2014年中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平调查

目的 了解中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状和特征。方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法,对中山市孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘和居民食用盐碘进行检测。结果 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为108.0μg/L和98.6μg/L,所有被调查人员中,69.6%孕妇尿碘值<150μg/L,52.0%哺乳期妇女尿碘值<100μg/L。居民碘盐合格率、碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.33%、99.33%和98.67%。结论 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平总体处于不足状态,应将孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养监测列入常规监测内容,市场供应孕妇、哺乳期妇女专用碘盐。     

2014年中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平调查

目的 了解中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状和特征。方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法,对中山市孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘和居民食用盐碘进行检测。结果 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为108.0μg/L和98.6μg/L,所有被调查人员中,69.6%孕妇尿碘值<150μg/L,52.0%哺乳期妇女尿碘值<100μg/L。居民碘盐合格率、碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.33%、99.33%和98.67%。结论 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平总体处于不足状态,应将孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养监测列入常规监测内容,市场供应孕妇、哺乳期妇女专用碘盐。     

广西沿海5县区孕妇及哺乳妇女碘营养状况调查分析

目的了解和正确评价广西沿海地区孕妇及哺乳期妇女的碘营养状况,切实做好广西碘缺乏病防治工作。方法在2008年度广西碘盐监测中碘盐三率低于90%的5个沿海县区的18个乡镇,每乡镇抽2个行政村,对其中10~15户家庭的孕妇和哺乳期妇女进行尿碘检测及家庭食盐含碘情况调查。结果共调查5个县区213名孕妇及哺乳期妇女,其尿碘平均水平为123.4μg/L,仅有21.6%的孕妇及哺乳妇女尿碘浓度在150~250μg/L之间的适宜范围;5个县区孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数在78.6~168.8μg/L之间,高于150μg/L的仅有海城区,不足100μg/L的有铁山港区和银海区;妇女家庭食盐无碘率高达49.8%,5个县区妇女家庭食盐无碘率在31.6%~68.6%之间,无碘率最高的是铁山港区达68.6%,北海市银海区和钦州市钦南区无碘率均在50%以上。结论广西5个沿海县区中孕妇及哺乳期妇女整体上未达碘营养适宜水平,该人群有超过半数的碘营养水平明显偏低;该地区的非碘盐率普遍较高,建议广西沿海县区将孕妇及哺乳妇女的碘营养监测纳入常规监测,加强健康宣传教育,落实碘盐防治措施,打击非碘盐冲销市场,提高碘盐覆盖率。     

广西高非碘盐率地区妇女碘营养状况调查

目的 了解广西高非碘盐率地区的妇女碘营养状况,切实做好碘缺乏病防治工作,推进高非碘盐率地区消除碘缺乏病目标进程.方法 在2008年度广西碘盐监测中非碘盐率超过15%的5个沿海县区,共抽18个乡镇,每乡镇抽2个行政村,随机抽取18-42岁的妇女,将妇女分为妊娠妇女、哺乳期妇女和育龄妇女3类,进行尿碘检测及家庭食盐含碘情况调查.结果妇女尿碘中位数为132.5μg/L,有24.4%妇女尿碘水平在150～250μg/L的适宜范围内.3类妇女中,以育龄妇女的尿碘水平最高,为152.6μg/L,妊娠妇女中仅有6.6%的尿碘水平处于适宜范围,其尿碘水平最低且低于100 g/L,哺乳期妇女中仅有24.1%的尿碘水平处于适宜范围;5个沿海县区妇女家庭食盐的含碘率在33.3%～76.7%,非碘盐率最高是铁山港区和银海区.结论 广西5个沿海县区中孕妇及哺乳期妇女整体上未达碘营养适宜水平,有超过半数的的碘营养水平明显偏低;该地区的非碘盐率普遍较高,建议广西沿海县区将孕妇及哺乳期妇女的碘营养监测纳入常规监测,逐步建立起广西碘缺乏病高危地区监测系统.     

2013年宿迁市碘营养现状调查结果分析

目的了解宿迁市碘缺乏病防治进展,评价补碘效果,确定防治方向与策略。方法按容量比例(PPS)法抽样,检查8¹0岁学生甲肿率、尿碘和食用盐含碘量、孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘含量,对学生及家庭主妇进行问卷调查。结果学生甲肿率(触诊法)为1.1%,碘盐覆盖率为95.0%,合格碘盐食用率为90.3%,学生尿碘中位数为284μg/L,孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为183μg/L。结论宿迁市810岁学生甲肿率、尿碘和食用盐含碘量、孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘含量,对学生及家庭主妇进行问卷调查。结果学生甲肿率(触诊法)为1.1%,碘盐覆盖率为95.0%,合格碘盐食用率为90.3%,学生尿碘中位数为284μg/L,孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为183μg/L。结论宿迁市8¹0岁儿童碘营养处于较适宜水平,孕妇和哺乳期妇女的碘营养处于适宜水平,儿童甲状腺肿大率在国家规定的标准以下,碘缺乏病得到持续有效控制。     

北海市重点人群碘营养水平现状调查

[目的]调查北海市重点人群碘营养状况,为调整和完善碘缺乏病防治措施提供依据。[方法]在北海市各县(区)随机抽取3～6个乡(镇、街道办事处),每个乡(镇、街道办事处)抽取2所小学,每所小学检测40名8～10岁儿童尿碘,在小学所在村抽取20名育龄妇女测定其家中食用盐含碘量,并测定其中10名妇女尿碘。[结果]采集居民户食盐样品600份,各县(区)碘盐覆盖率均﹤80%。采集1194份8～10岁儿童尿样,各县(区)儿童尿碘中位数均﹥100μg/L。采集302份18～40岁育龄妇女尿样,铁山港区及银海区尿碘中位数分别为88.2μg/L和100.9μg/L;采集168名孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿样,尿碘中位数分别为海城区168.8μg/L,合浦县131.3μg/L,银海区90.3μg/L,铁山港区78.6μg/L。[结论]北海市碘盐覆盖率低,育龄妇女尤其是孕妇和哺乳期妇女面临碘不足的危险,铁山港区问题尤为突出;应大力普及碘盐,努力提高育龄妇女尤其是孕妇和哺乳期妇女的碘营养水平,并加强重点地区的碘缺乏病防治工作。     

龙岩市2011年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解龙岩市重点人群尿碘水平和碘缺乏病病情现状,评价防控措施效果,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法根据《福建省执行2011年度中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金地方病防治项目技术实施方案》的要求,对8-10岁儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女开展相关调查。结果共检测724名8-10岁儿童尿样,尿碘中位数为244.6μg/L,〈50μg/L者占1.1%;男性尿碘中位数（268.0μg/L）高于女性（216.3μg/L）;8、9、10岁组儿童尿碘中位数分别为223.9、250.8、236.3μg/L;各县（市、区）人群尿碘中位数216.4-292.8μg/L;31名孕妇、30名哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为132.3和116.3μg/L;80名8-10岁儿童甲状腺容积均数（3.42±1.30）mL,中位数3.13mL,甲状腺肿大率3.75%,其家庭碘盐覆盖率为100.0%,碘盐合格率和合格碘盐食用率为98.8%,盐碘中位数为29.8mg/kg;24户家庭日人均食盐摄入量均数为（7.5±2.5）g,中位数7.4g。结论龙岩市碘缺乏病监测结果达到消除标准;儿童尿碘水平大于适宜量,哺乳期妇女碘营养适宜,孕妇存在碘营养不足。     

2011年滨州市居民户碘盐和部分人群碘营养状况调查

[目的]了解滨州市实施全民食盐加碘(USI)措施后不同人群碘营养状况。[方法]2011年,对滨州市6县1区采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取1 240名一般人群、儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女进行尿碘检测,并抽取200名8～10岁儿童做甲状腺彩超诊断,按照全国《碘盐监测工作方案》的抽样方法进行盐碘检测。[结果]2011年共检测2 028户居民食用盐,合格碘盐1 827份,非碘盐140份,不合格碘盐61份,合格碘盐食用率90.08%,碘盐合格率为96.76%,碘盐覆盖率为93.09%。碘盐中位数为26.30mg/kg;一般人群尿碘含量为24.30～1 225.30μg/L,中位数为201.70μg/L;8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为217.80μg/L,50μg/L以下的占3.59%,甲状腺肿大率2.00%;孕妇尿碘中位数181.80μg/L;哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为173.20μg/L;滨州市一般人群、8～10岁儿童、孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数均达到《碘缺乏病消除标准》100μg/L以上的标准,但孕妇、哺乳期妇女作为碘缺乏的敏感人群分别有27.50%和25.00%尿碘值低于《碘缺乏病考核评估标准》,有4.58%的孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘值低于50.00μg/L。[结论]建议将孕妇、哺乳期妇女的碘营养监测纳入到常规监测中,根据检测结果,及时进行补碘。     

2011年新疆生产建设兵团碘盐监测与重点人群碘营养状况调查

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)食用盐碘含量调整前的碘盐水平与3类重点人群(8~10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女)的碘营养状况,为今后评估调整效果提供依据。方法按《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,结合兵团实际情况,采用"人口比例概率抽样方法"(PPS)抽取30个团场,每个团场按整群随机抽样方法抽取1所小学,在被抽到的小学随机抽取40名8~10岁儿童,检测其家中食用盐碘含量;从被抽到的40名儿童中再随机抽取12名(男、女各半),采集并检测尿碘含量;在抽中的学校所在地随机抽取孕妇和哺乳期妇女各15人检测尿碘含量。盐碘测定采用直接滴定法;尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果共检测1 195份盐样,盐碘含量均值为(30.91±6.99)mg/kg,其中碘盐1 165份,合格碘盐1 148份,不合格碘盐17份,非碘盐30份,碘盐覆盖率为97.49%,碘盐合格率98.54%,合格碘盐食用率为96.07%。407名8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为235.31μg/L,北疆地区8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数高于南疆地区儿童。386名孕妇尿碘中位数为182.99μg/L;432名哺乳期妇女尿碘水平为173.81μg/L,均达到WHO推荐的标准。结论现有的碘盐浓度下兵团居民碘营养水平基本适宜,兵团碘盐和儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女碘营养状况都已达到国家消除碘缺乏病阶段目标要求。     

龙岩市不同人群碘营养状况调查

目的了解碘盐标准下调后龙岩市不同人群碘营养状况,为碘缺乏病防治策略提供依据。方法选择新罗区中城街道和漳平市双洋镇分别作为城市和农村调查点。按相关标准调查日人均食盐摄入量,检测食盐碘含量以及儿童、成人、哺乳期和孕期妇女的尿碘水平。结果共调查63户居民,日人均食盐摄入量均数8.7g,农村较高。碘盐覆盖率100%,碘盐合格率和合格碘盐食用率均为98.4%,盐碘中位数25.7mg/kg。尿碘中位数儿童261.5μg/L、成人221.0μg/L、哺乳期妇女135.0μg/L、孕妇143.0μg/L,各人群尿碘中位数均农村较高,但除成人组外,其他组差异均无统计学意义。结论龙岩市哺乳期妇女碘营养适宜,儿童和成人大于适宜量,孕妇碘营养不足。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.