联合间期和中期荧光原位杂交确定成人急性白血病患者11q23/MLL异常

目的 探讨快速、敏感、有效揭示11q23／MLL基因重排的方法，确定11q23／MLL异常存成人急性白血病（AL）中的发生情况及其临床特征，指导AL风险治疗。方法112例成人AL患者骨髓细胞经24h短期培养按常规方法制备染色体标本，R显带行核型分析；LSIMLL双色分离信号DNA探针行间期荧光原位杂交（FISH）筛选异常信号，有异常信号者行中期FISH确定11q23／MLL基因重排。结果 112例AL患者FISH揭示9例11q23／MLL易位（检出率8．0％），其中常规细胞遗传学分析（CCA）只检出4例（检出率3．6％）。3例CCA示del（11）（q23）者FISH揭示2例为11q23／MLL易位，1例为11号染色体长臂末端缺失。在1例正常核型、1例11q＋和1例无11q23明显异常者，FISH揭示为11q23／MLL易位。除9例易何外，FISH揭示8例存在MLL基因扩增，包括多倍体、均匀染色区（hsr）和双微染色体（dmin）。AL伴11q23／MLL异常者多诊断为B系祖细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（pro-B ALL）、急性单核细胞白血病（AMoL）或急性双表型白血病（BAL）。结论 使用MLL双色分离信号DNA探针行FISH确定11q23／MLL异常是快速敏感的方法，其检出率高于CCA，有效揭示11q23／MLL易位和扩增。临床诊断pro-B ALL、AMoL或BAL，尤其正常核型者应行FISH以确定11q23／MLL异常。     

间期荧光原位杂交技术检测恶性血液病的11q23/MLL基因重排

目的分析伴有11q23／MLL基因重排的恶性血液病的细胞遗传学特点,探讨荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）在诊断及鉴定恶性血液病11q23／MLL基因重排中的价值。方法用间期FISH分析11q23／MLL基因易位细胞的30例恶性血液病患者的核型特征,用MLL双色分离探针绿色标记在（5′MLL,光谱绿）和（3′MLL,光谱桔红）。结果应用常规细胞遗传学及间期FISH分析白血病患者30例,结果显示11q23＋／MLL＋患者9例（30．0％）,12q23-／MLL＋患者4例（13．3％）,11q23＋／MLL-患者2例（6．7％）,11q23-／MLL-患者15例,检测到部分病例染色体核型分析与间期FISH方法检测11q23异常与MLL基因重排不一致。结论FISH在检测11q23／MLL基因重排方面与传统的常规细胞遗传学相比具有检出率高的优势,能更有效、直观地分析恶性血液病的染色体异常,对于恶性血液病的诊断以及异常染色体的检出具有广泛的应用前景。     

混合系白血病基因重排的检测方法及其临床意义

为了研究混合系白血病（MLL）基因重排在急性白血病（AL）中的发生率、融合基因类型及其临床意义，用荧光原位杂交技术检测60例急性白血病（AL）患者MLL基因重排，对于MLL基因重排阳性的患者，用巢式RT—PCR方法检测MLL基因重排形成的6种常见融合基因类型。结果表明：7例AL患者有MLL基因重排，发生率为11．67％，其中2例为急性髓细胞白血病M5（AML—M5），融合基因均为MLL／AF9；男5例为B细胞系急性淋巴细胞白血病（B—ALL），其中2例融合基因为MLL／ENL，1例MLL／AF4，2例未扩增出融合基因产物。结论：荧光原位杂交技术是检测ALMLL基因易位重排的快速、特异、灵敏的方法，巢式RT-PCR是检测MLL基因重排产生的融合基因类型的简便可行的方法；MLL基因重排的检测对急性白血病预后判断和治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

常规细胞遗传学分析和荧光原位杂交方法检测白血病11q23/MLL基因重排

本研究比较常规细胞遗传学（conventional cytogenetics,CC）分析,间期荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）技术及连续R显带后FISH（sequential R-banding and FISH）检测混合系列白血病（mixed lineage leukemia,MLL）基因重排的应用价值.应用常规细胞遗传学及间期FISH分析我院白血病患者37例,结果显示11q23＋/MLL＋患者10例,11q23^-/MLL＋患者2例（5.4%）,11q23^＋/MLL-患者3例（8.1%）,11q23^-/MLL-患者22例.部分病例CC与间期FISH方法检测11q23/MLL基因重排得到了不一致的结果.对6例患者进行连续R显带后FISH分析后,对照核型和FISH图都能清楚地看到MLL基因易位涉及的染色体.结论：为了给出准确的诊断,在检测11q23/MLL重排时需要进行常规细胞遗传学和间期FISH测定并结合两者结果来评定,必要时需做R显带后FISH或进一步的分子生物学分析.     

MLL基因重排急性白血病患儿的临床和生物学特点研究

目的对儿童急性白血病进行混合谱系白血病(mixed lineage leukemia，MLL)基因重排的临床和实验研究：方法应用MLL双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)基因探针进行双色FISH，以13对引物行多重RT—PCR检测融合基冈，并联合染色体R带核型分析及流式细胞仪免疫表型检测，对298例儿童急性白血病中16例含有MLL基因重排患儿进行分析：结果MLL基因重排的白血病在儿童急性白血病中占5.4％，而在婴幼儿白血病中占56．3％；对106例患进行多重RT—PCR，检测到涉及MLL基因重排11例，其中MLL／AF42例，MLL／AF61例，MLL／AF6、MLI／ELL合并MLL／AFX或HOX11各1例，MLL／AF92例，MLL／AF101例，MLI／ELL2例。串联重复dup11q231例，HOX活化1例；27例进行了FISH检测，发现9例有MLL重排，其阳性率为36．0％；16例MLL基因重排患儿中14例(87．5％)有克隆性染色体异常，其中11例累及11号染色体[t(4；11)2例，t(6；11)、t(8；11)、t(7；8；11)、t(9；11)各1例， 112例，11q-3例]；16例MLL基因重排患儿中11例为B系ALL，以B祖细胞或前B细胞白血病为主，5例为急性单核细胞白血病，其中3例有CD7和CD2淋系抗原表达；16例MLL基因重排患儿中8例接受治疗，7例获得完全缓解。结论多重RT—PCR和FISH联合是检测MLL重排最精确和灵敏的方法，MLL基冈重排中包括易位、缺失和重复。MLL基因重排的检测对儿童急性白血病预后判断和治疗方案的选择具有重要意义，并且对WHO分型将其单独列为11q23／MLL白血病提供了有力的依据。     

混合谱系白血病基因部分串联重复在急性髓细胞白血病中的研究进展

混合谱系白血病(MLL)基因位于第11号染色体长臂2区3带(11q23),其编码产物为具有3 969个氨基酸残基的核蛋白.MLL蛋白最具特征性的功能为通过调节Hox基因表达水平决定细胞存活.急性白血病可发生MLL基因重排,其中MLL基因部分串联重复(MLL-PTD)为MLL基因重排中最为常见的形式之一,主要存在于核型正常及具有第11号染色体三体的急性髓细胞白血病(AML)中.作者拟就MLL基因结构、功能、MLL-PTD在AML发生、发展中的作用机制,及其可作为AML潜在治疗靶点等方面进行综述.     

混合谱系白血病基因重排与急性白血病

涉及染色体11q23的异常是造血系统肿瘤的常见改变，该异常导致位于11q23处的混合谱系白血病（MLL）基因发生重排，与多种伙伴基因发生融合。MLL基因编码蛋白主要包括3个功能区域：转录抑制区、转录激活区和DNA结合区，它起着转录因子功能，在人体发育及细胞分化过程中，起着重要调控作用。MLL基因重排包括易位、部分串联重复、缺换、片段扩增等，MLL易位可产生许多不同类型的融合基因，最终诱导白血病发生。MLL重排的白血病有特异生物学特性，已成为白血病中的一个特殊亚型。     

FLAG与MEA方案治疗复发难治成人急性髓细胞白血病的临床观察

作为新型核苷类似物化疗药物,氟达拉滨对慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）和惰性淋巴瘤具有较好的疗效,2004年NCCN已推荐其为CLL／小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤（SLL）／滤泡性淋巴瘤（FL）治疗的一线方案。近年来的临床研究证实,氟达拉滨对复发或难治急性髓细胞白血病（AML）的疗效也较好,其完全缓解率达到50％～80％。本研究总结了16例应用FLAG方案治疗的难治复发AML的疗效与不良反应,并与18例应用MEA（米托蒽醌＋足叶乙甙＋阿糖胞苷）方案治疗的复发难治AML讲行了比较,报告如下。     

混合谱系白血病基因重排与急性白血病

涉及染色体11q23的异常是造血系统肿瘤的常见改变,该异常导致位于11q23处的混合谱系白血病(MLL)基因发生重排,与多种伙伴基因发生融合。MLL基因编码蛋白主要包括3个功能区域:转录抑制区、转录激活区和DNA结合区,它起着转录因子功能,在人体发育及细胞分化过程中,起着重要调控作用。MLL基因重排包括易位、部分串联重复、缺失、片段扩增等,MLL易位可产生许多不同类型的融合基因,最终诱导白血病发生。MLL重排的白血病有特异生物学特性,已成为白血病中的一个特殊亚型。     

t(11;17)(q23;q21)见于两种具有不同形态学改变和基因重排的急性白血病

急性髓系白血病(AML)大多有特异性染色体重排，它们常显示特定的形态学改变和基因重排，例如t(8；21)白血病有M2的形态学改变和AML1-ETO融合基因，t(15；17)白血病有M3的形态学改变和PML—RARα融合基因，inv(16)白血病有M4Eo的形态学改变和CBFβ-MYH11融合基因，涉及11q23的易位有M5的形态学改变和MLL基因重排。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.