手消毒液杀菌效果观察

目的 了解手消毒液的抑菌效果及应用消毒效果.方法 利用载体定量杀菌试验,对医院常见致病微生物进行杀菌试验;对医护人员手部自然菌杀灭效果观察.结果 使用卫洁牌手消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌制成的菌悬液作用0.5、1、1.5 min,平均杀灭对数值均＞5.00;外科手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.52;日常卫生手消毒的平均杀灭对数值为2.36.结论 该手消毒液用于手部皮肤消毒所需时间少、有效、易干燥、无黏腻感,是外科手消毒的最佳选择.     

葡清病毒专用手消毒液对肠道病毒71型灭活性能与使用安全性研究

目的研究葡清病毒专用手消毒液对肠道病毒71型(EV71)的杀灭效果及其临床使用安全性,探讨医务人员手消毒降低医院感染率的实际意义。方法依照《消毒技术规范》2中病毒灭活试验和手消毒现场试验相关方法及动物毒理安全评价试验方法,对该手消毒液的相关性能进行检测。结果使用葡清病毒专用手消毒液原液对EV71致病病毒分别作用0.5、1.0和1.5min,其对EV71病毒的平均杀灭对数值均4.00;用同一消毒液原液3ml作用于受试者双手揉檫消毒1min至干,对手表面自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.89,该消毒液原液经急性经口毒性试验,雌雄小鼠的LD50值均5 000mg/(kg·bw),属实际无毒级;对小鼠的骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验未发现致微核作用,属阴性;对家兔进行多次完整皮肤刺激试验,属无刺激性。结论葡清病毒专用手消毒液对EV71病毒具有较为满意的杀灭效果,使用安全,应提高手卫生依从性,有效预防和控制医院感染。     

手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果研究进展

《医务人员手卫生规范WS/T 313—2019》修订版出台后更规范了医务人员手消毒的要求。手消毒剂是提高手卫生效果，降低手传播病原微生物的有效工具，国家强制性标准《手消毒剂卫生要求GB 27950—2010》规定了手消毒剂的卫生要求，但对灭活病毒指标却没有提出具体要求。目前，市场上常用的手消毒剂以醇类或以乙醇为溶剂的产品为主，而醇类消毒剂对于消毒抗力较强的肠道病毒灭活效果有争议。本文就手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果的国内外研究进行综述，为医务人员合理选择手消毒剂提供参考。     

3种消毒剂杀菌效果及能量试验研究

目的了解不同品种消毒剂杀菌效果及连续加入细菌菌悬液对消毒剂杀菌作用的影响,为合理使用消毒剂提供依据。方法采用《消毒技术规范》(2002年版)中悬液定量杀菌和能量试验。结果含有效氯300mg/L的丹凤牌84消毒液作用10.0分钟,科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠作用15.0min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值分别为5.37(5.28~5.46)和>5.00;含有效氯600mg/L的白雪牌消毒液作用10min,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭对数值5.13(5.07~5.18);科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠和丹凤牌84消毒液两种消毒剂,在相同作用浓度情况下,前者作用5.0min、后者作用10.0min,对大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00;白雪牌消毒液作用浓度为600mg/L,作用时间为10min时,对大肠杆菌的杀灭对数值为5.11(5.07~5.16);能量试验最低合格浓度依次为科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠500mg/L,白雪牌消毒液600mg/L,丹凤84消毒液2400mg/L。结论不同品种消毒剂杀菌效果差异明显;对多次消毒污秽物品的能力各不相同,以丹凤牌84消毒液最弱,科保牌二氯异氰尿酸钠能力最强。     

手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果研究进展

《医务人员手卫生规范WS/T 313—2019》修订版出台后更规范了医务人员手消毒的要求。手消毒剂是提高手卫生效果，降低手传播病原微生物的有效工具，国家强制性标准《手消毒剂卫生要求GB 27950—2010》规定了手消毒剂的卫生要求，但对灭活病毒指标却没有提出具体要求。目前，市场上常用的手消毒剂以醇类或以乙醇为溶剂的产品为主，而醇类消毒剂对于消毒抗力较强的肠道病毒灭活效果有争议。本文就手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果的国内外研究进行综述，为医务人员合理选择手消毒剂提供参考。     

一种复方醋酸氯己定-乙醇消毒剂性能的研究

目的研究一种以醋酸氯己定和乙醇复配的消毒剂的消毒性能。方法用理化测定方法、消毒性能检测方法,对该复方消毒剂的性能进行检测。结果含醋酸氯己定600 mg/L、乙醇11.23%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定450 mg/L、乙醇8.43%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用2 min,分别对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭对数值5.00;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用1 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值4.00。消毒剂原液作用1 min对手和皮肤的自然菌杀灭对数值1.00。结论该复方消毒剂储存性能稳定,原液和一定浓度的稀释液均对指标菌的细菌繁殖体和真菌有较好的杀菌作用,对皮肤和手上自然菌的杀菌效果均可以达到标准的要求。     

三种葡萄糖酸氯己定复方手消毒剂杀菌效果和临床实验研究

目的测试三种葡萄糖酸氯己定复方手消毒剂临床消毒效果,为临床科室提供安全有效的手消毒剂。方法根据《消毒技术规范》对三种葡萄糖酸氯己定复方手消毒剂进行检测。结果三种葡萄糖酸氯己定复方手消毒剂pH值,泡沫抗菌洗手液为6.50、泡沫外科消毒剂为6.38,外科手消毒凝胶为6.70,有效成分葡萄糖酸氯己定含量分别为0.185%、1.23%、1.19%,泡沫和凝胶手消毒液乙醇含量分别为:38.2%、54.7%,泡沫抗菌洗手液细菌总数、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、真菌菌落符合国家标准要求;泡沫抗菌洗手液对大肠杆菌杀灭对数值均>5.00,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌不合格;泡沫外科消毒剂对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用1.5min,对白念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用3.0min,可达到消毒合格;外科手消毒凝胶大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用1.0min,可达到消毒合格;使用葡萄糖酸氯己定泡沫抗菌洗手液后用葡萄糖酸泡沫外科消毒剂或葡萄糖酸氯己定外科手消毒凝胶5ml,消毒作用3min,对临床科室医务人员手上自然菌杀灭对数>1.0,手上残留菌数<1cfu/cm2。结论三种葡萄糖酸氯己定复方手消毒剂消毒配合使用消毒效果达到临床消毒要求,可以在临床科室使用。     

常用消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌杀灭效果的试验观察

[目的]研究常用消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的消毒效果.[方法]采用悬液定量杀菌试验和模拟现场消毒试验,观察苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘、含氨消毒片、过氧乙酸4种消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的消毒效果.[结果]含有效碘5 000 mg/L的聚维酮碘作用1min、500 mg/L苯扎溴铵、500 mg/L过氧乙酸作用3 min、含有效氯300 mg/L的含氯消毒液作用5 min对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的杀灭对数值＞5.00;4种消毒剂现场模拟杀菌试验的杀灭对数值均＞3.00,达到合格要求.[结论]4种消毒剂在常规浓度下能有效杀灭临床分离的多重酎药鲍曼不动杆菌.     

碘伏消毒液消毒效果的试验研究

目的探讨某碘伏消毒液的消毒效果,为使用者提供依据。方法采用悬液定量法(消毒技术规范2002年版),鉴定其对微生物的杀菌效果。结果有效碘为100 mg/L消毒液的稀释液,作用2 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00;有效碘为500 mg/L消毒液的稀释液,作用2 min,对受试者手、皮肤上自然菌的杀灭对数值均>1.00。结论有效碘为500 mg/L的稀释液对微生物有良好的杀灭效果。     

两种清洗消毒方式对消化内镜消毒的效果

目的观察过氧乙酸对模拟内镜管腔和软式内镜现场的消毒效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验、模拟现场消毒试验和现场消毒试验方法,研究过氧乙酸对细菌繁殖体和细菌芽孢的消毒效果,同时对消化内镜模拟现场和现场消毒效果进行观察。结果过氧乙酸消毒液原液含过氧乙酸2 000mg/L。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000mg/L的消毒液作用0.5min,过氧乙酸浓度为50mg/L的消毒液作用1min,过氧乙酸浓度为25mg/L的消毒液作用3min,对悬液内铜绿假单胞菌作用2.5min,杀灭对数值均5.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000 mg/L的消毒液作用1min,对悬液内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭对数值4.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000mg/L的消毒液,手工清洗蠕动泵消毒和内镜清洗机上运行一个消毒周期(总运行时间为15 min,含消毒程序5 min),对模拟管腔内铜绿假单胞菌杀灭对数值均5.00;对模拟管腔内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭对数值均4.00。以过氧乙酸浓度为2 000 mg/L的消毒液消毒消化内镜,手工清洗的合格率为75.56%,内镜清洗机的合格率为100.00%。过氧乙酸消毒液对不锈钢片、铝片、铜片基本无腐蚀,对碳钢片有轻度腐蚀。结论该过氧乙酸消毒液可快速杀灭悬液内细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞,并能快速杀灭模拟管腔内壁上的微生物。使用过氧乙酸消毒液清洗消毒机现场消毒试验消毒效果比手工清洗更可靠。     

多种消毒剂对病毒灭活效果的实验研究

目的研究高、中、低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果及有机物浓度对其的影响.方法根据含氯类（次氯酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸钠）、过氧化物类、醛类、含碘类（强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、聚酮维碘）、季铵盐类、复方氯己定等多种消毒剂的适当浓度和作用时间对微生物的杀灭能力,进行灭活病毒的实验研究,并比较灭活效果.结果次氯酸钠400 mg/L作用15 min,三氯异氰尿酸钠500 mg/L作用15 min,二氧化氯100 mg/L作用10 min,聚维酮碘4 048 mg/L作用30 min,复方戊二醛806.4 mg/L作用1 h,对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＞4.00;而强力碘、碘伏、碘酊、复方季铵盐类、复方氯己定等消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均＜4.00.有机物浓度由10%上升至20%时,消毒剂作用15 min,灭活对数值下降0.62,作用30 min,灭活对数值下降0.63.结论高效及部分中效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒有较好的灭活效果,低效消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒无灭活效果.有机物浓度增高可影响消毒剂对病毒的灭活效果.     

消毒剂对输血传播病毒DNA灭活效果的研究

目的 探讨对输血传播病毒(TTV)灭活效果好的化学消毒剂。方法 采用巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)技术,检测3种不同浓度的碘伏、高锰酸钾、煤酚皂液、“84”消毒液和金星消毒剂,对TTV DNA分别消毒处理10、30、60min和90min的灭活效果。结果 碘伏在常规使用浓度(0．5％～1％)对TTV DNA灭活效果好;高锰酸钾、来苏尔、“84”消毒液和金星消毒剂在高浓度下可灭活TTV DNA,而常规使用浓度对TTV DNA灭活效果不好。结论 碘伏是TTV较理想的化学消毒剂,消毒效果好,价廉、使用方便。     

Disinfection of fabrics and carpets artificially contaminated with calicivirus: relevance in institutional and healthcare centres

Fabrics and carpets are used widely as surface coverings or linens in healthcare settings and are prone to contamination with infectious agents such as noroviruses (NoVs). Laundering, water cleaning and vacuuming are considered to be adequate for routine cleaning of these materials, but no standard procedure for their disinfection is available in case of contamination. Testing disinfectants for their efficacy against NoVs is difficult because these viruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. Therefore, feline calicivirus (FCV) has gained acceptance as a surrogate model for NoVs in disinfectant efficacy testing. The present study evaluated five disinfectants against FCV on various fabrics or carpets. FCV was dried on fabrics and carpets, followed by treatment with a given disinfectant for a defined contact time of 1, 5 or 10 min. The surviving virus was then eluted and titrated in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells to determine virus inactivation. A disinfectant was considered to be effective if it inactivated at least 99% of the applied virus. Metricide, an activated dialdehyde-based product, was found to be the most effective disinfectant on all types of fabric and carpet, inactivating more than 99.99% of the virus in 1-10 min. In general, effectiveness of disinfectants increased with an increase in exposure time from 1 to 10 min. The disinfection of carpets was more difficult than the disinfection of fabrics; 100% polyester was the least amenable to disinfection. Only Metricide and Microbac-II (a phenolic compound) were able to inactivate 99% of FCV on 100% polyester. In summary, activated dialdehyde was found to be uniformly active against FCV on all types of material tested.     

Duck hepatitis B virus: a model to assess efficacy of disinfectants against hepadnavirus infectivity

The efficacy of three proprietary glutaraldehyde disinfectants and their component bases was assessed using the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) model. Inactivation of infectivity of undiluted serum containing 10(6.8) ID50/ml DHBV was assessed after a mixture with an equal volume of disinfectant had stood at room temperature for 10 min. A dried spill of infectious serum was simulated using sterile filter paper disks, saturated with serum containing DHBV, dried and then exposed to test disinfectant for 10 min. Residual infectivity, and hence the reduction in virus titre, was determined by inoculation of dilutions of the treated samples into 1-day-old ducklings. A greater than 3 log10 reduction in virus titre could be demonstrated for the disinfectants as well as for some of their component bases. Disinfectant activity varied according to the method of viral presentation but a reduction of exposure time from 10 to 2.5 min did not diminish activity. The experimental protocol permits a comparative and quantitative assessment of the efficacy of both established and new disinfectants.     

Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus

The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Asia and Northern America led to broad use of various types of disinfectant in order to control the public spread of the highly contagious virus. However, only limited data were available to demonstrate their efficacy against SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We therefore investigated eight disinfectants for their activity against SARS-CoV according to prEN 14476. Four hand rubs were tested at 30s (Sterillium, based on 45% iso-propanol, 30% n-propanol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulphate; Sterillium Rub, based on 80% ethanol; Sterillium Gel, based on 85% ethanol; Sterillium Virugard, based on 95% ethanol). Three surface disinfectants were investigated at 0.5% for 30 min and 60 min (Mikrobac forte, based on benzalkonium chloride and laurylamine; Kohrsolin FF, based on benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde and didecyldimonium chloride; Dismozon pur, based on magnesium monoperphthalate), and one instrument disinfectant was investigated at 4% for 15 min, 3% for 30 min and 2% for 60 min [Korsolex basic, based on glutaraldehyde and (ethylenedioxy)dimethanol]. Three types of organic load were used: 0.3% albumin, 10% fetal calf serum, and 0.3% albumin with 0.3% sheep erythrocytes. Virus titres were determined by a quantitative test (endpoint titration) in 96-well microtitre plates. With all tested preparations, SARS-CoV was inactivated to below the limit of detection (reduction factor mostly > or =4), regardless of the type of organic load. In summary, SARS-CoV can be inactivated quite easily with many commonly used disinfectants.     

The relative resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by disinfectants.

f2 bacteriophage in the presence of fetal calf serum (at a final concentration of 10%) was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The 6 disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. A 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide and 1/50 Javex (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) were the most effective of the six disinfectants considered since 10(5) f2 bacteriophage were inactivated in 30 seconds in each instance. Since a 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide had a pH of 12.5 this made it too caustic to use as a disinfectant in many practical situations. It was concluded therefore that Javex at some dilution less than 1/50 (greater than 1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) was the most practical of the six disinfectants to use. Ethanol (95%, v/v) inactivated 10(3) f2 bacteriophage in 30 seconds while 1/20 Wescodyne and undiluted Sonacide inactivated 10(1)-virus particles. Ves-Phene at a dilution of 1/50 was a completely ineffective virucide during the 30 sec exposure. The resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by these six disinfectants was compared with that of echovirus 11 and coxsackievirus B5. In all instances except exposure to undiluted Sonacide, f2 was comparable in resistance to inactivation and in many cases had greater resistance.     

The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of echovirus 11.

Echovirus 11 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of such exposure times, skim milk neutralized disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The six disinfectants studied were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene, and Sonacide. Although 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 95% (v/v) ethanol were equally virucidal and significantly more so than the other four disinfectants, causing 10(6) reduction in 20 s, they may not be practical to use in many instances. Javex at a dilution of 1/50 (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) proved to be virucidal causing 10(3.5) reduction of echovirus 11 in 30 s. Wescodyne (1/50) and undiluted Sonacide were relatively ineffective causing 10 reduction or less of echovirus 11 in 30 s. One Stroke Ves-Phene (1/50) was ineffective causing no significant inactivation in 30 s.     

The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of coxsackievirus B5.

Coxsackievirus B5 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity, with residual virus assayed by the plaque technique. The six disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. Although 95% (v/v) ethanol was significantly more virucidal than dilutions of the other five disinfectants tested causing a 10(6) reduction in 20 s, it may not be practical to use in many instances. Next to 95% (v/v) ethanol, 1/75 (800 parts/10(6) Javex, 0.25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 1/200 Wescodyne were the most effective virucides. These disinfectants were equal in effectiveness causing a 10(5) reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. Of these three disinfectants Javex is the most practical to use since sodium hydoroxide is caustic and Wescodyne is selective in its virucidal action. Undiluted Sonacide was a less effective virucide causing a less than 10-fold reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. A 1/50 dilution of One Stroke Ves-Phene was the least effective virucide tested since it did not significantly inactivate coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s.     

植物草本消毒剂灭活流感病毒效果的实验观察

[目的] 探讨稀释除药法检测消毒剂灭活流感病毒的效果。 [方法] 结合稀释除药法和细胞感染法,采用病毒灭活定量悬液试验检测消毒剂灭活流感病毒的效果。 [结果] 消毒剂稀释浓度100％和50％的1min灭活率都达99.995％以上;消毒剂稀释浓度25％的10min灭活率为99.867％。 [结论] 采用病毒灭活定量悬液试验,结合稀释除药法和细胞感染法检测消毒剂对流感病毒的灭活效果具有快速、简便等特点,特别适用于理化成分未明消毒剂的检测。     

Antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of both natural products (vinegar, baking soda) and common commercial disinfectants (Vesphene IIse, TBQ, Clorox, Lysol Disinfectant Spray, Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner, Mr. Clean Ultra, ethanol) designed for home or institutional use against potential human pathogens, including selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria. DESIGN: A quantitative suspension test was used to assess the efficacy of selected disinfectants following exposure times of 30 seconds and 5 minutes. Activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Selected disinfectants were also tested against poliovirus, vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus species, and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus. RESULTS: The following compounds demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity (>5.6-8.2 log10 reduction) at both exposure times: TBQ, Vesphene, Clorox, ethanol, and Lysol Antibacterial Kitchen Cleaner. Mr. Clean eliminated 4 to >6 logs10 and Lysol Disinfectant approximately 4 logs10 of pathogenic microorganisms at both exposure times. Vinegar eliminated <3 logs10 of S. aureus and E. coli, and baking soda <3 logs10 of all test pathogens. All tested chemical disinfectants completely inactivated both antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible bacteria at both exposure times. Only two disinfectants, Clorox and Lysol, demonstrated excellent activity (>3 log10 reduction) against poliovirus. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of commercial household disinfectants were highly effective against potential bacterial pathogens. The natural products were less effective than commercial household disinfectants. Only Clorox and Lysol disinfectant were effective against poliovirus.