肝动脉解剖变异影像学研究

目的用数字减影血管造影(DSA)和CT血管造影(CTA)进一步探讨肝动脉解剖变异的种类、发生率及特点。方法回顾分析1000例因肝脏疾病而行DSA检查患者的临床资料、肝动脉的DSA,以及其中的32例肝动脉解剖变异的CTA表现。观察肝动脉的起源、走行、分布情况,并分别统计其变异类型和发生率。结果1000例肝动脉造影中,正常型727例,占72.7%;肝动脉变异273例,占27.3%。273例肝动脉变异中属于Michels分型的148例,占14.8%。Michels分型未包括在内者为125例,占12.5%。其中肝总动脉分叉变异54例,占5.4%,肝动脉起源变异214例,占21.4%,肝总动脉分叉 肝动脉起源变异5例,占0.5%。以上变异合并多种变异共存21例,占2.1%。结论肝动脉解剖变异的种类具有多样性、复杂性。除DSA外,CTA亦可显示肝动脉解剖变异。肝胆外科和影像科医师了解肝动脉解剖变异对于术前制定手术方案、提高诊断准确性等有重要意义。     

Highly anatomically systematized hepatic resection with Glissonean sheath code transection at the hepatic hilus

We have developed a new method of hepatic resection, in which the cancer-bearing Glissonean code (G-code) branches are served using a hilar approach for an anatomically systematized resection. Since the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct are surrounded by connective tissue, the portal triad can be treated as a fibroid code both outside and inside the liver. Compared to the ramification pattern of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct, that of the G-code is simpler. In all our surgical procedures of hepatic resections, the cancer bearing G-code branch is selectively cut using a hilar approach before the dissection of the parenchyma of the liver. We have experienced 168 cases of several types of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Only in three cases was it impossible to accomplish the transection of some third branches using a hilar approach.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支损伤的预防及处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中手术区域的出血是困扰外科医生的一个重要问题.除了胆囊动脉破裂之外,由胆囊床引发的出血也是LC术中常见的出血原因之一,而其中位于胆囊床后方肝中静脉属支的破裂所导致的胆囊床出血则更是术中非常棘手的问题,这不仅会使原本简单的手术复杂化,模糊手术区域的解剖结构,还往往可导致严重的手术并发症,是构成Lc术中转开腹的主要因素之一.本文就肝中静脉属支的局部解剖、损伤后的处理及损伤的预防进行综述.     

Continuous hepatic artery infusion with an implantable pump: problems with hepatic artery anomalies

The implantable pump for continuous hepatic artery chemotherapy requires even distribution of the chemotherapy to the whole liver for maximum efficacy. The hepatic arterial supply and its anomalies must be understood to achieve this. We reviewed the arteriograms of 100 patients who were potentially arterial perfusion candidates. Fifty percent had normal hepatic arterial anatomy. Twenty percent had a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery and 17% had an accessory or replaced left hepatic artery. The methods used to implant the pump catheters in these anomalous situations were reviewed. The use of dual catheter pumps for arterial anomalies has necessitated extended operative time and increased the risk of uneven hepatic perfusion. Catheterization of the portal vein, which is technically simpler, deserves consideration as an alternative in the presence of an aberrant arterial system.     

Aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy and the whipple procedure: lessons learned

Appreciation and study of hepatic arterial anatomical variability is essential to the performance of a pancreaticoduodenectomy to avoid surgical complications such as bleeding, hepatic ischemia/failure, and anastomotic leak/stricture. Awareness of this variability permits the surgeon to adapt the surgical technique to deal with anomalies identified preoperatively or intraoperatively thereby preventing unnecessary surgical morbidity and mortality. The objective of our study is to provide a comprehensive review of the anatomic arterial anomalies and discuss surgical strategies that will equip the surgeon to deal with all anomalies that may be encountered a priori or en passant during the course of a Whipple procedure.     

Saphenous vein graft as a conduit for hepatic artery catheters in anomalies of the hepatic arterial system

Access to the hepatic arterial system for perfusion chemotherapy is complicated by a high rate (45%) of anomalies including replaced and/or accessory arteries, as well as atrophic, absent, or thrombosed vessels. The use of a short segment of saphenous vein graft provides access for hepatic arterial perfusion in each of these situations and is safe, easily performed, and enduring.     

深低温对肝脏胆管系统三级以上分支的影响

目的探讨深低温对肝脏胆管系统三级以上分支的影响。方法本研究采用30只小猪,随机分为4组。用平底冷冻头分别对A组动物第一肝门部、B组动物左肝外叶的Glisson管道、C组动物左肝外叶Glisson管道的主要分支区域进行3分钟的直接深低温冷冻(冷冻时阻断肝门);对照组:仅阻断肝门3分钟。术后通过血清学、核素扫描、彩色多谱勒和病理学等方法了解肝组织及管道系统变化。结果A组动物肝门部的胆管系统在冷冻后出现严重损伤,表现为进行性、不可逆的胆管坏死、狭窄、胆瘘、化脓性胆管炎等并发症;在B、C组,冷冻可造成受冻部位肝实质、胆管及门静脉分支管壁的坏死,而肝动脉分支不受影响,术后8周原冷冻区的肝动脉、门静脉分支的管腔依然保持通敞,所在肝叶萎缩、纤维化。结论如对第一肝门部进行直接深低温冷冻,应注意避免损伤胆管系统。机体可耐受对部分肝叶胆管系统二、三级分支区域的直接深低温冷冻;冷冻可造成受冻部位肝实质的坏死,达到外科治疗目的。     

Anatomic variants of hepatic artery in metastatic affection of the liver

On 39 nonfixed cadavers of patients, in whom hepatic metastatic affection was diagnosed in abdominal cavity tumors, there were studied up a hepatic artery anatomic variants and possible accesses. In 22 observations there was noted a typical variant of hepatic artery branching from a. hepatis communis, in 9--isolated blood supply of the left and right hepatic lobes, in 4--additional branches of various diameter from a. gastrica sinistra to the left hepatic lobe, in 2-- additional branches toward the right hepatic lobe, branching from a. mesenterica superior, in 1--the blood supply of the left hepatic lobe by arterial branch from splenic artery, while a lienalis-hepatic trunk have branched from truncus coeliacus. In one observation there was revealed the common hepatic artery branching on three trunks, while the median one have supplied a hepatic quadrate lobe. It is expedient in all observations perform en bloc lymph node dissection of hepatic hilus with the truncus coeliacus structures opening. The proposed order of activities while conduction of selective intraarterial polychemotherapy permits to take into account the anatomic variants as well and to eliminate the possible faults and complications occurrence.     

The main hepatic anatomic variations for the purpose of split-liver transplantation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Variant hepatic anatomy must be recognized and appropriately managed during split-liver transplantation to ensure complete vascular and biliary supply to both grafts. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of an assessment of the hepatic anatomical structures for the purpose of split-liver transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human cadaveric livers (n = 60) were obtained during routine autopsies. The cadavers and the livers had to comply with the following requirements: (1) minimum age 18 years, (2) no liver pathology expected from medical history, and (3) no liver pathology noted at autopsy. Resections were carried out en bloc with liver, celiac trunk, left gastric artery, lesser omentum, superior mesenteric artery, and head of the pancreas. The main anatomical structures of the liver as hepatic artery, portal vein, biliary tree, and hepatic veins were dissected and correlated hepatic segments for the application of liver splitting. RESULTS: The right the median, and the left hepatic veins were unique, with in 59 (98.3%), 53 (88.3%) and 46 (76.3%) cases, respectively. The portal vein trunk divided into right and left branches in 59 (98.3%) cases. A median branch appeared in 9 (15.2%) cases and no bifurcation of the portal vein occurred in 1 (1.6%) case. The right and left hepatic ducts were multiple in 47 (78.3%) and 57 (95%) cases, respectively, however, the median, hepatic duct was unique in 16 (26.6%) cases. Examining the intrahepatic distribution of the right hepatic duct, we found 4 branches in 28 (59%) cases (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) 2 branches in 11 (23%) cases, (segments V and VI) and 2 branches in 8 (17%) cases (segments VII and VIII). Fifty-seven cadavers had multiple left hepatic ducts. The intrahepatic dissection showed that the distribution of the major branches were toward hepatic segments II and III. Three separate branches of the left hepatic duct were found in 11 (19%) cases (segments II, III, and IV). Two intrahepatic ducts coming from hepatic segments V and VI drained separately into the left intrahepatic biliary tree in 1 (2%) case. The arterial supply of the liver was by right and left hepatic artery with only 9 (15%) cases there being median hepatic artery. The right hepatic artery, coming from the superior mesenteric artery, was present in 15 (25%) cases and a left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery in only 2 (3.3%) cases. The left hepatic artery had 2 exceptional origins, in 1 (1.6%) case coming directly from the abdominal aorta and in the other from the superior mesenteric artery. The right and left hepatic artery was accessory, in 11 (18.3%) and 2 (3.3%) cases, respectively. The right hepatic artery was dominant in 4 (6.6%) cases. The median hepatic artery was directed to segment IV in 6 (10%) cases and to segment II and III in 3 (4.9%) cases. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the technique of controlled liver splitting for transplantation in 2 recipients is an acceptable method to increase the number of liver allografts. The anatomical and technical details of the splitting procedure are critical for the success of this technique. Good graft function and avoidance of complications depend on each graft having an intact arterial and portal blood supply as well as biliary and venous drainage from all retained liver segments. The absence of a bifurcation of the portal vein is a rare anomaly and would certainly contraindicate a partition.     

Agenesis of the hepatic vena cava in a patient with scimitar syndrome

With the use of sophisticated imaging modalities, congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and its tributaries, such as agenesis of the hepatic vena cava, are becoming more and more commonly encountered. Scimitar syndrome, also called venolobar syndrome and hypogenetic lung syndrome, is a rare pulmonary vascular anomaly of the right lung that can sometimes be associated with some cardiovascular anomalies. We present here a case with agenesis of the hepatic vena cava associated with scimitar syndrome.     

动脉造影初步分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤肝动脉血供

目的 研究肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供方式.方法 回顾性分析8例肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤病例的CT和DSA资料,由CT做出定位诊断,在DSA上观察肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供情况.观察肝动脉的各级分支,统计这些分支向病灶供血的例数,分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源.根据病灶染色情况,以积分法确定这些肝动脉分支向病灶供血的多少.结果 肝脏IX段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源十分广泛,MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA和CallA向病灶供血的例数分别是7、6、5、5和2例(X2=2.800,P=0.592,Chi-square test),积分分别是15、13、11、6和2分(X2=9.657,P=0.047,Kendall's W).RHA和LHA的积分分别是38和9分(Z=-2.243,P=0.025,Wilcoxon).未见CyA和LLHA向病灶供血的病例.结论 RHA和LHA系统都有可能向肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤供血,RHA供血比LHA多.MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA是主要的供血支.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of the risk of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Although hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of main reasons for conversion to open cholecystectomy, the cause of this life-threatening complication is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasound was used to examine the cause of venous hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 4 patients postoperatively and to examine the anatomic relationship between the gallbladder bed and branches of the middle hepatic vein in 50 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Injury to a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adjacent to the gallbladder bed was diagnosed in all 4 patients. One patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy while the bleeding in 2 patients was immediately controlled by direct pressure with the gallbladder. The branch of the middle hepatic vein was completely adherent to the gallbladder bed in 5 of the 50 volunteers, and in 1 the diameter of the branch was as large as 3.5 mm. In 3 volunteers branches 3.0 to 3.8 mm in diameter traversed as close as 1.0 mm from the gallbladder bed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large branches of the middle hepatic vein close to the gallbladder bed are at risk of hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be identified preoperatively with ultrasound.     

Anatomic study of longitudinal cutting of the right hepatic duct]

6 fresh liver from adult human specimen to casting model by perfusing with A. B. S. acetone solution and 42 formalin-fixated livers (adult 32 and children 10) were used in present study. The whole length and inner-diameter of the right hepatic duct as well as the angle between right and common hepatic duct were measured. The right hepatic duct were cut open longitudinally and their relations were classified. The relationship among the right hepatic duct and the right hepatic artery, the right trunk of portal vein and its branches, as well as gallbladder bed were observed. The method and the cautions in the operation of Longitudinal cutting of the right hepatic duct were described.     

Successful hepatic transplantation in congenital absence of recipient portal vein

The first case of hepatic transplantation in a patient with congenital absence of the portal vein (CAPV) is reported. A 10-year-old girl with biliary atresia and CAPV underwent successful hepatic transplantation and has normal liver function 9 months after transplantation. This case is only the seventh reported case of CAPV. Patients with CAPV commonly have additional liver anomalies, cardiac and inferior vena cava anomalies, and polysplenia. Surprisingly, hepatic encephalopathy is not a prominent feature in patients with CAPV despite systemic drainage of mesenteric venous blood. CAPV should not be considered a contraindication to hepatic transplantation.     

Innovative technique to reconstruct two branches of the right hepatic artery in living donor liver transplantation

Hepatic arterial thrombosis is a critical complication in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Two separate branches of the right hepatic artery (RHA) are sometimes observed and addressed by anastomosis of the larger branch first, then checking backflow from the smaller branch. If not good, the smaller branch must be reconstructed. We used the cystic artery as a conduit for the reconstruction. Meticulous dissection was performed to identify all branches of the hepatic artery in the donor operation. The length of cystic artery preserved was as long as possible. The cystic arterial stump was anastomosed to the stump of the posterior branch the of RHA under microscopic guidance on the back table. Patency was checked through the stump of the anterior branch of the RHA. With this technique, only one orifice, the stump of right anterior hepatic artery, was used for hepatic artery reconstruction. We have performed this technique in two patients. Both had good arterial flow after living donor liver transplantation. This innovative technique is easy and safe, and requires only one anastomosis, which, in theory, decreases the adds of developing hepatic arterial thrombosis.     

深低温对肝脏Glisson管道三级分支以上区域的冷冻效应

目的了解深低温对肝脏Ghsson管道三级分支以上区域的冷冻效应。方法30只小猪，随机分为4组．用平底冷冻头分别对A组动物第一肝门部、B组动物左肝外叶的Ghsson管道、C组动物左肝外叶Ghsson管道的主要分支区域进行3分钟的直接深低温冷冻（冷冻时阻断肝门）；对照组：仅阻断肝门3分钟。术后观察动物血清肝功能的改变，患肝的病理变化，并用彩超了解受冻管道的情况。结果A组动物肝门部的胆管系统在冷冻后出现严重损伤．表现为进行性、不可逆的胆管坏死、狭窄、胆瘘、化脓性胆管炎等并发症，肝门部较大坏死物质也会对门静脉造成压迫；在B、C组，冷冻可造成受冻部位肝实质、胆管及门静脉分支管壁的坏死，而肝动脉分支不受影响．术后8周原冷冻区的肝动脉、门静脉分支的管腔依然保持通敞，所在肝叶萎缩、纤维化。结论如对第一肝门部进行直接深低温冷冻，应注意避免损伤胆管系统；而机体可耐受对部分肝叶Ghsson氏管道系统二、三级分支区域的直接深低温冷冻，冷冻可造成受冻部位肝实质的坏死，达到外科治疗目的。     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.     

前入路肝切除术治疗右肝巨大肿瘤

目的 评估前入路肝切除技术治疗右肝巨大肿瘤的安全性.方法 在处理右侧肝门之后,与传统肝切除技术不同的是,先沿缺血线离断肝实质,处理肝短静脉和肝右静脉;然后游离肝右叶并处理肝脏与周围结构的粘连或侵犯.结果 自2000年1月至2006年12月共对24例直径大于10 cm右肝巨大肿瘤采用前入路途径行右半肝或扩大右半肝切除术,肿瘤平均直径约15.7 cm,最大26 cm.所有病人均安全完成手术.平均术中估计失血量和术中输血量分别为734 ml和620 ml,平均手术时间296 min,无术后严重并发症和住院病死病例.结论 针对传统手术模式难以切除的右肝巨大肿瘤,前入路技术是一种安全的、应该优先选择的手术方式.     

肝移植中变异肝动脉的处理

目的探讨肝移植中变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2013年12月进行的340例肝移植的临床资料,着重分析变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。取修肝过程注意保护变异的肝动脉,变异的肝动脉采用显微缝合技术与供受体腹腔动脉干的分支行端端吻合,术中根据变异动脉的条件,选择管径相互匹配、位置合适的腹腔动脉干的属支进行吻合,其中管径≧3 mm采用连续缝合;3 mm采用间断缝合。术后常规多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流情况,肝素+低分子右旋糖酐抗凝。结果 340例中出现肝动脉变异64例,其中左肝动脉变异33例,来源于胃左动脉20例、腹腔动脉干11例,腹主动脉2例;右肝动脉变异30例,来源于肠系膜上动脉19例,胃十二指肠动脉10例,腹主动脉1例;肝总动脉变异1例,来源于腹主动脉。误扎变异左肝动脉2例,术后出现左肝管缺血坏死2例。结论供肝肝动脉变异率高,取修肝过程中应注意对变异肝动脉的保护,选择供受体合适的腹腔动脉干分支与变异肝动脉吻合是处理肝动脉变异的良好方法。     

A case of polypoid carcinoma of the left hepatic duct

A case of polypoid carcinoma of the left hepatic duct in 50-year-old male was reported. Extended left hepatic lobectomy with total caudate lobectomy and resection of the right hepatic duct were performed because the tumor involved the right hepatic duct and bile duct branches of caudate lobe, medial and lateral segment. Papillary growth of the tumor was diagnosed definitely by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) and computed tomography. The tumor infiltrated the liver parenchyma of medial segment and compressed the middle hepatic vein. These findings were revealed by selective middle hepatic venography preoperatively.