获得性免疫缺陷综合征的消化系统临床表现和肠镜特点分析（附109例报告）

目的总结合并消化系统病变的获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者的主要临床表现和肠镜特点,以提高对合并消化系统疾病的AIDS患者的认识。方法收集和分析2013年1月-2019年10月柳州市人民医院109例行结肠镜检查的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)确诊感染者和116例HIV阴性行肠镜检查患者的临床资料,将HIV感染者(试验组)和HIV阴性患者(对照组)的临床表现和肠镜特点进行比较。同时根据CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数将HIV感染者分为两组进行对照分析,其中A组CD4~+细胞 200×10~6/L (n=34)、B组200×10~6/L(n=75)。结果试验组肠镜下结直肠溃疡检出率和总体病变检出率明显高于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);B组肠镜下肠黏膜充血、糜烂和总体病变检出率明显高于A组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 AIDS患者比普通患者更容易出现结直肠溃疡,随着CD4~+细胞计数下降,肠道炎症病变发生率和肠道病变总体发生率升高。     

拉米夫定+依非韦伦分别联合替诺福韦、齐多夫定治疗HIV/AIDS的疗效对比研究

目的 探讨拉米夫定+依非韦伦分别联合替诺福韦、齐多夫定治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)/艾滋病即获得性免疫缺陷综合征(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,AIDS)的疗效。方法 选取2019年6月至2022年9月我院收治的70例HIV/AIDS患者。随机分为观察组34和对照组36例。观察组采用拉米夫定+依非韦伦联合替诺福韦治疗，对照组采用拉米夫定+依非韦伦联合齐多夫定治疗。对比两组患者治疗3个月后淋巴细胞计数变化及不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗后，观察组<100 cells/μl CD4⁺T细胞计数患者比例低于对照组，观察组>350 cells/μl CD4⁺T细胞计数患者比例高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；治疗后，观察组患者CD3⁺、CD4⁺水平高于对照组，CD8⁺水平低于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；观察组不良反应总发生率显著低于...     

HIV/AIDS患者152例CD4+细胞计数与机会性感染相关分析

目的:分析HIV/AIDS患者CD4+细胞计数与机会性感染的关系,为HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染的治疗及一、二级预防提供参考依据.方法:对2009年6月至2011年2月在我院住院的152例HIV/AIDS患者的CD4+细胞及出现的机会性感染进行分析.按患者CD4+细胞计数分为CD4+＞200个/μuL与CD4+≤200个/μL两组,比较两组患者机会性感染发生率的差异.结果:152例HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染的总感染率为93.4%,主要的机会性感染是口腔念珠菌感染(57.2%)、肺结核(50.7%)、细菌性肺炎(32.9%)、败血症(22.4%)、感染性腹泻(21.1%).CD4+细胞计数≤200个/trL组患者机会性感染的发生率为96.0%,高于CD4+细胞计数＞200个/μL组患者(80.8%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);随着CD4+细胞计数的下降,患者发生机会性感染的几率增高.结论:HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染的发生率高,CD4+细胞计数是HIV/AIDS患者发生机会性感染的独立危险因素.因此,应定期监测HIV/AIDS患者CD4+细胞计数,加强患者机会性感染的一级和二级预防.     

广东省2298例HIV感染或AIDS初诊患者T细胞亚群的检测分析

目的:了解广东省人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者的细胞免疫情况,为开展抗病毒治疗提供依据.方法:采用FACS Calibur流式细胞仪,检测2 298例初次诊断HIV感染者或获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)初诊患者的外周血中CD4 、CD8 T细胞绝对值及计算CD4 /CD8 ,比较HIV感染者及AIDS患者、不同年龄段HIV感染者及AIDS患者的上述指标的差异.结果:2 298例中,CD4 T细胞绝对值为0.001×109/L～1.812×109/L,中位数0.351×109/L.CD4 T细胞小于0.200×109/L有460例,占20.0%;0.200～0.350×109/L有676例,占29.4%;超过0.350×109/L的有1 162例,占50.6%.AIDS患者CD4 、CD8 、CD4 /CD8 均低于HIV感染者(P＜0.01).与其他年龄段比较,50岁以上HIV感染者及AIDS患者CD4 及CD4 /CD8 较低(P＜0.05～0.01),50岁以上AIDS患者的CD8 T细胞计数较低(P＜0.05).结论:广东省HIV感染者、AIDS患者CD4 T细胞总体水平较低,对50岁以上的HIV感染者及AIDS患者要严密监测病情的进展,及时予合适的治疗,提高患者的生存质量.     

HIV感染患者上消化道机会性感染及胃镜检查结果分析

[目的]探讨HIV感染患者幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染及消化性溃疡特点、巨细胞病毒(CMV)及霉菌性食管炎等机会性感染检出情况.[方法]对181例有消化道症状的患者(HIV阳性组122例,对照组59例)行胃镜检查,对活检黏膜行快速尿素酶及病理Warthin-Starry银染检测Hp感染情况、免疫组化检测CMV感染及细胞刷涂片明确霉菌性食管炎感染.[结果]HIV感染患者消化道症状大多缺乏特异性,其中腹泻及吞咽困难、吞咽疼痛症状明显高于对照组(P＜0.01)；HIV感染组Hp检出率22.1％(27/122)明显低于对照组40.7％(24/59)(P＜0.01),并且与患者CD4细胞计数密切相关；HIV感染患者消化性溃疡检出率明显低于对照组(4.1％ vs 13.6％；P＜0.05); HIV感染组检出CMV感染为4.9％(6/122),霉菌性食管炎为15.6％(19/122),对照组均为阴性.[结论]HIV感染者存在着上消化道的机会性感染,其Hp感染率及消化性溃疡发生率低于普通人群,可能存在着不同于普通人群的发病机制.     

农村地区HIV/AIDS患者CD4+细胞计数与机会性感染对应关系的临床研究

目的通过随访病例,分析山东省菏泽市AIDS病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS(AIDS)患者机会性感染发生的频率与CD4+细胞计数之间的关系,观测CD4细胞计数对机会性感染的预示作用。方法跟踪HIV/AIDS患者的随访以及CD4+检测结果,对山东省菏泽市的HIV/AIDS患者进行分析。结果在CD4+细胞计数小于200个/μl的117例HIV/AIDS患者中,有99例发生了多种机会性感染,其发生比例为84.6%,CD4+细胞计数大于300个/μl的38例患者中,有6例发生了机会性感染,其发生比例为15.8%,CD4+小于100个/μl其机会性感染率发生比例为100%。结论不同水平的CD4+细胞计数,机会性感染的发生几率不同,两者有着非常密切的关系。CD4+细胞计数越低,发生机会性感染的几率越大,因而将CD4+细胞计数作为机会性感染预防的参照指标是合理的,定期监测CD4+并作为一项常规的工作,及早预防机会性感染对提高HIV/AIDS患者的生活质量有很重要的意义。     

非小细胞肺癌合并人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性患者29例的外科治疗分析

目的评价手术治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)合并人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性患者的临床效果。方法回顾性分析收集1998年9月至2006年4月莫桑比克马普托中心医院胸外科手术治疗的NSCLC合并HIV阳性患者29例(HIV阳性组),并选择同期34例HIV检测呈阴性NSCLC患者作为对照组(HIV阴性组)。分析两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、手术后胸腔引流量、手术后肺部和伤口感染率、手术后住院日、HIV阳性组CD4计数,并随访生存时间等临床指标。结果两组患者手术在死亡率上的差异没有统计学意义;HIV阳性组手术后肺部感染发生率比HIV阴性组高(31.03%vs5.88%,P=0.009),前者发生手术后肺部感染的危险比后者增加7倍以上(OR=7.200;95%可信区间(1.409,36.779));HIV阳性患者不同CD4计数手术后肺部感染发生率的差异有统计学意义(P=0.040),CD4计数与手术后肺部感染发生率呈负相关(r=-0.501;P=0.014);HIV阳性组与HIV阴性组患者在生存时间上差异无统计学意义(P=0.248)。结论 NSCLC合并HIV阳性患者手术后并发肺部感染危险增加且与患者CD4细胞计数呈负相关,但不会增加手术死亡率;伴随高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的实行,其手术后生存期与HIV阴性者相似。对于非艾滋病发作期的该类患者,均应考虑积极地治疗。     

肝外胆管结石手术对人免疫缺陷病毒感染者细胞免疫的影响

目的观察肝外胆管结石外科手术对不同免疫缺陷程度的肝胆结石患者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法统计36例人免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)阳性(HIV+)与同期42例HIV阴性(HIV-)共78例需行外科手术的肝外胆管结石患者术后切口感染、术后肺部感染、术后新发机会性感染等指标。检测其术前1天(D0)、术后第7天(D7)、术后第30天(D30)外周静脉血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞率、淋巴细胞率、T淋巴细胞亚群CD4、CD8计数;各自计算D7、D30两次CD4计数相对于D0百分比D7/D0(%)、D30/D0(%).并根据D0的CD4计数分层(组)。结果各组三次检测白细胞计数、中性粒细胞率、淋巴细胞率、CD8计数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CD4计数两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同组别之间差异有统计学意义(F=402.410,P<0.05);时间和组别两个因素之间有交互效应(F=13.497,P<0.05)。结论肝外胆管结石外科手术对以CD4为主的细胞免疫功能有"先抑制后恢复"的影响过程,HIV感染者免疫缺陷程度越重,其免疫抑制越明显,免疫恢复也更缓慢。正确把握手术适应证以及恰当的围术期处理前提下,合并HIV感染的肝外胆管结石患者施行手术可以取得与非HIV感染者类似满意的临床疗效.     

325例HIV/AIDS免疫功能状况及其与病程关系的研究

目的 了解云南HIV感染者/AIDS病人的免疫功能状况及其与病程的关系,探索适合云南省省情的HIV/AIDS治疗的实验室指标。方法 收集门诊325例HIV/AIDS的相关流行病学资料和静脉血,应用流式细胞计数仪和三标TruCount荧光标记单克隆抗体试剂盒进行CD4、CD8的绝对计数,使用b-DNA仪和RNA3.0 Assay版本试剂对其中151例进行病毒载量的测定。结果 (1)165例HIV感染者和160例艾滋病病人的CD4、CD4/CD8均未表现出性别差异(P>0.05)。(2)HIV感染者和AIDS病人CD4、CD8和CD4/CD8未表现出年龄差异(P>0.05)。(3)HIV感染者和AIDS病人CD4、CD8和CD4/CD8汉族与傣族无差异(P>0.05)。(4)AIDS病人的CD4细胞明显低于HIV感染者,且均低于正常对照组,三者之间差异有显著性(P4细胞数不同,将研究对象分为3组:A组CD4细胞>350/μl,B组CD4细胞为350-200/μl,C组CD4细胞4、CD4/CD8和病毒载量均存在显著性差异(P4和CD4/CD8的减省，病毒载量不断上升，呈现负相关（r=-0.369，P8计数在A组和B组间差异无显著性（P>0.05），而均与C组差异有显著性（P4和CD4/CD8与疾病谱有关。结论HIV感染者和AIDS病人的CD4、CD8和CD4/CD8无年龄、性别及民族差异，但随着暴露时间的延长，CD4和CD4/CD8则明显下降。CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8和病毒载量与临床进程明显相关，CD4和CD4/CD8与病毒载量呈现负相关，CD4和病毒载量可以成为评估疾病发展、药物疗效的重要指标。目前的治疗指导方针CD4细胞计数≤350/μl是可行的。AIDS病人的CD4和CD4/CD8与疾病谱有关，可以成为预防机会性感染指导用茏的指标。     

HIV感染者和AIDS患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化分析

探讨HIV感染者和AIDS患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,为临床诊治提供参考。收集2015年1月~2016年12月间,我院收治的,获得明确诊断的HIV感染者、艾滋病患者以及同期健康体检人群各54例作为研究对象,采集抗凝血标本,采用流式细胞仪技术对外周血CD3~+CD4~+以及CD3~+CD8~+T淋巴细胞进行检测,计算CD4~+/CD8~+比值,并对检测结果进行统计分析。通过对比发现,三组受试者外周血CD4~+CD8~+细胞计数比较存在明显差异,表现为正常对照组CD4~+细胞计数高于HIV组和AIDS组(P0.05),HIV组CD4~+细胞计数高于AIDS组(P0.05);CD8~+细胞计数为HIV组高于对照组和AIDS组(P0.05),AIDS组高于对照组(P0.05);CD4~+/CD8~+比值对照组明显高于HIV组和AIDS组(P0.05),HIV组和AIDS组比值倒置。HIV感染者与艾滋病患者以及健康人群的T淋巴细胞亚群存在明显差异,这对于临床疾病的诊断、免疫受损情况评估以及病情判断等均具有重要意义,值得关注。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.