头颅磁共振及单光子发射断层扫描在老年期痴呆早期诊断中的价值

目的评价头颅磁共振（MRI）及单光子发射断层扫描（SPECT）对阿尔茨海默病（AD）及血管性痴呆（VD）早期诊断的应用价值,探讨局部脑萎缩程度及局部脑缺血程度与老年期痴呆严重程度的相关性。方法对36例AD患者、32例VD患者及年龄、性别相匹配的30名非痴呆老年人(NC)进行MRI脑局部萎缩定量检测,并同时应用SPECT对脑局部血流灌注情况进行半定量分析。结果头颅MRI显示,AD组较VD组及NC组海马萎缩程度明显,AD患者左侧海马高度为(9.27±3.43)mm,VD组为(11.62±5.72)mm,NC组为(12.13±2.97)mm（均为P＜0.01）。SPECT显示,AD组及VD组均有认知相关部位的血流灌注减低,AD患者左侧颞叶每像素计数与小脑每像素平均计数的比值(RAR)值为0.60±0.07,VD组为0.67±0.11,NC组为0.89±0.09,AD与VD组局部脑缺血情况明显较NC组严重（均为P＜0.01）。早期轻度AD患者简易智能状态量表（MMSE)评分22～26分,MRI左侧海马高度为(12.05±2.14)mm,与NC组差异无显著性(P＞0.05）,而SPECT显示有明显脑局部缺血,左侧海马的RAR值为0.61±0.07,低于NC组(P＜0.01）。MRI测量的脑局部萎缩程度（左侧海马高度）及SPECT检测的脑局部缺血程度（左侧颞叶）均与痴呆的严重程度（MMSE评分)呈正相关（r=0.96及0.98,均为P＜0.01）。结论MRI对AD有辅助诊断作用。对轻度的AD患者,MRI不如SPECT敏感。局部脑萎缩、局部脑缺血程度与痴呆的严重程度及病程相关。AD患者SPECT上均有缺血改变,提示AD的发生可能与局部脑血流灌注减低相关。     

阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知功能障碍患者的海马体积与MTA分级

目的分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的海马体积及MTA分级。方法选取AD患者15例、MCI患者22例及健康对照(CTRL组)20例。对所有受试者行头MRI,应用Roi Assist401软件在3D-MPRAGE序列中手工逐层勾画双侧海马的感兴趣区,自动生成每层面积乘以层厚得出体积,运用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果三组受试者海马体积大小均为CTRL组MCI组AD组,且每两组患者有统计学差异(P0.05);MTA分级与海马体积呈显著负相关(左侧r=-0.684,P0.05,右侧r=-0.588,P0.05)。AD组的海马体积、MTA分级与MCI组、CTRL组具有统计学差异(P0.05),MCI组的海马体积与CTRL组具有统计学差异(P0.05),MCI组的MTA分级与CTRL组无显著差异(P0.05)。双侧海马对AD诊断的敏感性为100.0%,特异性为95.0%;MTA分级对AD诊断的敏感性为80.0%,特异性为92.9%。结论 AD组海马萎缩较MCI组明显,海马体积对于AD、MCI的诊断价值优于MTA分级。     

阿尔茨海默病和皮层下缺血性血管性痴呆患者内侧颞叶结构磁共振定量

目的评价海马结构体积、内嗅皮质体积和海马角角度磁共振(MR)测量区分阿尔茨海默病(AD)、皮层下缺血性血管性痴呆(SIVD)和老年健康对照者(NC)的准确性,以及内侧颞叶结构测量指标和认知功能神经心理学评价指标的相关性。方法对临床很可能AD患者、SIVD患者和健康老年人行头颅MR扫描,在斜冠状位上测量双侧海马结构的体积、内嗅皮质体积和海马角角度,并进行统计学分析。结果双侧海马结构体积、双侧内嗅皮质体积按如下顺序显著递减:NC组SIVD组AD组,各组之间差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01);双侧海马角角度按如下顺序递增:NC组SIVD组AD组,各组之间差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。用逐步判别分析方法得出内嗅皮质体积、海马结构体积和海马角角度在AD组、SIVD组和NC组的准确度分别为81.3%、87.5%和88.8%。联合内侧颞叶结构测量指标,区分AD组、SIVD组和NC组的准确度为91.3%。在AD组和SIVD组MMSE评分和海马结构体积、内嗅皮质体积呈显著正相关,和海马角角度呈显著负相关;而在NC组MMSE评分和海马结构体积、内嗅皮质体积、海马角角度不呈相关性。在AD组和SIVD组海马角角度和海马结构体积呈显著负相关,而在NC组海马角角度和海马结构体积无相关性。结论海马结构体积、内嗅皮质体积和海马角角度MR测量有助于区分AD、DIVD和健康老年人。     

阿尔茨海默病和遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者海马血管周围间隙扩大的对比观察

目的比较阿尔茨海默病(AD)与遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)患者海马血管周围间隙扩大(EPVS)发生率和数量,并探讨海马EPVS与海马萎缩的相关性。方法选择2016年10月～2018年12月在北京大学人民医院神经内科记忆门诊诊断的AD患者105例为AD组,aMCI患者55例为aMCI组,同期在门诊进行体检的认知正常的健康老年人(HC)50例为HC组。在MRI 3DBRAVO成像斜冠状位上观察海马EPVS数量,用内侧颞叶萎缩评定量表(MTA)评分判断海马萎缩程度,比较3组海马EPVS数量差异,Spearman相关性分析海马EPVS与MTA评分的相关性。结果 AD组、aMCI组和HC组海马EPVS发生率分别是87.62%、83.64%和76.00%,且严重的海马EPVS(4个)的比例分别为40.00%、23.64%和12.00%;AD组、aMCI组和HC组海马EPVS总数比较,差异有统计学意义[4.00(2.00,6.00)个vs 3.00(2.00,4.00)个vs 2.50(0.75,3.25)个,P=0.001];与aMCI组和HC组比较,AD组海马EPVS总数明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P=0.025,P=0.003);aMCI组与HC组海马EPVS总数比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.131)。海马EPVS与海马萎缩的MTA评分呈正相关(r=0.328,P=0.000)。结论AD患者海马EPVS数量高于aMCI患者和HC,其可能与海马萎缩程度相关。     

阿尔茨海默病的嗅觉障碍分析

目的分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的嗅觉功能损伤,以利于早期诊断和观察病情进展。方法收集解放军总医院第六医学中心神经内科门诊就诊的AD患者20例为AD组,轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者20例为MCI组和认知功能正常者20例为对照组。采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估认知功能。采用Sniffin'Sticks嗅觉测试法评估嗅觉功能,包括气味阈值(T)、气味辨别阈值(D)、气味识别阈值(I),3项测试的得分相加即为嗅觉功能评分(TDI),对比3组嗅觉功能损伤的差异。结果 3组T比较,无统计学差异(P0.05),3组MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TDI、D及I比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。AD组MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TDI、D及I明显低于MCI和对照组,且MCI组MMSE评分、MoCA评分、TDI、D及I明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MMSE评分分别与TDI、T、D及I呈正相关(r=0.66,r=0.50,r=0.54,r=0.54,P=0.01)。MoCA评分分别与TDI、T、D及I呈正相关(r=0.60,r=0.39,r=0.56,r=0.50,P=0.01)。结论嗅觉检测可用于AD的早期诊断及疗效观察,特别是气味辨别和识别检测。     

认知功能与1H-MRS波谱功能成像的关系

目的 探讨正常老年人的认知功能同脑1H-MRS波谱代谢变化的相关性.方法 采用德国SIEMENS公司生产的Novus 1.5 T磁共振成像系统,对入选的研究对象行相应的常规MRI扫描,对双内侧颞叶及左后扣带回的1 H-MRS采集,比较正常对照(NC)、遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍(aMCI)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)各组间NAA/Cr,NAA/mI,Cho/Cr,mI/Cr比值的差别,并分析各代谢物比值与认知功能的相关性.结果 aMCI、AD组的MMSE评分与1H-MRS相关性:aMCI组与左后扣带回NAA/Cr呈负相关(r=-0.709,P＜0.05),而与其他代谢物比值无明显相关；aMCI和AD组的延迟故事回忆(DSR)评分与1H-MRS相关性:aMCI组与左内侧颞叶NAA／Cr呈正相关(r=0.648,P＜0.05),AD组与左后扣带回的NAA/mI呈正相关(r =0.637,P ＜0.05)；aMCI和AD组的即刻故事回忆(ISR)评分与1H-MRS相关性:aMCI组与左内侧颞叶NAA/Cr无明显相关(r=0.629,P=0.051),与Cho/Cr正相关(r=0.660,P＜0.05),AD组与左后扣带回的NAA/mI呈正相关(r=0.658,P＜0.05).结论 DSR与脑影像学检查结合可作为aMCI和AD早期诊断及鉴别的重要辅助工具,左后扣带回的NAA/mI,及NAA/Cr与AD关联密切,可作为AD诊断的参考依据.     

2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍与海马体积及血清抵抗素的相关性研究

目的探讨T2DM患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)与海马体积及血清抵抗素的关系。方法选择T2DM+MCI组25例,单纯T2DM组35例,以及正常对照(NC)组25名,采用蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表(北京版)测评各组认知功能。行磁共振海马成像,测定HbA1c及血清抵抗素水平。结果 T2DM+MCI组海马体积[左侧(2.42±0.31)cm3,右侧(2.44±0.35)cm3]低于其他两组(P0.05);抵抗素[(15.36±0.22)ng/ml]高于其他两组(P0.05)。相关分析显示,MoCA评分与海马体积呈正相关(左侧r=0.858,P0.01;右侧r=0.537,P=0.006),抵抗素与海马体积呈负相关(左侧r=-0.550,P=0.004;右侧r=-0.519,P=0.008);多元回归分析显示,抵抗素(β=-0.559,P0.01)、HbA1c(β=-0.442,P=0.003)是MoCA评分的影响因素。结论 T2DM合并MCI与海马体积缩小相关;HbA1c及抵抗素是T2DM合并MCI的危险因素。     

轻度认知障碍的记忆特点及海马体积和^1 H—MRS相关研究

目的 探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和轻度Alzheimer病(AD)的记忆特点及记忆功能评定、海马体积测定及质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)对MCI和轻度AD的诊断和鉴别诊断的作用.方法 用韦氏记忆测验修订版(WMS-R)和听觉词语学习测验(AVLT)分别对各30例MCI患者、轻度AD患者和健康对照行记忆功能评分,并对海马体积和内侧颞叶1H-MRS进行分析.比较各组问记忆功能评分、海马体积和各代谢物比值的差别,并进行相关分析.结果 MCI和轻度AD组WMS-R的因子分和记忆商均低于对照组(P<0.05),MCI和轻度AD组的视觉、听觉、触觉短期记忆和记忆商有显著差异(P<0.05).MCI和轻度AD组的7次回忆正确数均低于对照组(P<0.05),延迟回忆降幅最大;MCI和轻度AD组7次回忆均有显著差异(P<0.05),延迟回忆差异最大.MCI和轻度AD组的海马体积显著小于对照组(P<0.05),但MCI组和轻度AD组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).轻度AD组和MCI组的NAA/Cr、NAA/MI显著低于对照组,但MI/Cr显著高于对照组(P<0.05).MCI组和轻度AD组的左侧MI/Cr、NAA/MI有显著差异(P<0.05).MCI和/或轻度AD组的.AVLT的第3次回忆及延迟回忆与海马体积及NAA/Cr、NAA/MI明显正相关(P<0.05).结论 MCI有和轻度AD相似的情景记忆的全面损害,但不同于正常老化.WMS-R和AVLT能很好地区分正常老化、MCI和AD.海马体积和内侧颞叶1H-MRS是MCI和轻度AD诊断和鉴别的重要工具.     

阿尔茨海默病患者额叶、扣带回皮层萎缩模式观察及意义

目的：观察阿尔茨海默病（ AD）患者额叶、扣带回皮层的萎缩模式,并探讨其意义。方法根据简易智能状态检查（ MMSE）评分及临床痴呆评定量表（ CDR）评分将28例AD患者分为轻度AD组、中度AD组各14例,同期体检健康者20例作为正常对照组。采用MMSE、CDR、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（ MOCA ）、日常生活活动量表（ADL）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、神经精神量表（NPI）,评估各组的认知功能。各组均行头颅MRI检查,Free-Surfer v5．1．0软件分析图像及数据。结果正常对照组、轻度AD组及中度AD组的MMSE、MOCA均依次降低, CDR、ADL、NPI均依次升高;组间两两比较,P均＜0．05。额叶皮层各亚区中,轻度AD组、中度AD组双侧内侧眶回、外侧眶回及眶部皮层厚度均小于正常对照组,中度AD组左侧额中回后部皮层厚度小于轻度AD组, P均＜0．05。扣带回皮层各亚区中,轻度AD组、中度AD组双侧扣带回峡部、后扣带回及前扣带回膝部皮层厚度小于正常对照组,P均＜0．05;轻度AD组及中度AD组比较,P均＞0．05。左侧额中回后部及左侧外侧眶回皮层厚度减少是AD进展的危险因素（OR分别为44．621、2．021）,P均＜0．05。结论轻度AD患者额叶、扣带回皮层即出现萎缩,萎缩模式为非均匀性,左侧额中回后部及左侧外侧眶回皮层萎缩可用于评估AD患者的疾病进展。     

磁敏感加权成像检测脑内铁沉积在老年认知障碍中的应用价值

目的 应用磁敏感加权成像（SWI）分析老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者脑内铁沉积的特点及其与简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分变化的相关性，评估脑内铁含量增加在预测MCI向AD转化中的价值。方法 选取2009年11月至2013年1月入院于上海交通大学附属上海市第六人民医院老年科的MCI患者22例，AD患者20例及认知功能正常的老年人18例，行常规磁共振成像（MRI）及颅脑SWI检查，使用校正相位图计算出相应的角弧度值，量化海马与尾状核头的铁沉积。采用方差分析进行组间比较；角弧度值与MMSE评分的相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析方法。MCI组患者随访1年，根据再次MMSE评分结果分为AD转化组和非AD转化组。比较随访前后两组间角弧度值的变化量有无差异。结果 MCI组左侧海马、左侧尾状核头的角弧度值与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；AD组双侧海马、左侧尾状核头的角弧度值与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。双侧海马角弧度值与MMSE评分相关。随访1年后，MCI组22例患者中有5例进展为AD（22.7%），进展为AD的5例患者较稳定于MCI组的17例患者左侧海马角弧度值增加更多（P＜0.05）。结论 脑内局灶性铁沉积增加与认知功能减退有关；左侧海马铁沉积的异常增加可能是预测MCI向AD进展的敏感指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.