微波消解ICP-MS法测定全血中多种金属元素

目的建立全血样品中金属元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测方法。方法在HNO3+H2O2介质中微波消解全血样品,以In、Sc、Y、Tb、Bi作为内标补偿基体效应,用ICP-MS法测定镉、铅、铜、铬、锰、钴、砷、硒、钼、锑、汞和铊12种元素。结果方法线性相关系数>0.999,各元素的加标回收率在87.3%～109.3%,相对标准偏差小于4.2%。结论ICP-MS法简便、快速、准确,适用于全血中多种金属元素的测定。     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定全血中痕量金属元素

目的 建立电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定全血中铍、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、砷、镉、锑、铊、铅、铀12种金属元素的检测方法.方法 血样用0.1%聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(TriotonX-100)+0.1%硝酸(HNO3)稀释后,采用标准模式和碰撞反应池模式进行测定,应用标准曲线法和内标校正定量.结果 12种金属元素在测定范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)≥0.999 9;方法检出限为0.006-0.100μg/L;测定6个平行血样,各元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)=0.61%～5.30%;加标回收率在86.4%～107.6%之间.结论 本研究建立的ICP-MS测定全血中12种常见金属元素的检测方法,灵敏度高,精密度好,是测定全血中痕量金属元素的可靠方法.     

人群尿液中铬元素的电感耦合等离子体-质谱快速测定法

目的采用碰撞/反应池电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)技术,建立快速测定人群中尿铬元素的分析方法。方法尿样经体积分数为0.5%的硝酸溶液稀释10倍后,直接采用ICP-MS分析方法进行分析,以钇元素为内标,并采用碰撞/反应池技术消除质谱干扰。结果方法的测定范围为0.20~10.00μg/L,相关系数为0.999 9,检出限为0.10μg/L,定量下限为0.33μg/L。平均回收率在97.00%~102.25%之间,批内、批间精密度均5.00%,样品在-20℃冰箱中至少可保存14 d。结论该方法各项指标均满足GBZ/T 210.5-2008《职业卫生标准制定指南第5部分:生物材料中化学物质的测定方法》的要求,适用于人群中尿铬元素的快速检测。     

CP-MS法与ASS法测量全血Fe、Cu、Pb的比较和分析

目的比较原子吸收光谱法(ASS)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测全血中的微量元素(Fe、Cu、Pb)的相关性和一致性,评价电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测全血Fe、Cu、Pb的可靠性。方法随机抽取临床全血标本,分别以原子吸收光谱法及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时检测全血Fe、Cu、Pb。测量结果进行统计学分析,对比两种方法的相关性、一致性。结果电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)与原子吸收光谱法(ASS)测全血Fe、Cu、Pb总体均数的差异性无统计学意义(P>0.05),呈现强相关性(相关系数r分别为0.999、0.997、0.999);批内、批间重复性试验结果无显著性差异,且精密度符合要求(CV<5%)。但当样品浓度较高(或较低)时,两种方法测量的一致性较差。结论电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)在全血标本微量元素检测中,相对原子光谱法,具有样品需求量少、线性范围宽、分析速度快、能同时分析多种微量元素等优点。     

碰撞池ICP-MS直接测定全血中痕量金属元素的研究

目的：建立碰撞池ICP-MS直接测定全血中痕量有毒元素的准确分析方法.方法：采用0.1% Triton X-100＋0.1%HNO3＋200 μg/L Au对全血稀释20倍后直接用ICP-MS进行分析,并采用碰撞/反应池技术来消除质谱干扰.结果：整个方法的检出限为0.04～0.98 μg/L,精密度优于3.2%,回收率为95.0%～103%.对2个标准参考物质的分析结果令人满意.结论：可用ICP-MS直接测定全血液中的痕量有毒元素,整个方法具有简单、快速和准确的特点.     

碰撞池电感耦合等离子体质谱技术快速测定孕妇全血中的13种元素

目的分析孕妇全血中Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、As、Se、Sr、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb共13种元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)快速检测方法。方法使用含EDTA-K_2抗凝剂的采血管采集孕妇静脉血,全血样品经用0.01%曲拉通+1%硝酸混合液直接稀释后,以~(45)Sc、~(89)Y、~(115)In为内标,用人全血痕量元素标准物质样品进行质量控制,经电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定,并用所建立的ICP-MS快速检测方法对60份孕妇血液样本进行了检测分析。结果在13种元素所对应的检测浓度范围内线性良好,待测元素的线性相关系数0.999 0,该方法检出限在0.001μg/L~3.8μg/L,方法回收率为87.1%~114.8%,对人全血痕量元素标准物质的分析结果均在证书值范围内。结论该方法操作简便,实用性强,结果可靠,可用于全血中13种元素分析的快速检测。     

ICP-MS同时测定全血中多种微量元素

目的建立碰撞反应模式ICP-MS同时测定全血中多种微量元素的准确分析方法。方法取少量血液样品经浓硝酸水浴消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(CRI-ICP-MS)法对全血中微量元素进行分析,通过在线加入内标校正基体效应和信号漂移,应用碰撞反应模式消除质量数双原子干扰。采用质量控制样品的相应元素进行质量控制,检测测定结果和推荐值是否吻合。结果各微量元素方法检出限在(0.017~0.83)μg/L之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)10%,加标回收率为87.3%~109.8%。结论方法具有简单、快速和准确的特点,可用ICP-MS直接测定全血液中的微量元素。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中16种金属元素

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)快速测定全血中16种金属元素。方法全血样品经0.1%Triton X-100和1%硝酸的混合溶液直接稀释后,采用89Y、209Bi作为在线内标,经ICP-MS,采用碰撞反应池技术同时快速分析全血中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铍(Be)、钡(Ba)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钼(Mo)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、砷(As)、锑(Sb)、钒(V)、银(Ag)、铬(Cr)含量。同时用全血痕量元素标准物质作质控样。结果该16种元素在对应的浓度范围内线性良好(相关系数均≥0.999 0),方法检出限为0.002μg/L~0.70μg/L,各元素的高、中、低3种浓度加标回收率为89.2%~113.5%,日间精密度为3.23%~10.96%,日内精密度为0.46%~9.29%。结论此方法简便、快速、准确,结果令人满意,适用于血液样品多种元素的分析测定,能满足生物样品的检测要求。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定医疗污水中6种重金属元素

目的 探讨电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法在检测医院污水中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬、银等6种重金属元素应用价值。方法 医院污水经硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解，采用ICP-MS法测定。结果 ICP-MS法检测6种重金属元素的校准曲线相关系数均>0.999 5,检出限在0.02～0.06μg/L。7次重复分析同份医院污水，相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.9%～4.6%,加标0.05～60μg/L的回收率为96.0%～106.0%。结论 ICP-MS法检测医疗污水中6种重金属元素，具有样品处理简单、多元素同时分析、使用常规试剂、分析速度快、线性范围宽、结果准确等优点，值得推广使用。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定全血中钙铁锌铜锰硒钼铅

目的:建市微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定全血中钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、铅(Pb)的分析方法.方法:采用微波消解技术对血样进行消解处理后,定容到10 ml容量瓶中,用ICP-MS进行分析.结果:整个方法的检出限可以满足测定的要求,精密度优于2.2%,回收率在95.0%～105.0%之间.对标准参考物质的分析结果令人满意.结论:可用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Se、Mo和Pb,该方法简单、快速和准确,适于人全血样中微量元素的测定.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.