CT在子宫内膜癌诊断中的作用

目的 评价CT对子宫内膜癌各期的诊断价值,讨论子宫CT扫描的技术问题。材料与方法 8例子宫内膜癌均经手术和病理证实,且手术前1周内行CT扫描,其中4例加作增强扫描。它们的临床分期是Ⅰa期2例,Ⅰb期3例,Ⅲ期1例,Ⅳ期2例。CT测量子宫内膜增厚材料;生育期妇女子宫内膜厚度＞10mm,绝经后＞5mm;子宫体增大标准：前后径＞50mm。结果 Ⅰa期2例CT全部诊断正确（2／2）;Ⅰb期3例中,1例CT诊断正确（1／3）,1例因子宫内膜厚度和子宫体前后先径均正常,和1例因诊断时没有考虑子宫内膜增厚的指标,CT均诊断为未见异常（2／3）。Ⅲ期1例CT诊断正确（1／1）;Ⅳ期2例中,1例CT诊断正确（1／2）,另1例因没有充分认识子宫内膜增厚的意义,CT误诊为附件结核、大量腹水。结论 CT可以对子宫内膜癌作出比较理想的评价,保持膀胱的过渡充盈,保证子宫处于直立位置,以及子宫增强CT扫描均有助于提高CT对子宫内膜诊断的确定性。     

FIGOⅠ Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌MRI征象分析与评价

目的:按照FIGO2009分期标准,分析ⅠⅡ期子宫内膜癌的MRI征象及其病理基础,评价MRI对子宫内膜癌肌层和宫颈侵犯的诊断价值。方法:43例ⅠⅡ期子宫内膜癌患者术前均行MRI检查,采用双盲法,描述肿瘤的MRI表现特征,并将MRI术前分期及判断肌层和宫颈浸润结果,与术后病理结果对照分析。结果:Ⅰa 26例,Ⅰb 8例,Ⅱ期9例。Ⅰ期MRI主要表现为子宫内膜增厚、腔内局限型或弥漫性软组织肿块呈中等强化、T2WI低信号结合带中断及肌层侵犯等,其病理基础为癌细胞呈腺样乳突状结构,突破粘膜层,向肌壁间浸润性生长。Ⅱ期以宫颈内出现与宫体肿瘤相连续的异常信号影及宫颈纤维间质破坏为特征。MRI评价肿瘤浸润肌层深度的诊断准确性为86%,判断宫颈侵犯的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为78%、91%、88%,与病理结果比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:MRI对Ⅰ、Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌的早期诊断、肌层和宫颈侵犯的判断及术前分期准确性高,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

子宫内膜病变的CT诊断价值

目的 探讨子宫内膜病变CT增强扫描的表现，评价CT在子宫内膜病变诊断及内膜癌分期中的价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析50例经病理证实的子宫内膜病变的CT增强表现，包括内膜癌43例，恶性中胚叶混合瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)各1例，内膜增生4例，息肉1例。对43例子宫内膜癌进行分期对比。结果 50例病变CT检出47例(94％)，未显示3例(6％)，定性诊断正确37例(74％)。43例内膜癌诊断正确35例(81．4％)，3例未显示，3例漏诊；分期正确27例(62．8％)，低估病变10例(23．3％)，高估病变6例(14．0％)。病变表现：全部病变为密度低于子宫肌壁的软组织影，边缘不清晰、分叶或不规则49例，密度均匀27例，不均匀23例，伴有子宫前后径增大35例(70％)，内膜增厚47例(94％)。肌壁内缘模糊、不规则、肌层变薄、厚薄不均19例；官颈大、密度变低或不均匀7例；子宫外缘模糊1例，盆腔、腹膜后淋巴结转移6例，肺或卵巢转移各1例，均为子宫内膜癌外侵表现。结论 CT扫描对子宫内膜病变的诊断及分期均有价值。     

肝胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的CT诊断

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的CT表现及其病理学改变，评价CT对其诊断价值。方法 搜集6例经手术病理证实的肝胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的病例，其中3例作常规CT平扫及增强扫描，3例作螺旋CT平扫及肝动脉门静脉双期增强扫描。回顾性分析6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤及胆管囊腺癌的CT表现，并与病理组织检查结果对照。结果 1例胆管囊腺瘤，呈多囊性病灶，囊壁光整，厚薄一致，部分分隔有较均匀的增厚。1例胆管囊腺瘤恶变，为单囊性病灶；4例胆管囊腺癌中3例为单囊性病灶，1例为多囊性病变。CT均见囊内主要为水样密度，5例恶性者中4例可见壁结节和(或)乳头状突起，另外1例有囊壁局部增厚；3例有厚薄不均的分隔，2例有囊壁钙化，1例有囊内出血，呈液液平征。常规增强扫描囊壁和分隔有强化。螺旋CT双期增强扫描动脉期囊壁及壁上结节明显强化，门脉期强化减退。结论 CT可显示肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的一些特征性表现，却难于鉴别良性胆管细胞囊腺瘤与恶性胆管细胞囊腺癌。如见病灶有间隔增厚、壁上结节或乳头状突起、囊内出血以及伴粗大钙化者多考虑为恶性的胆管细胞囊腺癌，肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌鉴别主要依靠病理。     

肝胆管囊腺癌的MRI表现

目的:探讨肝胆管囊腺癌(HBCAC)的MRI表现,提高肝胆管囊腺癌的诊断准确性.方法:回顾性分析9例经病理证实的肝胆管囊腺癌的MRI表现,所有患者均行MR平均和三期动态增强扫描.结果:9例中单囊性病灶8例,多囊性病灶1例.T1WI上6例表现为囊状低信号影,囊内分隔和囊壁厚薄不均,可见壁结节或乳头状突起;3例囊壁光滑,囊内呈稍高信号影,可见结节状软组织信号影.T2WI上病灶以高信号为主,囊内分隔、壁结节及软组织呈低信号.增强扫描动脉期示囊内分隔、壁结节和软组织明显强化,门脉期及延迟期强化仍较明显.结论:平扫及动态增强MRI能较好反映肝胆管囊腺癌的影像学特点,对本病的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌MRI表现与病理对照研究

目的:分析Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌的MRI表现,评价MRI对子宫内膜癌肌层和宫颈侵犯的价值。方法:回顾性分析30例经手术病理证实的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌的T1WI、T2WI和动态增强图像,观察肿瘤的类型、信号、强化特点及结合带与内膜下强化的显示情况,将MRI判断肌层和宫颈侵犯的结果与病理比较。结果:弥漫型子宫内膜癌14例,表现为子宫内膜广泛增厚;局灶型子宫内膜癌16例,表现为宫腔内结节状病灶或较大肿块。与子宫肌层相比,肿瘤T1WI多为等信号,T2WI多为高信号。动态增强早期13例弥漫型子宫内膜癌呈轻至中度强化,15个局灶型肿瘤呈明显或中度强化。T2WI显示结合带18例,动态增强早期显示内膜下强化17例。以手术病理结果为标准,MRI判断深肌层侵犯的敏感度、特异度和诊断符合率分别为87.5%、95.5%和93.3%,判断宫颈侵犯的敏感度、特异度和诊断符合率分别为75%、95.5%和90%。结论:MRI评价子宫内膜癌肌层和宫颈侵犯准确可靠,应列为术前常规检查。     

卵巢囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT诊断

目的探讨CT在卵巢囊腺瘤和囊腺癌中的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性复习经手术和病理证实的13例卵巢囊性肿瘤,总结其CT表现和特征。结果13例中浆液性囊腺瘤7例,黏液性囊腺瘤4例;浆液性乳头状囊腺癌Ⅰ例（Ⅱa型）,黏液性囊腺癌Ⅰ例（Ⅱb型）。囊腺瘤表现为薄壁的单房或多房囊肿,无壁结节;囊腺癌表现为不规则厚壁,间隔增厚,并有壁结节,软组织成分多。术前CT诊断正确Ⅱ例（84．6％）,误诊2例（15、4％）。结论CT能很好显示卵巢囊腺瘤、囊腺癌的特征,在鉴别良、恶性卵巢囊腺性肿瘤上有价值。     

肝胆管囊腺癌影像学表现

目的 探讨肝胆管囊腺癌的CT、MRI及B超表现,提高其诊断准确率.方法 回顾性分析18例经病理证实的肝胆管囊腺癌患者,螺旋CT检查6例、MRI检查5例,B超检查7例.结果 18例肝胆管囊腺癌患者中多囊性病灶2例,16例为单囊性病灶.CT平扫及MRI T1WI均表现为囊性占位,囊内可见分隔和乳头样、条状实性突起,囊壁不均匀增厚,T2WI病灶呈高信号为主,囊内分隔及乳头样、条状实性突起呈低信号,增强后动脉期囊壁、分隔及实性部分轻度强化,门脉期进一步强化,延迟期减退但仍有强化.B超均表现肝内液性为主的囊实性混合回声团块,边界较模糊,边缘高低不平,囊内有棉絮状或乳头状赘生物.结论 平扫加动态增强CT、MRI及B超能够一定程度反映肝胆管囊腺癌的影像学特点,对于提高该疾病的诊断具有一定参考价值.     

国际妇产科协会子宫内膜癌分期标准的修订与超声诊断的探讨

目的依据2009年国际妇产科协会(FIGO)修订的子宫内膜癌手术分期标准,探讨子宫内膜癌的超声表现与手术分期的相关性。资料与方法对208例经病理证实的子宫内膜癌(71例)及内膜增生过长(137例)患者的声像图表现及病理分型与分期进行分析。结果内膜癌组宫腔回声厚径(6.1～59.0mm,19.1mm±10.2mm)与增生过长组测值(3.8～43.9mm,13.3mm±5.8mm)互有交叉,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。检出Ⅰ型子宫内膜癌63例,Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌8例;Ⅰ期55例,Ⅱ期11例,Ⅲ期3例,Ⅳ期2例。肌层浸润的发生率为93.0%(66/71),深肌层浸润占18.0%(13/71);11例Ⅱ期癌中,浅肌层浸润8例,深肌层浸润3例;3例Ⅲ期癌均为浅肌层浸润;2例Ⅳ期癌,深、浅肌层浸润各1例。结论内膜癌组宫腔回声厚径的平均值明显大于增生过长组,二者所测值存在重叠;当病变局限在子宫体,肌层浸润的深度影响分期;如病变已达宫颈或宫外,肌层浸润的深度则不影响分期。     

动态增强MRI在子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期中的应用

目的 评价动态增强MRI在子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期中的价值.方法 回顾性分析38例经手术病理证实的子宫内膜癌的T1WI、T2WI和动态增强表现,并依据FIGO分期原则,将术前MRI分期与术后病理结果进行比较.结果 大部分肿瘤T1WI与子宫肌信号相近,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,动态增强早期显示子宫内膜下强化带25例,不出现内膜下强化带者,肌层内表面不规则12例,光滑1例.动态增强延迟期36例子宫内膜癌呈轻至中等强化,强化程度低于子宫肌层,2例明显强化.与手术病理比较,动态增强MRI分期判断Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌正确率为84.2%;Ⅱ期正确率为92.1%.结论 动态增强MRI在子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期中有较高的价值,应列为术前常规序列检查.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.