Retrograde chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention using single catheter: A single centre registry

ObjectivesTo analyse the feasibility, safety and procedural outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO) through retrograde approach using single catheter.MethodsOur study was a retrospective observational study that enrolled patients who underwent retrograde CTO PCI using a single catheter between June 2016 and February 2020. Clinical success was defined as successful completion of CTO PCI without associated in-hospital major clinical complications like death, myocardial infarction, stroke or urgent revascularisation. Technical success was defined as successful completion of CTO PCI using single catheter and minimum diameter stenosis of <30% with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3, without significant side branch occlusion, flow-limiting dissection, distal embolization, or angiographic thrombus.ResultsTotally 102 patients underwent retrograde CTO PCI during the study period. Out of which, 15 cases were attempted using single catheter. Mean age of the population was 59.1 ± 8.9 years (males: 86.7%) and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was (61% ± 9.1%). Mean number of diseased arteries was 2.1 ± 0.7, length of the CTO was 25.5 ± 7.4 mm and J-CTO score was 2.3 ± 0.7. We achieved a technical success rate of 73.3% using single catheter, and the overall clinical success (Including single catheter and ping pong) was obtained in 86.7% cases. One patient (6.7%) developed cardiac tamponade and none of study population required dialysis for contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)ConclusionsRetrograde CTO PCI using single catheter is a technically challenging procedure when compared with other CTO PCI. Our study demonstrated acceptable outcomes which is comparable to other antegrade and retrograde CTO PCI registries.     

经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变疗效

目的总结经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（chronic total occlusion，CTO）的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年12月前施行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床资料。结果冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞233例．共有靶血管251支，闭塞时间（20±10）个月。226例（226／251，96．9％）的237处靶病变（237／251，94．4％）行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功。共植入冠状动脉支架266枚。因导丝不能通过CTO病变未成功7例：造影提示病变类型均为旁路侧支血管丰富型或多处长的弯曲病变，其中2例闭塞时间有5年以上，另5例未开通患者中有2例因心功能不全不能耐受长时间手术而终止操作。术中及术后均无严重并发症。术后心绞痛症状缓解率85．4％，心功能改善率79．6％，5年生存率88．9％。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功关键在于熟练的操作技术、合理的器材选择及仔细评估病人和动脉闭塞病变状况；开通闭塞动脉可显著改善患者临床症状，提高生活质量。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变疗效

目的 总结经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年12月前施行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床资料.结果 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞233例,共有靶血管251支,闭塞时间(20±10)个月.226例(226/251,96.9%)的237处靶病变(237/251,94.4%)行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功.共植入冠状动脉支架266枚.因导丝不能通过CTO病变未成功7例:造影提示病变类型均为旁路侧支血管丰富型或多处长的弯曲病变,其中2例闭塞时间有5年以上,另5例未开通患者中有2例因心功能不全不能耐受长时间手术而终止操作.术中及术后均无严重并发症.术后心绞痛症状缓解率85.4%.心功能改善率79.6%,5年生存率88.9%.结论 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功关键在于熟练的操作技术、合理的器材选择及仔细评估病人和动脉闭塞病变状况;开通闭塞动脉可显著改善患者临床症状,提高生活质量.     

The GuideLiner catheter: A supportive tool in percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion

Background

Failure of delivering a stent or a balloon across the target lesion during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusion (CTO), especially in arteries with calcified tortuous anatomy, is often due to insufficient backup support from the guiding catheter. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the GuideLiner (GL) catheter use.

Guidewire crossing techniques in coronary chronic total occlusion intervention: A to Z

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusion (CTO) poses a management dilemma for the interventional cardiologist. Effective wiring technique is the key to success of PCI in CTO, which requires more patience and skill of the operator. The author herein intends to explore in detail the different wiring strategies such as antegrade approach, dissection and reentry, retrograde and hybrid approach. Hopefully, this review would enhance the understanding of this complex procedure and, consequently, promote safe and effective PCI.     

慢性完全闭塞病变行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗结局影响因素分析及对临床-病变相关评分预测价值的评价

目的探索影响慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)结局的患者临床特点与冠状动脉造影(CAG)图像特征,对比日本多中心CTO注册中心(J-CTO)评分、临床-病变相关(CL)评分对PCI结局的预测价值。方法纳入2019年1月1日至2019年6月30日于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院行CAG检查确诊CTO病变并尝试进行PCI的157例患者共162处病变。根据病变行PCI是否全部成功分为PCI成功患者组(121例)以及PCI失败患者组(36例),根据病变最终是否成功开通分为PCI成功组(125处)以及PCI失败组(37处)。收集患者临床及CAG病变特征资料,分析影响CTO-PCI成功的因素,采用CL评分及J-CTO评分分别对病变进行评价,比较预测价值差异。结果157例患者中男性130例(82.8%),平均年龄(60.0±9.7)岁,最终PCI成功开通CTO病变125处(77.2%)。PCI失败患者组既往CTO病变PCI失败(33.3%比16.5%,P=0.028)、既往PCI(47.2%比28.1%,P=0.035)比例显著大于PCI成功患者组,差异均有统计学意义。PCI失败组近端钝形纤维帽(56.8%比32.0%,P=0.006)、病变长度≥20 mm(67.6%比22.4%,P<0.001)、病变迂曲>45°(45.9%比16.0%,P<0.001)以及侧支循环Rentrop 0~1级比例(27.0%比9.6%,P=0.007),J-CTO评分[(2.24±1.01)分比(1.05±0.94)分,P<0.001]、CL评分[(3.01±1.22)分比(1.80±1.26)分,P<0.001]均高于PCI成功组,差异均有统计学意义。logistic多因素回归分析显示,病变长度≥20 mm(OR 0.216,95%CI 0.082~0.569,P=0.002)、近端钝形纤维帽(OR 0.232,95%CI 0.091~0.590,P=0.002)以及侧支循环Rentrop 0~1级(OR 0.299,95%CI 0.094~0.949,P=0.040)为PCI成功开通CTO病变的独立危险因素。CL评分及J-CTO评分预测PCI结局的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.749(95%CI 0.675~0.814)和0.794(95%CI 0.723~0.853),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.260)。结论病变长度≥20 mm、近端钝形纤维帽以及侧支循环Rentrop 0~1级为PCI成功开通CTO病变的独立危险因素。在预测CTO-PCI结局方面,CL评分与J-CTO评分预测价值相当。     

比伐芦定在冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入治疗围术期应用中的有效性和安全性临床观察

目的评估冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围术期应用比伐芦定的有效性和安全性。方法选取2018年5月24日至2019年3月12日在北京阜外医院住院并行CTO-PCI患者78例。根据术中使用抗凝药物情况将患者分为比伐芦定组(39例)和普通肝素组(39例)。观察比较两组术后主要不良心血管事件(MACE)和总出血及并发症事件的发生情况。结果比伐芦定组与普通肝素组围术期心肌损伤发生率(2.6%比5.1%,P=0.556)、围术期心肌梗死发生率(15.4%比10.3%,P=0.498)比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者在全因死亡、心脏死亡、计划外的血运重建、缺血事件上均未见不良事件,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。比伐芦定组与普通肝素组出血学术研究联合会分型(BARC)1型出血事件发生率(12.8%比10.3%,P=0.723)、BARC 2型出血事件发生率(2.6%比0,P>0.999)比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者均未发生BARC 3~5型严重出血事件。两组患者冠状动脉穿孔发生率(0比2.6%,P>0.999)比较,差异无统计学意义。结论与常规应用肝素抗凝治疗比较,比伐芦定在CTO-PCI中的应用是安全和有效的,在出血高风险患者中应用能否获益仍需较大样本的研究进一步证实。     

远端血管弹性对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变开通后无复流的影响

目的利用血管内超声(IVUS)评价冠状动脉远端血管弹性对慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变开通后出现无复流或血流减慢的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊中心行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并成功置入支架完成IVUS检查的CTO病变患者34例。支架置入后远端血流正常组26例[心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验(TIMI)血流分级≥Ⅱ级],血流减慢组8例(TIMI血流分级0级或Ⅰ级)。分析可能导致无复流的病变形态学特点。结果两组患者血管钙化、中膜血肿、导丝行走于内膜下等比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。血流正常组的远端参考管腔面积[(4.09±1.71)mm2比(2.70±0.86)mm2,P=0.036]、远端血管收缩面积比[(15.96±3.95)%比(7.26±1.62)%,P=0.020]显著高于血流减慢组。logistic回归分析显示,远端血管弹性差(OR 13.75,95%CI 1.946~97.178,P=0.009)是支架置入后远端无复流及血流受限的独立预测因素。结论IVUS观察的CTO病变远端血管弹性是影响CTO病变开通后远端出现无复流的独立危险因素。     

Coronary chronic total occlusion intervention: A pathophysiological perspective

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusion (CTO) is the last frontier in coronary intervention. PCI of CTO carries multiple advantages, such as significant improvement in symptoms, improvement in abnormal wall motion and left ventricular function and, possibly, increased long-term survival. As of today the procedural success is markedly improved because of technical innovations and is limited to highly experienced operators. To enhance the overall success rate from a worldwide perspective, a thorough understanding of its pathophysiology is critical to further development of newer techniques and technologies. In this review, the author outlines in-depth the evidence that underpins our understanding of CTO pathophysiology and its insight into CTO intervention that incorporates various steps and techniques to cross the lesion.     

Corsair microcatheter for retrograde coronary chronic total occlusion recanalization: Early experience outside the realm of dedicated recanalization specialists

ObjectiveTo determine the extent to which use of the Corsair microcatheter (CM, Asahi Intecc Co., Japan) improves procedural outcomes when an experienced operator who is not a dedicated recanalization specialist attempts retrograde chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization through collateral channels during percutaneous coronary intervention.BackgroundThe recently introduced CM has improved success rates of retrograde CTO recanalization to nearly 100% in the hands of dedicated coronary recanalization specialists; however, the impact the CM has on the results of non-specialist operators attempting retrograde CTO recanalization is not known.MethodsA non-specialist operator attempted CM-assisted recanalization in seven consecutive CTO cases requiring retrograde recanalization. The results obtained were compared with those achieved by the same operator in eleven consecutive retrograde CTO recanalization procedures during the last 2 years before the CM became available.ResultsCM-assisted retrograde CTO recanalization was successful in 6 of 7 cases (86%), but failed in one case attempted through a tortuous epicardial collateral; there were no complications. In contrast, during the 2 years before the CM became available, retrograde CTO recanalization was successful in only 3 of 11 attempted cases (27%), and was associated with significant morbidity. Lesions in the two groups were comparable in terms of technical difficulty and procedural risk.ConclusionsThe non-specialist operator's retrograde CTO recanalization results improve significantly when using the CM. Given the effectiveness and safety of CM-assisted retrograde CTO recanalization, operators should be less aggressive with anterograde recanalization attempts, and should switch to the retrograde approach earlier and more often.     

Complications encountered in coronary chronic total occlusion intervention: Prevention and bailout

Despite the continuing developments of improved medical devices and increasing operator expertize, coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) remains as one of the most challenging lesion subsets in interventional cardiology. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of CTO is a complex procedure carrying the risk of complications that are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The complications can be classified as coronary (such as coronary occlusion, perforation, device embolization, or entrapment); cardiac non-coronary (such as periprocedural myocardial infarction); extra cardiac (such as vascular access complications, systemic embolization, contrast-induced nephropathy, and radiation-induced injury). Further, certain complications (such as donor vessel dissection or thrombosis) are unique to CTO–PCI. There are also complications related to specialized techniques, such as dissection/reentry and retrograde crossing techniques. A thorough understanding of the potential complications is critical to mitigate risk during these complex procedures.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞患者经PCI治疗后的临床效果及成功的影响因素

目的：评估介入治疗(PCI)对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)患者的治疗效果,并探讨影响介入治疗效果的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析我院心内科近期收治的586例经PCI治疗的CTO患者的临床资料。比较CTO患者在院内的介入治疗效果及相关影响因素。结果：PCI的成功率为80%。术中并发症较少(7.7%),其中术中冠状动脉穿孔8例,心包穿孔及心包压塞5例,支架血栓形成4例,严重心律失常(房扑、房颤、室性心动过速及室颤)22例,手术相关心绞痛6例。影响介入治疗成功的患者自身因素有年龄(P=0.034),高血压史(P=0.041),糖尿病史(P=0.032),发病至治疗的时间(P=0.008)；病变相关因素有冠脉闭塞部位(P<0.05)、冠脉分支迂曲程度(P=0.015)、闭塞血管远端缺如(P=0.044)及合并钙化(P=0.007)。结论：CTO患者进行PCI治疗的效果良好。患者的个人病史、病变特点、及治疗实施是否及时是决定介入治疗是否成功的关键因素。     

BridgePoint系统开通冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的临床疗效

目的探讨BridgePoint系统支持下正向内膜下重回真腔技术(ADR)开通冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)的安全性、有效性和预后。方法连续入选自2016年4月至2018年12月于西京医院接受BridgePoint系统开通CTO病变的患者87例,进行回顾性分析。记录入选患者的一般资料、CTO病变的影像学特征及术中相关参数。观察入选患者的短期预后,包括技术成功(达TIMI 3级血流及残余狭窄<30%)率、手术成功[住院期间无主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生]率、并发症以及住院期间MACE。MACE包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、靶血管重建(TVR)和心脏压塞等。于出院后30 d及6、12、24和36个月,通过门诊或电话随访入选患者MACE发生情况。结果87例患者中,男性75例(86%),年龄(61±10)岁,J-CTO评分为(2.49±0.52)分。6例患者采用BridgePoint系统直接行ADR术,均成功。81例患者行BridgePoint系统补救性ADR术,其中62例成功,BridgePoint系统ADR术成功率为78.2%(68/87);19例患者于手术失败后通过正向/逆向技术补救,成功9例,失败10例。技术成功率为88.5%(77/87)。冠状动脉穿孔2例(2.3%),1例置入覆膜支架,1例心包填塞后给予心包穿刺;围手术期心肌梗死1例,猝死1例,心脏压塞1例。住院期间入选患者MACE发生率为3.4%(3/87),手术成功率为85.1%(74/87)。手术时间为(175±72)min,对比剂剂量为(449±155)ml。随访17(11,26)个月,86例患者完成了随访,30 d MACE发生率为4.7%(4/86),6个月为10.5%(9/86),17个月为17.4%(15/86)。结论BridgePoint系统开通冠状动脉CTO的成功率较高,安全、可行,临床预后较好。     

慢性闭塞病变患者冠脉介入治疗术后1年疗效分析

目的:通过冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变(CTO)患者冠脉介入治疗(PCI)经验总结探讨开通CTO对于患者临床症状、左室功能、存活率和生活质量的影响。方法: 选择于心内科病房住院接受冠脉造影、其中至少1支冠脉主支血管为CTO并接受PCI的患者,根据PCI手术是否成功分为成功组和失败组。应用正向导丝技术处理病变。出院后1年对患者进行随访。评价的终点事件包括死亡、心肌梗死、中风、再次PCI治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)。对各项数据进行统计学分析。结果: 434名入选患者,CTO介入治疗成功316名,失败118名。PCI失败组患者既往接受PCI手术(P<0.01)或CABG术(P<0.01)显著高于PCI成功组,高龄和吸烟比例也显著高于PCI成功组。两组患者在高血压病、高血脂、陈旧心梗及糖尿病等病史和心功能方面没有显著差别。PCI失败组两支CTO病变以及多支血管病变比率均显著高于PCI成功组患者(均P<0.01)。术后1年两组患者在死亡、心梗、中风和再次PCI方面没有显著差异,失败组患者心绞痛发生率高(P<0.01),介入术后进行择期CABG手术比例高于成功组患者(P<0.01)。结论: 开通CTO可显著降低患者心绞痛和CABG手术率,而死亡、心梗、中风和再次PCI方面没有显著差异。     

586例冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗疗效及相关因素分析

目的:评估经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)患者的治疗效果,并探讨影响介入治疗效果的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析586例经PCI治疗的CTO患者的临床资料,分析CTO患者行PCI治疗的疗效及相关影响因素。结果:CTO患者PCI的成功率为80%。术中并发症7.7%,分别是冠状动脉穿孔8例,心包压塞5例,支架血栓形成4例,严重心律失常(房扑、房颤、室性心动过速及室颤)22例,手术相关心绞痛6例。影响PCI治疗成功的患者自身因素有年龄(P=0.034)、高血压史(P=0.041)、糖尿病史(P=0.032)、发病至治疗的时间(P=0.008);病变相关因素有冠脉闭塞部位(P0.05)、冠脉分支迂曲程度(P=0.015)、闭塞血管远端缺如(P=0.044)及合并钙化(P=0.007)。结论:CTO患者进行PCI治疗的效果良好。患者的个人病史、病变特点及治疗是否及时是决定介入治疗成功的关键因素。     

Fate of lumen size in distal coronary segment following successful chronic total occlusion recanalization

BackgroundRestoration of anterograde blood flow leads to alterations in vascular wall stress that may influence lumen size distal to chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions. We sought to assess changes in lumen diameter of segments distal to the stent segment of successfully recanalized CTO.MethodsWe analyzed 507 consecutive CTO cases with stent implantation that underwent follow-up angiography at a single high-volume center (mean follow-up of 13.5 months). Segments ≤40 mm distal to the stent edge were analyzed using quantitative coronary angiography.ResultsAt follow-up, lumen diameters significantly increased; diameter changes of 0.26 ± 0.47 (percent diameter change of 18.2%) at 5 mm distal, mean lumen diameter changes of 0.23 ± 0.35 (14.3%) and minimal lumen diameter changes of 0.22 ± 0.80 (24.7%) (all p < 0.001). Lumen enlargement was similar between visually shrunken and stenosed vessels (degree of stenosis ≥20% with luminal irregularities) distal to stents; 5 mm distal (0.32 ± 0.48 vs. 0.30 ± 0.48, p = 0.76), mean lumen diameter changes (0.26 ± 0.37mm vs. 0.26±0.33 mm, p = 0.94), minimal lumen diameter changes (0.28 ± 0.43 mm vs. 0.22 ± 1.30 mm, p = 0.48). There was no association between degree of in-stent narrowing and changes in distal lumen diameter (Spearman r = ?0.02, p = 0.59). Multivariate logistic regression for the predictors of greater lumen enlargement indicated that patients with left ventricle dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤45%) had greater enlargement [odds ratio (OR): 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23–5.23, p = 0.01]. Conversely, a low hematocrit (male <40%, and female <35%) was associated with attenuated lumen enlargement (OR: 0.68 95% CI: 0.47–0.98; p = 0.04).ConclusionsLumen diameter distal to CTO lesions significantly increased following successful revascularization, regardless of diseased status of the distal bed or degree of in-stent narrowing. These findings implicate appropriate determination of stent size, stent coverage length, as well as management strategies of distal vessels.