可拆卸式衣袖在血液透析患者中的应用

血液透析是肾衰竭患者主要的肾脏替代治疗方法之一,动静脉内瘘对于肾功能衰竭的患者而言是血液透析得以顺利进行的前提,因此动静脉内瘘亦可称之为尿毒症患者的生命线。血液透析护士是维护维持性血液透析患者生命线的第一使者。长期维持性血液透析患者需要每周规律透析2—3次,每次血液透析治疗时间3～4h,     

分析维持性血液透析中不同血液净化方式对残余肾功能的影响

目的探讨维持性血液透析中不同血液净化方式对残余肾功能的影响。方法选取2008年1月至2010年3月收治的维持性血液透析有残余肾功能患者146例,依据血液净化方式分为高通量透析(HFHD)组、低通量透析(LF-HD)组、血液透析联合血液灌注(HD+HP)组,观察各组残余肾功能。结果各组血液透析前残余肾功能比较差异无统计学意义。HFHD组、HD+HP组血液透析6、8个月时与LFHD组残余肾功能比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于维持性血液透析血液净化方式非常重要,可以有效地减缓残余肾功能恶化,最大限度保护残余肾功能,改善患者生活质量。     

维持性血液透析患者血锌状况分析及护理

使用原子吸收光谱仪测定82例维持性血液透析患者的血锌含量,结果82例患者透析前静脉全血微量元素锌含量为(89.5±40.2)μmol/L,均低于正常范围。维持性血液透析患者全血锌含量降低,主要原因为厌食导致的营养摄入不足和营养利用障碍。给予患者充分透析、改善患者的食欲,增加含锌食物的摄入,改善患者的胃肠功能和营养不良状况,从而改善患者血锌水平,预防并发症发生,对保护残余肾功能可起到积极作用。     

影响维持性血液透析患者血压控制不良因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者高血压控制不良的相关危险因素。方法:观察并记录145例维持性血液透析患者性别、年龄、透析时间、透析剂量、超滤量、体质量、透析方式、血压、血清尿素氮、肌酐及电解质、血白蛋白、血红蛋白、全段甲状旁腺激素、Kt/V、残肾功能,并根据血压控制情况分为血压达标组和控制不良组,进行单、多因素分析。结果:单因素分析结果显示2组患者血清甲状旁腺激素、促红细胞生成素应用量、Kt/V、透析间期体质量增加率、干体质量是否达标、残肾功能以及是否定期行血液透析滤过等指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示Kt/V、干体质量达标率、是否定期行血液透析滤过差异有统计学意义。结论:低Kt/V值、干体质量不达标、未定期行血液透析滤过是维持性血液透析患者血压控制不良主要相关危险因素。     

影响维持性血液透析患者血压控制不良因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者高血压控制不良的相关危险因素.方法:观察并记录145例维持性血液透析患者性别、年龄、透析时间、透析剂量、超滤量、体质量、透析方式、血压,血清尿素氮、肌酐及电解质、血白蛋白、血红蛋白、全段甲状旁腺激素、Kt/V、残肾功能,并根据血压控制情况分为血压达标组和控制不良组,进行单、多因素分析.结果:单因素分析结果显示2组患者血清甲状旁腺激素、促红细胞生成素应用量、Kt/V、透析间期体质量增加率、干体质量是否达标、残肾功能以及是否定期行血液透析滤过等指标比较差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

维持性血液透析高血压患者的护理

维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)是终末期肾衰竭(ESRD)患者重要的肾脏替代疗法之一。目前全世界有80%以上的尿毒症患者依靠透析疗法维持生命[1]。高血压是慢性肾功能衰竭患者长期透析的并发症,除给患者增加病痛外,还是心、脑血管意外的严重隐患[2]。血液透析患者死亡病例中有50%死于心血管并发症,而且高血压是其重要的危险因素之一[3]。因此,如何对高血压维持性血液透析患者进行护理,对提高其生存率有非常重大的意义。笔者对患有高血压的维持性血液透析患者的护理进行探讨,现报道如下。1维持性血液透析患者发生高血压的原因分析1.1在血液透析前已有高血压大部分的血液     

对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能的观察及护理

慢性肾脏病患者随着病情的进展终将不可避免地走向进行维持型血液透析,对于维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能对患者的透析效果和生存质量均有重要的影响。本文将从不同的角度探讨残余肾功能对患者的影响,对保护患者残余肾功能的方法进行探讨。     

161例维持性血液透析患者的心理分析及护理

目的：对161例维持性血液透析患者的心理状态进行分析,并实施护理对策,以提高对慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者的透析疗效,提高患者的生活质量。方法：回顾性分析我院2008年5月～2009年5月收治161例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者的心理状态及护理经验。结果：对161例患者进行心理状态分析后,予以对应的心理护理,获得了较好的透析效果。结论：对维持性血液透析患者透析各阶段不同心理状态进行分析,并采取针对性的护理措施,可以提高透析疗效,提高患者的生活质量。     

血液透析治疗肾功能不全患者抗生素相关性脑病的护理

目的探讨血液透析治疗肾功能不全患者抗生素相关性脑病的观察与护理要点。方法收集5例应用抗生素引起脑病的肾功能不全患者,对维持性血液透析患者加强血液透析治疗,未透析患者予以血液透析治疗,透析过程中做好精心的护理。结果5例患者意识状态均恢复正常、神经系统症状消失,1例停止血液透析,4例过度到维持性血液透析。结论血液透析对治疗抗生素相关性脑病效果良好,而精心的护理可以使患者早日康复。     

腹膜透析残余肾功能的保护

慢性肾脏疾病患者在透析治疗前由于医患双方都期望避免透析或延迟透析，残余肾功能（RRF）的保护是大家非常重视的问题。但是，在透析治疗开始后，尤其是血液透析（HD），RRF快速下降甚至完全消失，而医师却并不重视透析治疗后RRF的保护。令人欣慰的是，在最近20年来，有关RRF的文章逐渐增多，医生们越来越关注终末期肾脏疾病（ESRD）患者残余肾功能的保护问题。大多数学者认为持续性不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）比血液透析能更好地保护残余肾功能，原因可能是腹膜透析避免了血浆渗透压快速变化和循环血容量减少而引起的肾组织缺血；加之对心血管系统影响小，可起到较好的保护作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.