Methods: Six online databases were searched until November 2017 including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google/Google Scholar and conference proceedings. All included studies were entered in Pub Med Single Citation Matcher and all citation chains followed. Abstracts and titles were assessed for relevance, data independently abstracted and risk of bias for all competition studies evaluated independently by two reviewers.
Results: There are data for 5,374 male and 108 female MMA fighters. For 2407 males the weighted average injury rate/1000Athletic Encounters (AE) was 246.4 and for one study of 108 females 101.9. One study provided data by professional status: professionals 135.5/1000AE and amateurs 71.0/1000AE. Reasons for stopping matches were knockout/technical knockout 173.9/1000AE for males and 175.9/1000AE for females, submission 228.6/1000AE, and referee’s decision 98.2/1000AE. Losers can experience large amounts of trauma especially head trauma as matches terminate. Two studies of competitions provided personally conducted ringside assessments and both pre- and post-match examination results. The other studies reported retrospective assessments of fight records or videos or videos and scorecards. There are no studies of training injuries of professionals or injuries of amateurs or long-term follow-up of musculoskeletal injuries or neurological damage. Studies are limited to the US and Canada. There are no systematic reviews of newspaper or media accounts of fights to assess rates and numbers of injuries or mortality. The few published surveys and case reports markedly understate the worldwide situation.
Conclusions: There are high rates of trauma in MMA. The authorities who regulate MMA and referees and physicians who monitor MMA fighters have an inadequate database to guide their work. Researchers need to adopt the same set of complete definitions of all possible injuries and measure the high and early rate of neurological damage. 相似文献
Objective: To assess qualitatively and quantitatively the potential risk for participants to sustain cervical spine and associated soft tissue injuries.
Methods: Four commonly performed manoeuvres with possible risks to the cervical spine were analysed with respect to their kinematics, and biomechanical models were constructed.
Results: Motion analysis of two manoeuvres revealed strong correlations with rear end motor vehicle impact injuries, and kinematics of the remaining two suggested a strong risk of injury. Mathematical models of the biomechanics showed that the forces involved are of the same order as those involved in whiplash injuries and of the same magnitude as compression injuries of the cervical spine.
Conclusions: This study shows that there is a significant risk of whiplash injuries in this sport, and there are no safety regulations to address these concerns.
相似文献At present traditional Martial Arts are very popular over the world. Martial Arts have proven positive effects on mental and physical health. However, practitioners of combat styles suffer from various injuries that can limit training effects and decrease the health benefit.
AimsThis review aimed at analysing the cases, causes, and prevention of the traumas typical for the traditional and modern Martial Arts. The short historical overview was conducted for the main combat styles that originated from China, Korea, and Japan.
MethodsA comprehensive search in the open databases of Web of Science, Pubmed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar was carried out (papers published in English). This review covers 100 publications from peer-reviewed journals.
ResultsThe article analyses the different factors in Martial Arts contributing to the injury risks from historical perspectives. The focus has been made on combat styles that have been recognized by the Olympic Committee and included in the Olympic Games, inclduing Sanda, Taekwondo, Judo, and Karate. Other styles of modern Martial Arts were out of the scope of this review.
ConclusionsDespite the wide application of protective gear and tightening the sparring rules, the practitioners of modern martial arts have been suffering from different types of injuries, including traumas of joints, muscles, inner organs and bone fractures. Regardless of the study design and type of martial art, injuries were more frequently recorded in the area of the head, face and neck. Further studies towards the decrease of the injury rate amongst martial arts practitioners are needed.
相似文献Methods: A one year retrospective cohort was studied using an injury survey. Data on 263 martial arts participants (Shotokan karate, n = 114; aikido, n = 47; tae kwon do, n = 49; kung fu, n = 39; tai chi, n = 14) were analysed. Predictor variables included age, sex, training frequency (3 h/week v >3 h/week), experience (<3 years v 3 years), and martial art style. Outcome measures were injuries requiring time off from training, major injuries (7 days off), multiple injuries (3), body region, and type of injury. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons between styles, with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Results: The rate of injuries, expressed as percentage of participants sustaining an injury that required time off training a year, varied according to style: 59% tae kwon do, 51% aikido, 38% kung fu, 30% karate, and 14% tai chi. There was a threefold increased risk of injury and multiple injury in tae kwon do than karate (p<0.001). Subjects 18 years of age were at greater risk of injury than younger ones (p<0.05; OR 3.95; CI 1.48 to 9.52). Martial artists with at least three years experience were twice as likely to sustain injury than less experienced students (p<0.005; OR 2.46; CI 1.51 to 4.02). Training >3 h/week was also a significant predictor of injury (p<0.05; OR 1.85; CI 1.13 to 3.05). Compared with karate, the risks of head/neck injury, upper extremity injury, and soft tissue injury were all higher in aikido (p<0.005), and the risks of head/neck, groin, and upper and lower extremity injuries were higher in tae kwon do (p<0.001). No sex differences were found for any of the outcomes studied.
Conclusions: There is a higher rate of injury in tae kwon do than Shotokan karate. Different martial arts have significantly different types and distribution of injuries. Martial arts appear to be safe for young athletes, particularly those at beginner or intermediate levels.
相似文献Purpose
To describe the morphofunctional characteristics of elite mixed martial arts athletes.Methods
Eight male Brazilian athletes (aged: 31 ± 5 years; training experience: 5 ± 1 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 82.1 ± 9.6 kg) with national training experience were subjected to anthropometric evaluation to estimate body composition and somatotype, and maximal strength (1 RM) in squat and bench press, abdominal and upper limb endurance, and lower limb power were determined.Results
Body fat levels of 13.4 ± 5.6 %, lean mass levels of 69.6 ± 4.6 %, and mesomorphic component (6.4 ± 0.8) were observed. Athletes performed 42 ± 14 sit-ups and 37 ± 9 push-ups, and remained for 35 ± 10 s in the flexed-arm hang test. Athletes reached 2.19 ± 0.31 m in the horizontal jump test, and obtained absolute 1-RM values of 80 ± 15 kg and 68.5 ± 6.0 kg and relative values of 1.00 ± 0.2 kg/kg and 0.84 ± 0.10 kg/kg in bench press and squat tests, respectively.Conclusion
Results indicate body fat levels in accordance with other studies, high lean body mass, and a predominantly mesomorphic component. Abdominal and upper limb endurance were classified as excellent, while results of the flexed-arm hang test were similar to previous data. Mixed martial arts athletes’ lower limb performance in the horizontal jump was classified as weak. Lower levels of maximal strength were obtained in squat and bench press tests.
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