁不平衡的关系.结果 两组VDR基因ApaI、BsmI位点基因型频率分布比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.VDR基因ApaI、BsmI 位点等位基因频率在两组人群中的分布差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.ApaI与BsmI二位点连锁不平衡系（D＇=0.230,r2=0.01）.结论 VDR基因ApaI、BsmI位点的多态性与维生素D缺乏性佝偻病无明显关系,且两位点不存在连锁不平衡关系.     

XRCC1基因单核苷酸多态性与铅毒性遗传易感性的关系

目的研究DNA修复基因XRCC1单核苷酸多态性与铅毒性易感性的关系。方法采集326名某蓄电池企业铅作业工人外周静脉血样品,检测血铅和血锌原卟啉(ZPP),采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)检测XRCC1基因型,分析不同基因型铅作业工人与铅毒性易感性的关系。结果 326名铅作业工人XRCC1基因分布呈现多态现象,各基因型的分布频率符合遗传学的Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05);不同基因型组(XRCC1-194CC/CT+TT、XRCC1-280 GG/GA+AA、XRCC1-399GG/GA+AA)工人ZPP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);XRCC1-194CT+TT基因型组工人平均血铅值高于XRCC1-241CC基因型组(P<0.05),而XRCC1-280GG/GA+AA、XRCC1-399GG/GA+AA基因型组工人平均血铅值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);以血铅水平1.90μmol/L为界,经χ2检验、logistic回归分析显示,高铅组XRCC1-194CT+TT基因型的比例大于低铅组(P<0.05),XRCC1-194CT+TT基因型组工人较XRCC1-194CC基因型组工人高血铅发生率的风险明显增高(OR=2.78,95%CI=1.49～5.28)。结论XRCC1 Arg194Trp基因单核苷酸多态性与血铅升高有一定关联性,C→T多态性提高了接铅工人对铅毒性易感的风险性,XRCC1-194CT/TT基因型可能是铅毒性易感基因型;XRCC1 Arg280His和XRCC1 Arg399Gln多态性可能与铅毒性易感性无关。     

VDR基因多态性与宁夏回汉儿童哮喘差异性研究

目的 探讨VDR基因BsmI、ApaI、TaqI和FokI位点的单核苷酸多态性在宁夏回汉族哮喘儿童之间的差异性。 方法 提取回汉族哮喘儿童外周血DNA各60例,采用PCR及PCR-RFLP方法分析VDR基因四个多态位点的基因型及基因频率,采用χ²检验分析相关数据。 结果 FokI位点是宁夏回汉族儿童哮喘之间存在差异性的一个位点(P<0.05)。BsmI、ApaI及TaqI位点在宁夏回汉族儿童哮喘之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 在所研究的VDR基因的四个多态位点中:FokI位点在宁夏回汉族儿童哮喘之间存在差异性;其余位点与在宁夏回汉族儿童之间差异无统计学意义。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ相代谢酶基因多态性与氯乙烯作业工人DNA损伤的关系研究

目的探讨Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢酶基因多态性与氯乙烯(VCM)作业工人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的关系。方法应用彗星实验测定87名VCM作业工人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况,并采用病例-对照设计,按彗星发生率将工人分为DNA损伤组和对照组。用PCR-RFLP法测CYP2E1(rs3813867)基因多态;PCR法测GSTT1、GSTM1缺失情况;应用TaqManPCR分析技术判定GSTP1(rs947894)、CYP1A1(rs1048943,rs4646903)和UGT1A6(rs6759892,rs1105879,rs4124874,rs3755319,rs887829,rs4148323)基因型。结果经χ2检验,CYP2E1基因rs3813867c1c1和c1c2+c2c2基因型、GSTP1基因rs947894AA和AG+GG基因型及UGT1A6基因rs1105879AA和AC+CC基因型在DNA损伤组和对照组间的分布差异有显著性(分别为P=0.029,P=0.004和P=0.002)。多元Logistic回归分析的结果表明,携带GSTP1基因rs947894AG+GG基因型的个体较携带AA基因型个体DNA损伤的风险性升高(OR=13.393,95%CI:2.410～74.431,P<0.01);携带UGT1A6基因rs1105879AC+CC基因型的个体较携带AA基因型个体DNA损伤的风险性降低(OR=0.064,95%CI:0.006～0.637,P<0.05)。单倍型分析结果表明,UGT1A6基因TCCTAG单倍型在对照组的分布频率高于DNA损伤组(P<0.05)。结论携带GSTP1基因rs947894AG或GG基因型和UGT1A6基因rs1105879AA基因型的个体发生DNA损伤的风险增高,它们可能为氯乙烯致DNA损伤的易感人群。而UGT1A6基因TCCTAG单倍型对氯乙烯中毒可能具有保护作用。     

维生素D受体及IL-6基因多态性与儿童反复呼吸道感染的关系

目的探究维生素D受体(VDR)、白介素-6(IL-6)基因多态性与儿童反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)的关系。方法选择2017年3月-2020年1月青海省妇女儿童医院收治的84例RRTI患儿作为RRTI组,选取同期体检的100名正常健康儿童作为对照组,均采血测定血清25-羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]、IL-6水平,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(RELP)检测VDR基因BsmI位点及IL-6基因rs1800796位点单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),分析以上基因多态性与儿童RRTI的关系。结果 RRTI组患儿血清25(OH)D3水平为(23.57±5.17)μg/L,低于对照组(29.45±6.36)μg/L(P0.05),IL-6水平为(21.67±5.06)ng/L,高于对照组(4.15±1.16)ng/L(P0.05);RRTI组携带B等位基因频率高于对照组,携带Bb基因型频率高于对照组(P0.05);RRTI组携带C等位基因频率高于对照组,携带CC基因型频率高于对照组(P0.05);携带VDR BsmI位点Bb基因型及等位基因B可使RRTI发生风险增加2.036倍与1.925倍(校正OR=2.036,95%CI=1.320～3.140;校正OR=1.925,95%CI=1.320～3.140);携带IL～6 rs1800796位点CC基因型及等位基因C可使RRTI发生风险增加1.586倍、2.136倍(校正OR=1.586,95%CI=1.028～2.445;校正OR=2.136,95%CI=1.385～3.294)。结论 VDR BsmI位点Bb基因型、等位基因B,IL-6 rs1800796位点CC基因型、等位基因C可能为RRTI易感基因型。     

维生素D受体基因(VDR)多态性与儿童铅中毒易感性的研究

目的:观察维生素D受体(VDR)基因rs731236、rs1544410及rs7975232在深圳市儿童血铅≥60μg/L样本组和低铅对照组之间的分布,揭示VDR基因多态性与儿童铅中毒易感的相关性。方法:在6个月～6岁儿童中筛选出75例样本组(血铅≥60μg/L均值(X=82.24μg/L)和80例对照组(血铅均值X=19.90μg/L)的样本,用PCR方法对VDR基因rs731236、rs1544410及rs7975232进行扩增,采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析法(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定其基因型,比较各基因型在两组间的分布,寻找其与儿童血铅值的关系。结果:VDR基因rs731236中的基因型TT在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),rs1544410中的GG在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),rs7975232多态性在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:VDR基因rs731236中的TT和rs1544410中的GG基因型可能增加儿童铅中毒的危险性;作为铅中毒的易感基因筛查值得进一步探讨。     

噪声与超氧化物歧化酶基因多态性交互作用对噪声性听力损失易感性的影响

目的探讨噪声与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)基因多态性的交互作用与中国汉族人群职业性噪声性听力损失(ONHL)易感性的关联性。方法采用单纯随机抽样法,以广州市2 400名接触40 h等效声级(L_(EX,W))为75.0~120.0 dB(A)的汉族工人为研究对象。结合其纯音测听结果和累积噪声暴露量,采用模型法确定易感组和耐受组人群(分别为201和202人),采集其周围静脉血抽提基因组DNA,采用TaqMan探针法化学荧光等位基因鉴别试验检测SOD单核苷酸多态性。采用多因素Logistic回归分析噪声接触强度与SOD交互作用。结果校正性别和重金属、粉尘、高温接触等混杂因素后,携带rs2040724 AG或GG基因型的人群交互携带rs4880(CC+CT)基因型时,罹患ONHL的风险均高于交互携带rs2040724 AA与rs4880 TT基因型者(P0.05);携带rs10432782 GT或GG基因型的人群交互携带rs4880(CC+CT)基因型时,罹患ONHL的风险均高于交互携带rs10432782 TT与rs4880 TT基因型者(P0.05);L_(EX,W)≥85 dB(A)人群中,交互携带rs2040724 GG与rs4880位点携带(CC+CT)基因型的人群罹患ONHL的风险高于L_(EX,W)85 dB(A)、交互携带rs2040724 AA和rs4880 TT基因型者(P0.01);交互携带rs10432782 GT或GG与rs4880(CC+CT)基因型的人群罹患ONHL的风险高于L_(EX,W)85 dB(A)、交互携带rs10432782 TT与rs4880 TT基因型者(P0.05)。结论中国汉族人群中,噪声接触强度、SOD1(rs2040724、rs10432782)、SOD2(rs4880)三者在影响ONHL易感性过程中存在交互作用。     

XPD Asp312Asn、Lys751Gln基因多态性与铅毒性易感性关系

目的 研究人类着色性干皮病基因D(XPD)Asp312Asn、Lys751Gln基因多态性与铅毒性易感性的关系.方法 采用随机整群抽样方法抽取326名铅作业工人为研究对象,检测血铅、尿铅、红细胞锌原卟啉(ZPP)和XPDAsp312Asn、Lys751Gln单核苷酸多态性,根据基因分型分为Asp312Asn GG组与GA+ AA组、Lys751Gln AA组与AC+ CC组,分析铅作业工人不同XPD基因型与铅毒性易感性的关系.结果 Asp312Asn GG与GA+ AA组之间、Lys751Gln AA 与AC+ CC组之间铅作业工人血铅、尿铅、ZPP水平分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).分别以血铅≥1.90μmol/L、尿铅≥0.34μmol/L、ZPP≥2.91 μmol/L为界将研究对象分为观察组(高水平组)与对照组(低水平组),经x2检验与Logistic回归分析显示,Asp312Asn GG与GA+ AA组之间、Lys751 Gln AA与AC +CC组之间工人高血铅、高尿铅、高ZPP发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 XPD Asp312Asn和Lys751 Gln基因多态性可能与铅毒性易感性不存在关联.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.