The effect of compound 48/80 on the carbachol-evoked acid secretion of the isolated mouse stomach

The aim of the present work was to determine in the isolated mouse stomach whether the depletion of mast cell histamine by compound 48/80 influences the acid secretion, evoked by carbachol. Each effect of carbachol was compared to the effect of histamine (10(-6) M), applied after each carbachol application. After carbachol and histamine, compound 48/80 was applied twice or three times successively; the second and the third application were not able to evoke any secretion. After 48/80, the applications of carbachol and histamine were repeated and their effects compared to those before the applications of compound 48/80. Three concentrations of the compound were used: 20, 100 and 500 micrograms/ml. The lowest concentration of the histamine liberator did not significantly change the response to carbachol, The highest one reduced it but the effect of histamine was reduced, too. Compound 48/80 in concentration 100 micrograms/ml significantly augmented the secretory effect of carbachol. The possible explanation for this effect is that histamine, liberated from mast cells, is taken up by some other cells in the tissue from where it is liberated by carbachol stimulation.     

Liberation of histamine by compound 48/80, tolazoline, betahistine and burimamide from isolated spontaneously beating guinea pig and rabbit atrial pairs.

Tolazoline, betahistine, burimamide and compound 48/80 release histamine from isolated guinea pig atria resulting in histamine concentrations that stimulate H2-receptors. Tolazoline, burimamide and 48/80 also release histamine from rabbit atria but do not result in histamine concentrations that will stimulate either H1- or H2-receptors. However, betahistine (which does not release histamine from rabbit atria) and tolazoline stimulate the rabbit atrial chronotropic response by releasing catecholamines.     

普鲁托品对豚鼠离体心房生理特性的影响

目的　观察普鲁托品对豚鼠离体心房生理特性的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法　利用豚鼠离体心房测定其自动节律、收缩力和功能性不应期,并观察对正阶梯现象和静息后增强的影响。结果　普鲁托品明显抑制心房的自律性和收缩力, 延长左心房的功能性不应期;能取消ＣａＣｌ２ 的正性变时效应,还可明显抑制左心房正阶梯现象和静息后增强效应。结论　普鲁托品具有降低心房自律性、抑制心房肌收缩力、延长其功能性不应期的作用,其负性变频和负性变力效应可能与抑制心肌细胞外钙内流和内钙释放有关     

The effect of compound 48/80 and of electrical field stimulation on mast cells in the isolated mouse stomach

It has been shown that compound 48/80 evokes acid secretion in the isolated mouse stomach by releasing histamine from mast cells. The aim of the present work was to study the distribution and type of mast cells in the isolated mouse stomach and to examine the effect of compound 48/80 and of electrical field stimulation (EFS) on these cells. Histological examination of the stomachs showed only the presence of connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) in all parts of the stomach except in the glandular mucosa where mucosal mast cells (MMC) predominated (MMC -71%, CTMC -29%). Compound 48/80 and EFS did not affect MMC, whereas CTMC showed marked degranulation in all parts of the stomach including the glandular mucosa. It can be concluded that CTMC, present in the gastric mucosa and being sensitive also to EFS, may be involved in the regulation of gastric secretion in the mouse.     

Histamine release from the isolated guinea-pig heart by compound 48/80

Histamine release was observed in isolated guinea-pig heart perfused by the constant flow method, after bolus injection of 50-200 micrograms of compound 48/80. Practically all the histamine is released within the first 3 min after 48/80. This effect is inhibited by the addition of sodium cyanide (300 microM) to a glucose-free perfusion fluid and also by the removal of calcium of the medium in presence or absence of EDTA (100 microM). This dependence on metabolism and calcium is highly suggestive of a non-cytotoxic action of 48/80 on the mast cells of guinea-pig heart.     

花椒毒酚对豚鼠离体心房肌生理特性的影响

目的 :研究花椒毒酚对豚鼠离体心肌生理特性的影响。方法 :采用豚鼠离体心房 ,测定花椒毒酚对豚鼠心房率 ,心肌收缩力 ,左心房的兴奋性的影响。结果 :在心肌收缩力的实验中 ,给花椒毒酚 2 0 ,4 0 ,80 μmol·L-115min后 ,左心房的收缩力分别为0 .85、0 .6 8、0 .4 8g ,与对照组比较 ,花椒毒酚明显抑制豚鼠左心房肌的收缩力 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并呈浓度依赖性 ;在对心房率的实验中 ,给花椒毒酚 2 0 ,4 0 μmol·L-1,30min后 ,离体右心房的频率从90 .0次·min-1分别下降至 6 0 .2、38.7次·min-1,与对照组比较有显著的统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;花椒毒酚对豚鼠左心房的功能性不应期和左心房兴奋性无明显影响。结论 :花椒毒酚可以降低心房自律性、抑制心房收缩力 ,其负性变频和负性变力效应可能与其抑制心肌细胞外钙内流和内钙释放有关。     

Inhibition of compound 48/80 — induced vascular protein leakage by pretreatment with capsaicin and a substance P antagonist

Intravenous injection of compound 48/80 (1 mg X kg-1) induced an acute increase in vascular permeability to plasma proteins in various organs of rats. The compound 48/80 response was partly inhibited by histamine H1 and H2 receptor blockade in the urinary bladder and in the duodenum, but not in the trachea, the oesophagus, the ureter and the paw skin. Blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors with methysergide led to a reduction of the permeability response in the oesophagus and in the urinary bladder, leaving responses in other organs unchanged. Pretreatment of neonatal rats with capsaicin almost abolished the 48/80 response in all organs except in the duodenum. Pretreatment of rats with [D-Arg1, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-substance P, a substance P antagonist, also caused a partial inhibition of the permeability response to compound 48/80 in several organs. Topical administration of compound 48/80 (1 mg X ml-1) onto the tracheal mucosa induced local Evans blue extravasation. This response was resistant to pretreatment with histamine receptor antagonists, but was largely inhibited after neonatal capsaicin pretreatment. Topical administration of compound 48/80 (1 mg X ml-1 or 10 mg X ml-1) into the eye did not cause visible Evans blue extravasation in the conjunctiva, nor any signs of pain reaction as indicated by the absence of the wiping response, usually seen upon noxious chemical stimuli in the eye. In guinea-pigs, 10 mg X kg-1 compound 48/80 i.v. were required to induce vascular protein leakage in different organs. This response was blocked by pretreatment with H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, but only slightly reduced after systemic capsaicin pretreatment of guinea-pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

豚鼠哮喘模型脑内P物质表达

目的观察哮喘豚鼠脑内P物质(SP)的表达,为进一步阐明哮喘发病机制提供实验依据。方法18只雄性健康豚鼠,分为哮喘发作组、对照组及正常组,用卵蛋白(OVA)建立豚鼠哮喘动物模型。4％多聚甲醛(PFA)／0．1MPBS灌注固定,取脑,切片,以抗SP抗体为Ⅰ抗,采用改良的ABC法进行免疫组织化学标记。结果哮喘豚鼠的许多脑部区域,尤其是感觉相关区域、延髓网状结构区域及边缘叶部分区域等部位的SP免疫反应阳性产物的密度和显色程度均明显大于对照组及正常组。结论SP在哮喘动物脑组织中有表达,在哮喘的病理生理机制中起重要作用。     

Undeca- and octa-peptide antagonists for substance P, a study on the guinea pig trachea

Undeca - and octa-peptide analogues of substance P (SP), acting as antagonists in the guinea pig ileum, have been tested on the guinea pig trachea. The antagonistic properties of several octapeptides, particularly of [pro4, trp7 ,9,10,Phe11]SP-(4-11) have been confirmed, while the undecapeptides have been found to be potent stimulants of the trachea. The contractions of the guinea pig trachea in response several undecapeptides , particularly [pro2, trp7 ,9, Leu11 ]SP, undergo rapid tachyphylaxis, are significantly reduced in the presence of diphenhydramine and are not influenced by octapeptide antagonists of SP. These contractions appear to be due to the activation of tissue sites mediating the release of intramural histamine and different from SP receptors. On repeated applications, the stimulant effects of undecapeptides are eliminated and the compounds can be tested as antagonists. Undecapeptide antagonists have been found to be more potent against eledoisin and kassinin than against SP or physalaemin, while the octapeptides are equally active against the four homologues. Both undeca - and octa-peptides seem however to exert a competitive type of antagonism against all the SP-related peptides tested in the present study. Differences of antagonistic affinities have been interpreted as indicative of the existence of two different receptor types for SP and related peptides in the guinea pig trachea. The two receptors are blocked by the octapeptide antagonists, which are not discriminatory, while undecapeptides are particularly active on the receptor subtype which shows high sensitivity for eledoisin and kassinin .     

The determination of dissociation constants for substance P and substance P analogues in the guinea pig ileum by pharmacological procedures

The dissociation constants (Kd values) of substance P (SP), physalaemin, kassinin, and SP analogues acting on SP receptors in guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle strips were determined by the pharmacological procedures of Furchgott [Adv. Drug Res. 3:21-55 (1966)]. This method involves analysis of the concentration-response data before and after fractional inactivation of receptors with phenoxybenzamine (2 X 10(-5) M). Estimations of the Kd values for SP were similar when phenoxybenzamine was incubated for 10, 13, or 15 min. Coincubation with high concentrations of SP protected against receptor inactivation with phenoxybenzamine, but bradykinin and serotonin did not cross-protect SP receptors. Kd values for SP were similar when trypsin was substituted for phenoxybenzamine [Kd = 8.1 +/- 4 nM (n = 9) versus 10 +/- 6 nM (n = 5)]. In atropinized preparations the Kd values obtained for physalaemin were similar to those obtained for untreated preparations [Kd = 8.0 +/- 3.6 nM (n = 5) and 12.6 +/- 3 nM (n = 4), respectively]. The effects of phenoxybenzamine on concentration-response curves for kassinin showed greater shifts to the right with phenoxybenzamine. This indicated that kassinin may interact with another population of receptors, in addition to the sites that SP and other analogues bind. A direct correlation was found between EC50 values and Kd values and Kd values for SP and SP analogues. It was estimated that, for SP, a 20% receptor occupancy is required to elicit a 50% response.     

Indirect adrenergic effect of compound 48/80 in cat cerebral arteries

Compound 48/80 evoked an increase in the spontaneous tritium release from cat cerebral arteries prelabelled with 3H-NA. This increase was abolished after cervical gangliectomy, external calcium removal or in the presence of colchicine. Cocaine brought about an enhancement in the release of radioactivity elicited by compound 48/80 while diphenhydramine did not affect it. These results suggest that compound 48/80 has an indirect adrenergic effect in cat cerebral arteries which is not mediated by the release of histamine from mast cells.     

Effects of compound 48/80 on mast cells,histamine and cyclic AMP in isolated superior cervical ganglia

Summary Superior cervical ganglia of the rat contain mast cells which are sensitive to degranulation by compound 48/80. The granulation process is shown to the independent of the ATP content of the ganglion. Compound 48/80 released histamine into the incubation medium, thereby decreasing the histamine content of the ganglia. Moreover, the release of ³H-noradrenaline was accelerated by the compound. Histamine and adrenaline induced a rapid accumulation of cyclic AMP in the ganglia. This effect of the amines was specifically blocked by diphenhydramine or propranolol with an ID₅₀ of 1.5×10^–9 M and 2.2×10^–7 M, respectively.In contrast to other findings with isolated mast cell preparations, compound 48/80 induced a rapid and marked accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact ganglia and an enhanced release of cyclic AMP into the incubation fluid. Diphenhydramine prevented the accumulation in the tissue but only partly inhibited the enhanced appearance of cyclic AMP in the medium. The accumulation of the cyclic nucleotide in the tissue was partly blocked by propranolol, suggesting an additional action of compound 48/80 on cyclic AMP through catecholamines.The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in homogenates of superior cervical ganglia was completely inhibited by compound 48/80 at 7 g/ml when low cyclic AMP concentrations were used.In addition to cyclic AMP release, rapid and marked efflux of ATP into the medium was observed during incubations with compound 48/80. The lactate dehydrogenase activity in the incubation medium was significantly enhanced with incubation periods of 40 to 60 min indicating rather slowly occurring toxic damage to cell membranes by compound 48/80.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 70).