心脏瓣膜疾病患者术后出现心排血量减少的高危因素分析

目的:分析心脏瓣膜疾病患者术后出现心排血量减少的高危因素,以提高预后,改善心功能。方法:经诊断、纳入与排除后选取我院2018年1月-2019年1月收治的心脏瓣膜疾病手术患者120例,所有患者接受心脏瓣置换术,根据患者具体情况选择具体手术方法,术后密切观察患者生命体征,并给予相应得(的)辅助治疗。术前6个月患者接受飞利浦超声诊断检查,测量患者左室射血分数、左室舒张模内径、左心房内径、心排血量及术后心排血量,记录患者手术时间、体外循环转机时间、主动脉阻断时间、置换膜瓣数量。并分析心脏瓣膜疾病患者术后出现心排血量减少单因素与多因素。结果:120例患者中有24例心排血量减少,发生率20.00%,未减少96例(80%)。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、性别、术前左室舒张末内径、术前心胸比与术后排血量减少无关(P0.05),术前心功能分级、体外循环转机时间、置换膜瓣数量、术前左室输血分数、术中主动脉阻断时间、术前左室射血分数是排血量减少的单因素(P0.05)。术前心功能分级、体外循环转机时间、术前左室输血分数、术中主动脉阻断时间、术前左室射血分数是排血量减少的独立危险因素(P0.05),置换膜瓣与其无关。结论:重视脏瓣置换术前患者的术前心功能分级、体外循环转机时间、术前左室输血分数、术中主动脉阻断时间,选择合适的手术方式能有效预防心排血量减少,有利于提高预后。     

心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后发生低心排血量综合征的危险因素分析

目的 探讨心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后发生低心排血量综合征的危险因素,为制定低心排血量综合征的防治措施提供依据.方法 采用前瞻性病例对照研究和非条件Logistic多元回归分析方法,选择宜昌市第一人民医院重症医学科2008年1月至2013年5月收治的心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后的96例患者,发生低心排血量综合征41例作为观察组,无低心排血量综合征55例作为对照组.对潜在危险因素进行对比分析,并采用非条件Logistic多元回归分析找出其独立危险因素.结果 心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后发生低心排血量综合征患者41例,发生率为42.7％.单因素分析结果显示：肝脏肿大（P =0.007）、病程≥15年（P=0.042）、体外循环时间≥120 min（x2=3.937,P=0.047）、术前心功能不全≥Ⅲ级（P=0.003）为心脏瓣膜病换瓣术发生低心排血量综合征的危险因素.Logistic多因素回归分析显示,心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后发生低心排血量综合征的独立危险因素是：病程≥15年（OR=2.825,95％ CI为1.015～7.861,P=0.047）、术前心功能不全≥Ⅲ级（OR =7.306,95％CI为2.050～ 26.035,P=0.002）.结论 病程≥15年和术前心功能不全≥Ⅲ级是心脏瓣膜病换瓣术后发生低心排血量综合征的独立危险因素.     

18例双瓣膜替换术临床分析

目的 总结1997-2002年间18例同期行风湿型心脏联合瓣膜病二尖瓣 主动瓣双瓣置换术经验，讨论降低双瓣置换术早期并发症及病死率的有关问题。方法 全组均采用浅低温体外循环心不停跳下同期行二尖瓣 主动脉瓣双瓣置换术，均置换机械瓣。结果 全组1例因出现低心排，于术后第3天死亡。1例术后急性肾衰。术后再次开胸止血1例。术后有1例发生慢性心包填塞，为术后第5天，予再次行心包腔引流。术后切口感染1例。伤口行Ⅱ期缝合。随访17例,随访时间2月-5年，心功能Ⅰ级12例，Ⅱ级4例。结论 双瓣膜置换术在积极处理手术前、术中、术后有关问题可减少术后并发症及降低手术早期病死率。     

大心脏瓣膜置换术16例临床分析

目的探讨大心脏瓣膜置换术围手术期的处理,以提高外科治疗效果。方法回顾分析16例大心脏瓣膜置换术患者的临床资料。风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变11例,二尖瓣并主动脉瓣病变2例;先天性心脏病室间隔缺损并主动脉瓣脱垂1例,退行性变主动脉瓣狭窄并关闭不全2例。术前心功能Ⅲ级12例,心功能Ⅳ级4例。术前平均心胸比0．82,左室射血分数（EF）0．46,左室舒张末期直径（EDD）71min。二尖瓣置换术（MVR）11例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）2例,双瓣置换术（DVR）2例,室缺修补术加主动脉瓣置换术1例。结果术后出现并发症5例,占本组31％,其中低心排4例,心律失常1例。死亡2例,占本组13．5％,1例为术后顽固性低心排,1例为术后心律失常、室颤。术后半年复查,心胸比、EDD较术前明显缩小,心功能明显改善。结论大心脏瓣膜置换术应重视围手术期的处理,术后应防治低心排及心律失常。     

主动脉瓣置换术后二尖瓣穿孔超声表现1例

患者因“反复心累、气促1+年,加重3+月”入院。术前TTE诊断为：主动脉瓣重度返流,二尖瓣轻度返流,感染性心内膜炎可能性。患者拟行主动脉瓣置换术。麻醉后TEE再次明确术前超声诊断,外科医师遂即体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换术。体外循环脱机后TEE监测发现二尖瓣前叶瓣体出现新增反流束,缩流颈为2mm,考虑以下原因：1. 术前超声及术中TEE漏诊的可能性;2.可疑医源性二尖瓣损伤;3.因术中未对二尖瓣进行探查,不排除血流动力学不稳定加重瓣体损伤。外科医师遂即行二尖瓣瓣叶修复术,术后TEE显示二尖瓣前叶瓣体反流消失,主动脉瓣未见瓣周漏。患者于术后12天顺利出院。     

合并心脏恶病质瓣膜病的围手术期处理

目的：探讨合并心脏恶病质瓣膜疾病的围手术期处理，提高对其外科治疗的成功率。方法：收集1992～2001年间符合心脏恶病质综合征诊断标准的风心瓣膜病24例。结果：二尖瓣置换术15例，主动脉瓣及二尖瓣置换术9例，同时三尖瓣成形术24例。术后并发症13例，包括低心排血量综合征、室性心律失常和多器官功能衰竭，死亡4例(17％)。结论：手术成功关键在于重视围手术期处理：调整全身及心功能达最佳状态，术中重视心肌保护及三尖瓣功能纠正，术后积极防治低心排血量和多器官功能衰竭。     

深低温停循环全弓置换术病人术后出现神经系统并发症的危险因素分析及护理措施

目的:探讨深低温停循环全弓置换术病人术后出现神经系统并发症的危险因素及护理措施.方法:选取2018年1月—2020年5月在医院接受深低温停循环全弓置换术的80例病人为研究对象,根据术后有无出现神经系统并发症分为并发症组和非并发症组,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析其危险因素,并提出相应护理措施.结果:术后25例病人出现神经系统并发症,发生率为31.25％;单因素分析显示,两组病人在高血压病史、术前神经系统症状、术前血肌酐水平、术前白细胞计数、手术时间、深低温停循环时间、体外循环时间、术中峰值血糖、术中峰值血乳酸、术中输血量、术后24 h血钠水平相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析显示,有高血压病史、术前血肌酐值高、术前白细胞值高、深低温停循环时间长、体外循环时间长、术中高血糖是影响病人术后神经系统并发症发生的危险因素(P<0.05).结论:深低温停循环全弓置换术病人术后神经系统并发症受多种因素影响,围术期应加强其相关危险因素的管理并提前采取干预措施,合理控制术前血肌酐、白细胞、血压及术中血糖水平,尽量缩短体外循环时间、深低温停循环时间,以减少术后神经系统并发症的发生.     

体外循环术后上消化道出血的临床分析

目的 探讨体外循环术后上消化道出血的原因、治疗方法及预防措施。方法本组体外循环心内直视术后消化道出血12例，年龄3—62岁，平均37岁。二尖瓣置换术5例，主动脉瓣置换术1例，主动脉瓣二尖瓣双瓣置换术2例，法四根治术3例，室缺修补术1例。本组患者全部采用体外循环心内直视术，术前2例有胃溃疡病史；1例有糜烂型胃炎史，其余患者无胃十二指肠病史。上消化道出血时间在术后6h到7d时间，平均2．5d。出血发生后，均采用保守治疗，应用止血药、制酸剂，停用抗凝剂，胃内灌注冰盐水加去甲肾上腺素；同时给予输血、血浆等。结果全组患者无死亡，均经保守治疗痊愈。结论体外循环心内直视术后，上消化道出血要做到早期发现，及时治疗，预防也相当重要。     

瓣膜置换术后病人发生低心排综合征的危险因素分析与护理干预效果评价

目的:分析瓣膜置换术后病人发生低心排综合征的危险因素并提出护理干预对策。方法:回顾性分析医院收治的162例瓣膜置换术病人的临床资料,通过单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析法,总结术后发生低心排综合征的危险因素,并提出针对性的护理措施。结果:162例病人中有52例在术后发生低心排综合征,经单因素分析法、多因素Logistic回归分析法分析,最终结果显示：病程≥15年、体质指数≤18.5 kg/m²、术前NYHA分级≥Ⅲ级、电解质紊乱、体外循环时间≥100 min、失血量比≥20%是瓣膜置换术术后发生低心排综合征的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:瓣膜置换术病人术后发生低心排综合征主要和病程过长、体重过轻、术前心功能差、电解质紊乱以及体外循环时间过长、失血量过多有关,针对性的围术期护理干预可降低发生率。     

10千克以内婴幼儿先天性心脏病的围术期治疗

目的 总结10 kg以内婴幼儿先天性心脏病围术期治疗经验.方法 回顾分析我院2006年2月至2009年9月收治的106例10 kg以下先天性心脏病患儿在全麻低温体外循环下行畸形矫治术的围术期处理资料.结果 全组患儿平均呼吸机辅助时间为12.84 h,平均ICU滞留时间为33.4 h;单用儿茶酚胺类药物99例,联合用药7例.延迟关胸1例,低心排血量综合征2例,肺不张或肺部感染5例,二次插管2例.死亡2例,病死率1.9%.死亡原因为严重低心排血量综合征.严重并发症包括低心排血量综合征,严重肺部感染,低氧血症.结论 应掌握好婴幼儿先天性心脏病手术指征及手术时机,术前尽可能调整好惠儿的机体功能,术后应注意呼吸道管理、控制出入量和预防低心排血量综合征.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.