子宫球蛋白相关蛋白1的研究进展

子宫球蛋白相关蛋白1(UGRP1)是一种功能尚未完全明确的分泌蛋白,属于子宫球蛋白/Clara细胞分泌蛋白(UG/CCSP)基因超家族,它高度表达于气管,支气管,细支气管,而细支气管中大多数UGRP1阳性的细胞为Clara细胞,UGRP1在氨基酸序列和组织特异性表达上与UG/CCSP相似,且均由肺Clara类似细胞分泌,提示UGRP1与UG/CCSP功能上可能存在一定联系。目前的研究发现,UGRP1可能通过参与炎症反应,在支气管哮喘的发病机制中发挥作用,还可能有与细菌结合发挥清除病原体的作用,具有潜在的免疫活性,它可能通过激活或抑制某些细胞因子的活性而发挥抗炎作用。     

EMS1基因与肿瘤

EMS1基因(chromosom e eleven,band q13,m amm ary tumour and squamous cell carc inom a-assoc iated gene1)定位于人类染色体11q13。该基因编码产物cortactin(cortical actin-b ind ing prote in)是一种位于细胞皮质区的肌动蛋白结合蛋白,参与细胞骨架系统的调控,细胞外信号转导以及细胞黏附等过程。研究表明EMS1基因与许多肿瘤的侵袭和转移有关。     

膜辅蛋白—补体激活途径中的一个重要的膜调节蛋白

膜辅蛋白(MCP)是补体激活途径中的一个重要的膜调节蛋白,它是Ⅰ因子灭活C(?)b、iC(?)b 和C4b 的辅因子。它与CR1、CR2、DAF、C4bp 和H 因子组成补体调节蛋白,其基因均定位于人的第1号染色体q31～34上。现已克隆了MCP,并弄清了其结构特征及一些重要的生物学功能。     

ICAM-1和VCAM-1的结构与表达调控

细胞间粘附分子 - 1(ICAM- 1)和血管细胞间粘附分子 - 1(VCAM- 1)属于免疫球蛋白超家族 (IGSF)成员。人 ICAM- 1基因定位于染色体 19p13.3～ 13.2区 ,长 15 .5 kb,其受体为淋巴细胞功能相关抗原 - 1(L FA- 1,CD11a/ CD18)和 Mac- 1;VCAM- 1基因定位于染色体 1p31～ 32区 ,长约 2 5 kb,其受体为极迟抗原 - 4 (VL A- 4 )和整合素α4β7。 ICAM- 1和 VCAM- 1的表达受 NF-κB、SP1、GATA、PKC、STAT- 1等相关的机制所调控     

Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病遗传学发病机制的研究进展

型神经纤维瘤病 (neurofibromatosis type1,NF1)是起源于神经嵴发育异常的常染色体显性遗传病 ,国外的患病率为 1/ 35 0 0 ,其新发突变率高 ,大约有 30 %～ 5 0 %为散发病例。致病基因 NF1基因定位于 17q11.2 ,表达的产物为神经纤维蛋白 ,又称 NF1蛋白。其临床表现主要为神经系统以及皮肤组织等的损害。对其遗传学发病机制的研究将对我们今后的基因及药物治疗提供重要的理论依据     

子宫球蛋白相关蛋白1与桥本甲状腺炎的相关性

目的 探讨子宫球蛋白相关蛋白1(UGRP1)与桥本甲状腺炎(HT)的相关性。方法 通过免疫组化方法检测正常人、Graves病(GD)和桥本甲状腺炎患者甲状腺组织UGRP1的表达。选取60例自身免疫性甲状腺病(AITD)患者,其中HT患者30例为HT组,GD患者30例为GD组,选取无AITD的健康人28例为对照组,分别比较3组间临床一般资料、甲状腺相关指标、血清UGRP1水平。采用Pearson及Spearman相关性分析血清UGRP1水平与甲状腺相关指标的关系。结果 HT患者甲状腺组织UGRP1表达阳性,正常人、GD患者甲状腺组织UGRP1表达阴性。3组间临床一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组间TT₃、TT₄、TSH、TPOAb、ATG、甲状腺体积水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HT组血清UGRP1水平为1.39(1.06,1.85)ng/mL,高于GD组0.77(0.43,1.72)ng/mL及对照组0.60(0.29,1.03)ng/mL,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析...     

早老素1基因研究进展

早老素1(presenilin 1,PS1)基因是近年来确定的导致阿尔茨海默病发病的基因之一,定位于染色体14q24.3座位(D14S43、D14S71、D14S77),其产物PS1蛋白是一个含有467个氨基酸残基的多次跨膜蛋白,定位于内质网、内质网到高尔基体转运中间物、高尔基体的顺面以及细胞表面.近年来的研究表明,PS1作为τ分泌酶复合体的重要组成部分,不仅参与胚胎发育的调控,并且参与βAPP代谢途径、Notch信号通路、E-cadhefin细胞间相互作用、Wnt信号通路及GH受体信号通路等的调控.     

T幼淋巴细胞白血病和毛细管扩张性共济失调患者T细胞白血病染色体14q11、14q32倒位和连续易位

特定染色体异常与特定恶性肿瘤间的密切关系证实染色体异常在肿瘤发生中的诱发作用。淋巴细胞中具有重要功能的基因与癌基因间的易位是常见的。B细胞中IgH(免疫球蛋自重链)基因定位于14q32.3,T细胞中TCR(T细胞受体)的α和δ链基因定位于14q11、γ链基因定位于7p14、β链基因定位于7q35-36。人类复癌基因定位于14q32。细胞遗传学分析显示,毛细管扩张性共济失调(AT)患者淋巴细胞常见的染色体异常是inv(14)(q11q32)、t(14;14)(q11;q32)及涉及7p13-14和7q32-35的重排,这些异常可以是散发的,也可以是克隆性     

全基因组筛查与2型糖尿病相关基因

2型糖尿病是一种多基因遗传性疾病,其发病是不同基因之间相互作用,基因与环境之间相互作用的结果。利用全基因组筛查与连锁分析的方法,目前已在多条染色体上确定了比如1q21-q24、2q37、3q27、4q、5q34-q35.2、6q21-23、12q24、20q12-13.1等多个染色体区域与2型糖尿病相关,并且在这些区域内发现了INSRR、PKLR 、CAPN10、HNF1A、GLUT10等作为2型糖尿病易感基因的候选基因。     

Sotos综合征的研究进展

Sotos综合征(MIM#117550)是一种以儿童期过度生长现象为特征的遗传病,主要表现为巨头畸形、特殊面容、骨龄提前以及不同程度的发育迟缓.目前已有数百名病例报道,具体发病率不详.约75%的病例是由NSD1基因内点突变或5q35微缺失所导致,欧裔患者多由5q35微缺失引起,而约50%日本患者主要由基因内点突变引起,仍有约25%病例未检测出NSDI基因异常,其具体致病机制尚不完全清楚.NSD1基因定位于染色体5q35,此基因编码一种组蛋白甲基化酶,该酶与转录调节过程有关.通过FISH(fluorescent in situ hybridization)分析、MLPA(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification)及实时定量荧光PCR反应等技术可以检测NSD1基因整体或部分缺失,直接测序可以检测出NSD1基因点突变.绝大部分NSD1基因异常为新生突变,多数为散发病例,但也发现数例家族性遗传病例.本病鉴别诊断主要为以生长过度为特征的疾病,包括Weaver综合征,Beckwith-Wiedeman综合征,脆性X染色体综合征等.目前本病尚无理想疗法,主要为对症治疗.出生后第一年内儿科随访对于本病临床并发症如脊柱侧弯及热性癫痫发作的治疗和预防监测有重要意义.     

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines.

Spectral karyotyping (SKY) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have greatly enhanced the resolution of cytogenetic analysis, enabling the identification of novel regions of rearrangement and amplification in tumor cells. Here we report the analysis of 10 malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines derived at the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), Toronto, designated as OCI-Ly1, OCI-Ly2, OCI-Ly3, OCI-LY4, OCI-Ly7, OCI-Ly8, OCI-Ly12, OCI-Ly13.2, OCI-Ly17, and OCI-Ly18, by G-banding, SKY, and CGH, and we present their comprehensive cytogenetic profiles. In contrast to the 52 breakpoints identified by G-banding, SKY identified 87 breakpoints, which clustered at 1q21, 7p15, 8p11, 13q21, 13q32, 14q32, 17q11, and 18q21. G-banding identified 10 translocations, including the previously described recurring translocations, t(8;14)(q24;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21). In contrast, SKY identified 60 translocations, including five that were recurring, t(8;14)(q24;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(4;7)(p12;q22), t(11;18)(q22;q21), and t(3;18)(q21;p11). SKY also identified the source of all the marker chromosomes. In addition, 10 chromosomes that were classified as normal by G-banding were found by SKY to be rearranged. CGH identified seven sites of high-level DNA amplification, 1q31-32, 2p12-16, 8q24, 11q23-25, 13q21-22, 13q32-34, and 18q21-23; of these, 1q31-32, 11q23-25, 13q21-22, and 13q32-34 have previously not been described as amplified in NHL. This comprehensive cytogenetic characterization of 10 NHL cell lines identified novel sites of rearrangement and amplification; it also enhances their value in experimental studies aimed at gene discovery and gene function.     

Genetic and physical mapping of the Treacher Collins syndrome locus: refinement of the localization to chromosome 5q32-33.2.

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development, the locus for which has been chromosomally localized to 5q31-34. We have isolated four hypervariable microsatellite markers (heterozygosity values range from 0.70 to 0.89) which have been mapped to distal 5q. Fifteen unrelated TCOF1 families have been analyzed for linkage to these markers. There is strong evidence demonstrating linkage to all of these markers; the strongest support for positive linkage being provided by the marker IG52, with a maximum pairwise lod score of 9.77 at a recombination fraction of 0.055. Analysis of recombinant individuals, physical mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization and genetic linkage analysis demonstrated that the TCOF1 locus was flanked proximally by the loci 2C7 and 2D10, and distally by the loci IG26 and IG52 with a maximum lod score of 14.4, as assessed by multipoint linkage analysis. The refinement of the localization of the TCOF1 locus to 5q32-33.2, with flanking markers, represents an important step towards the identification of the mutated gene itself.     

Chromosomal regions involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcomas

The comparative genomic hybridization technique (CGH) was used to identify common chromosomal imbalances in osteosarcomas (OS), which frequently display complex karyotypic changes. We analyzed 13 high-grade primary tumors, 5 corresponding cell lines, 2 primary tumors grade 2, and 1 recurrent tumor from a total of 16 patients. Some of the CGH results have been verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Gains of chromosomal material were more frequent than losses. Most common gains were observed at 8q (11 cases), 4q (9 cases), 7q (8 cases), 5p (7 cases), and 1p (8 cases). The smallest regions of overlap have been narrowed down to 8q23 (10 cases), 4q12-13 (8 cases), 5p13-14 (7 cases), 7q31-32 (7 cases), 8q21 (7 cases), and 4q28-31 (5 cases). These data demonstrate that a number of chromosomal regions and even two distinct loci on 4q and 8q are involved in the pathogenesis of OS, with gain of 4q12-13 chromosomal material representing a newly identified locus. Seven of 16 cases displayed, besides gain of 8q23 sequences, gain of MYC copies in CGH and FISH. Previous CGH reports confined gain of 8q material to 8cen-q13, 8q21.3-8q22, and 8q23-qter, whereas our data suggest that the loci 8q21 and 8q23-24 are affected in the development of OS. In contrast to recent reports, copy number increases at 8q and 1q21 did not have an unfavorable impact on prognosis in the present series. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:329-336, 2000.     

Definition of a minimal region of deletion of chromosome 7 in uterine leiomyomas by tiling-path microarray CGH and mutation analysis of known genes in this region

Somatic interstitial deletions of chromosome segment 7q22-q31 in uterine leiomyomas are a frequent event, thought to be indicative of a tumor suppressor gene in the region. Previous LOH and CGH studies have refined this region to 7q22.3-q31, although the target gene has not been identified. Here, we have used tiling-path resolution microarray CGH to further refine the region and to identify homozygous deletions in fibroids. Furthermore, we have screened all manually annotated genes in the region for mutations. We have refined the minimum deleted region at 7q22.3-q31 to 2.79 Mbp and identified a second region of deletion at 7q34. However, we identified no pathogenic coding variation.     

Chromosomal aberrations in neuroblastoma cell lines identified by cross species color banding and chromosome painting

We have studied cytogenetic rearrangements in karyotypes of five neuroblastoma cell lines [SK-N-AS, SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, SMS-KCNR] by G-banding, cross species color banding (RxFISH), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome painting probes. Each neuroblastoma cell line had unique modal karyotypic characteristics and showed a variable number of numerical and structural clonal cytogenetic aberrations. The number of rearranged chromosomes in SK-N-AS, SK-N-SH, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and SMS-KCNR was 11, 3, 7, 14 (tetraploid, 20-21), and 6, respectively. The origins of abnormal chromosomes were effectively analyzed by RxFISH and FISH with multiple chromosome painting probes. The chromosomal origin of the homogeneously staining region in SH-SY5Y was identified as coamplification of chromosome bands 2p13 and 2p24 by chromosome microdissection and FISH. The non-random rearrangements of chromosomes were determined on 1p34 approximately p36, 6q16 approximately q21, 8q24, 9q34, 11q13 approximately q23, 16q23 approximately q24, 17q21, and 22q31. These results may provide useful information for further molecular characterization of neuroblastoma.     

Several chromosomes involved in translocations with chromosome 5 shown with fluorescence in situ hybridization in patients with malignant myeloid disorders

In many patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia, complex chromosome aberrations can be seen, among which aberrations of chromosome 5 constitute a substantial part. With conventional cytogenetic technique, these aberrations are often identified as deletions or monosomy 5. We analyzed nine patients who, under conventional cytogenetic analysis, showed deletion or monosomy 5. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole-chromosome painting probes to identify the counterpart chromosome and locus-specific identifiers for 5q31 and 5q33 approximately q34. A deletion of 5q was found concomitant with unbalanced translocations. Our results and cases from the literature showed that material from chromosome 5 could be translocated to almost all chromosomes. All patients but one had short survival; this one patient had a preserved 5q31 and 5q33 approximately q34 but a deletion of the q-arm more centromeric than these bands. In eight of the nine patients, further 14 translocations were revealed, not involving chromosome 5.     

Evaluation of chromosome 5 aberrations in complex karyotypes of patients with myeloid disorders reveals their contribution to dicentric and tricentric chromosomes, resulting in the loss of critical 5q regions

Dicentric chromosomes have often been observed in complex karyotypes in previously reported studies of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has now made the characterization of these rearrangements much easier. Dicentric and tricentric chromosomes were identified in 21 patients (9 MDS and 12 AML) among the 133 consecutive MDS/AML patients (17%) who had a structural or numerical aberration of chromosome 5 using conventional cytogenetic analysis. One third (7/21) of the patients had received alkylating drugs for a previously diagnosed cancer or chronic myeloproliferative disease. Loss of 5q material was identified in all 21 patients. One copy of the EGR1 (5q31) or the CSF1R (5q33 approximately q34) genes was lost in 20 of the 21 patients. Dicentric and tricentric chromosomes involving chromosome 5 are frequently observed in complex karyotypes among patients with de novo or therapy-related MDS/AML. They lead to deletions of various parts of the long arm of chromosome 5.     

Complex chromosome 9, 20, and 22 rearrangements in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with duplication of BCR and ABL sequences

Cytogenetic analysis was performed on bone marrow cells from a 28-year-old woman who was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Her karyotype was: 46,XX,t(9;22)(q34;q11)[6]/47, XX,+8,t(9;22)(q34;q11)[4]/47,XX,+8,t(9;22)(q34;q11),del(20)(q11)[2]/46, XX,t(9;22)(q34;q11),del[20](q11)[7]/45,XX,der(9)t(9;22)(q34;q11),-20,-22 , +mar1[8]/45,XX,der(9)t(9;22)(q34;q11),-20,-22,+mar2[3]. Both marker chromosomes are dicentric and have the same size and banding pattern but different primary constrictions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated that both markers were derived from chromosomes 9, 20, and 22. FISH with the bcr/abl probe showed fusion of the BCR gene with the ABL gene; however, this fusion signal was present in duplicate on both marker chromosomes. To our knowledge, duplication of the BCR/ABL fusion signal on a single chromosome arm has not been reported before, except for the extensive amplification of BCR/ABL fusion signals in the leukemic cell line K-562. These data demonstrate that the marker chromosomes are the result of complex genomic rearrangements. At the molecular level, the BCR/ABL fusion gene encodes the p190 fusion protein. Similar findings have never been observed in any case of ALL.     

Interstitial deletion of chromosome 2q32-34 associated with multiple congenital anomalies and a urea cycle defect (CPS I deficiency)

A de novo deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 at 2q31-33 was observed in the fetal amniocyte G-banded karyotype performed because of possible multiple malformations identified by ultrasound at 23 weeks gestation. Two days after the uneventful term delivery of a 2.45 kg male, the neonate experienced cardiopulmonary decompensation and biochemical changes compatible with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I) deficiency (elevated ammonia with a peak of 948 micromol/L, deficiency of citrulline, and no increase in orotic acid). The child died on day 3 of life. Physical anomalies confirmed at autopsy included double superior vena cava, ectopic adrenal tissue, and metatarsus adductus. The autopsy also revealed histologic evidence consistent with CPS deficiency, most notably microvesicular steatosis of the liver and Alzheimer's Type II changes with hypertrophic astrocytes in the basal ganglia. A postnatal lymphocyte karyotype confirmed the chromosome 2q31-33 deletion. Enzyme analysis on postmortem liver tissue confirmed the diagnosis of CPS deficiency. CPS I is reported to be mapped to 2q35 by NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/) and 2q34 by ENSEMBL (http://www.ensembl.org/). The UCSC Human Genome Browser July 2003 assembly also places the gene at 2q34 (http://genome.UCSC.edu/). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a BAC clone (RP11-349G4) of CPS I demonstrated that one copy of the gene was deleted in this infant. Using additional probes corresponding to the bands in the region of deletion, we identified the deleted region as 2q32-2q34. Our observations support the CPS I map position (ENSEMBL, UCSC) at 2q34. Additionally, potential conditions associated with deletions narrowly defined by standard cytogenetic techniques merit consideration in prenatal counseling. As demonstrated here, deletions may not only result in malformations and mental retardation but also increase the likelihood of revealing mutated genes located in the undeleted region of the homologous chromosome.