天然免疫模式识别途径:胞外识别与胞内识别

天然免疫系统通常籍模式识别受体识别病原体相关分子模式.取决于感染的性质,模式识别受体通过细胞外或细胞内途径识别病原体,并传导相应的信号,激活宿主防御应答,消灭入侵病原体.     

肽聚糖识别蛋白

天然免疫系统通过一系列高度保守的模式识别受体识别病原体相关分子模式.肽聚糖识别蛋白家族是重要的模式识别受体,从昆虫到人类均高度保守,可识别肽聚糖和含肽聚糖的细菌,在天然免疫和获得性免疫应答中发挥重要的识别和调节功能.     

097 天然免疫识别的机制与途径

天然免疫系统的诱导性防御机制是由一系列模式识别受体对病原体的识别所启动的。这类受体识别一或几大组病原体所共有的分子模式，不但可发现入侵病原体的存在，而且能够识别其类型，并通过一系列信号途径控制各种免疫反应基因的表达而清除病原体。而天然免疫的抗肿瘤及部分抗病毒反应是一种对自身抗原的识别，所激发的信号途径发挥了免疫监视和防御功能。     

天然免疫识别的机制与途径

天然免疫系统的诱导性防御机制是由一系列模式识别受体对病原体的识别所启动的。这类受体识别一或几大组病原体所共有的分子模式 ,不但可发现入侵病原体的存在 ,而且能够识别其类型 ,并通过一系列信号途径控制各种免疫反应基因的表达而清除病原体。而天然免疫的抗肿瘤及部分抗病毒反应是一种对自身抗原的识别 ,所激发的信号途径发挥了免疫监视和防御功能。     

天然免疫识别的机制与途径

天然免疫系统的诱导性防御机制是由一系列模式识别受体对病原体的识别所启动的。这类受体识别一或几大组病原体所共有的分子模式，不但可发现入侵病原体的存在，而且能够识别其类型，并通过一系列信号途径控制各种免疫反应基因的表达而清除病原体。而天然免疫的抗肿瘤及部分抗病毒反应是一种对自身抗原的识别，所激发的信号途径发挥了免疫监视和防御功能。     

TLR信号通路研究进展

TLR在识别病原体相关分子中起到关键作用,提示其与免疫炎症相关.TLR在天然免疫反应中不仅可以清除病原体,而且可通过识别病原体相关分子过程中有效建立获得性免疫体系.在TLR介导的细胞信号通路中,接头分子TLR/IL-1R结构域对免疫炎症反应起到了重要的作用,它可产生一些前炎症细胞因子如NO、1型干扰素等,并上调共刺激分子表达.现就TLR与其相关配体作用关系及TLR介导的天然免疫激活进行综述.     

Toll 样受体及其信号转导

天然免疫系统作为宿主第一道防线 ,主要在获得性免疫系统被活化前发挥抗感染作用 ,它依赖胚系基因编码的识别系统对病原微生物起反应。其主要作用方式是通过产生抗菌肽或蛋白以及吞噬作用直接破坏入侵的病原体 ,并判定病原体入侵部位和强度 ,调控获得性免疫反应。新近实验资料显示天然免疫识别微生物机制可能主要归功于Ｔｏｌｌ样受体 (Ｔｏｌｌ ｌｉｋｅｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ ,简称ＴＬＲ家族 )。本文对ＴＬＲ家族在机体防御机制中的作用和各种ＴＬＲ对微生物的识别及其信号转导机制的进展作一概述。1　ＴＬＲ家族Ｔｏｌｌ基因最初是在研究果蝇…     

胞浆蛋白NOD1和NOD2在天然免疫中的作用

天然免疫系统存在于所有多细胞动物中，只有脊椎动物同时还具有获得性免疫系统。在微生物感染的早期，天然免疫反应最为快速，能区别“自己”与“非己”。但是病原体种类繁多，结构各异，而由胚系基因编码的识别分子数量有限，相对较少的识别分子较难识别众多的病原体。病原体在漫长的进化过程中保留着高度保守的结构基序，     

天然免疫模式识别途径:胞外识别与胞内识别

天然免疫系统通常籍模式识别受体识别病原体相关分子模式。取决于感染的性质,模式识别受体通过细胞外 或细胞内途径识别病原体,并传导相应的信号,激活宿主防御应答,消灭入侵病原体。     

视黄酸诱导基因1样受体(RLR)识别和调控的研究进展

天然免疫系统通过模式识别受体(PRR)识别病毒、细菌等病原体的病原体相关分子模式(PAMP),进而启动天然免疫反应、帮助机体清除入侵病原体。视黄酸诱导基因1(RIG-1)样受体(RLR)是PRR中具有DEx D/H-box RNA解螺旋酶结构域的一类受体,目前发现的RLR包括视黄酸诱导基因1(RIG-1/DDX58)、黑素瘤分化相关分子5(MDA5/IFIH1)和遗传学和生理学实验室蛋白2(LGP2/DHX58)。它们参与多种机体生理和病理过程,如抗病毒反应、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤,其主要功能是识别病毒的寡聚核糖核苷酸,激活线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白[MAVS(IPS-1/VISA/cardif)]等关键接头分子,最终导致转录因子干扰素诱导因子3(IRF3)和核因子κB(NF-κB)活化,诱导1型干扰素和炎性细胞因子,从而介导宿主抗病毒免疫。本文重点阐述RLR在抗病毒免疫反应中识别RNA机制的研究进展。     

Toll like receptors and autoimmunity: a critical appraisal

There is a constant interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems, which leads to a protective immune response against pathogens and contributes effectively to self-non-self discrimination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, which activate multiple inflammatory pathways and coordinate systemic defense against pathogens. In addition to recognizing unique molecular patterns associated with different classes of pathogens, TLRs may also recognize a number of self proteins and endogenous nucleic acids. Data originating predominantly from animal models of autoimmune disease and circumstantial data from human patients suggest that inappropriate activation of TLR pathways by endogenous or exogenous ligands may lead to the initiation and/or perpetuation of autoimmune responses and tissue injury.     

Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through mammalian Toll-like receptors

An efficient immune response against the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is critically dependent on rapid detection of the invader by the innate immune response and the activation of the adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to innate immunity by the detection of Mycobacteria-associated molecular patterns and mediating the secretion of antibacterial effector molecules. TLRs influence the adaptive immune response by upregulation of immunomodulatory molecules supporting the development of a Th1-biased T cell response. In this manner, activation of TLRs contributes to defense against microbial infection.     

Mechanisms of innate immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptors

The innate immune response is thought to be a rapid and nonclonal host defense. The recent discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and analyses of their physiological roles have established the notion that TLRs play a central role in innate immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that individual TLRs recognize distinct ligands derived from bacterial components to generate specific cellular immune responses. In this review, we delineate the relationships between TLRs and microbial components, the TLR-mediated signaling pathways mainly based on cytoplasmic adaptor molecules containing Toll/interleukin-1R domains, the mechanism of TLR-mediated gene expression, and the involvement of TLRs in septic shock, including up-to-date observations.     

Toll样受体在机体抗病毒免疫反应中的作用

哺乳动物的Toll样受体(TLR)家族具有模式识别受体的功能,其可以识别微生物的保守分子成分,启动机体的固有免疫系统,从而帮助机体清除病原体.利用TLR敲除的动物或细胞模型进行的研究使人们认识到TLR在机体抗病毒免疫反应中发挥着重要作用.病毒与宿主细胞的TLR结合后,通过NF-κB或IRF-3的信号路径激活细胞因子的表达,从而激发免疫应答.研究TLR如何与病原体结合及如何激活下游基因对深入认识病原体所致相关疾病的发病机制、免疫应答及病理生理具有重要的意义,并为病毒性疾病的临床治疗或免疫预防提供新的思路.     

固有免疫中TLR和NOD的研究现状

固有免疫是机体防御感染性疾病的第一道防线.随着模式识别理论的提出和Toll样受体(TLR),细胞质内的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构城(NOD)的发现,为了解机体识别细菌和炎症防御机制方面开阔了视野.了解TLR和NOD的结构、表达、分布和信号途径,相互影响和与疾病的关系以及研究TLR和NOD的意义很重要.     

Toll-like receptors on the fork roads between innate and adaptive immunity

There is a permanent interaction amid the innate and adaptive immune systems that leads to a defensive immune response against pathogens and contributes substantially to self-nonself discrimination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential molecules of the innate immune system that stimulate numerous inflammatory pathways and harmonize systemic defense against a wide array of pathogens. In addition to identifying unique molecular patterns associated with various sections of pathogens, TLRs may also recognize a number of self proteins and endogenous nucleic acids. Several reports have indicated that inappropriate stimulation of the TLR pathway via endogenous or exogenous ligands in animal models or humans may lead to the induction and/or prolongation of autoimmune response and tissue injury.     

The role of Toll-like receptors in host defense against microbial infection

The Toll family of proteins is central to Drosophila host defense against microbial infection. Maintained throughout evolution, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins that participate in innate immunity to bacteria in at least four ways. First, TLRs participate in the recognition of molecular patterns present on microorganisms. Second, TLRs are expressed at the interface with the environment, the site of microbial invasion. Third, activation of TLRs induces expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines that instruct the adaptive immune response. Fourth, activation of TLRs leads to direct antimicrobial effector pathways that can result in elimination of the foreign invader. The recent investigation of TLRs in these areas has provided new insights into mechanisms of innate immunity.     

The complement system,toll-like receptors and inflammasomes in host defense: three musketeers’ one target

The innate immune system-based recognition of the pathogens or their PAMPs initiates the pro-inflammatory immune response required for the maintenance of the homeostasis. The dysregulation of this innate immune response causes several diseases including sepsis, cancer and autoimmunity. However, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors (CRs) and NLRs of inflammasomes regulate both these processes of recognition of pathogens/PAMPs and their clearance. These three major components of the innate immune arm were studied independently/separately for a long time. Various studies have now shown that they work in close association and their crosstalk is required for the pathogen clearance via regulating the process of phagocytosis and mounting the controlled but potent immune response. The loss or inhibition of any of the three components affects the other in a positive/negative manner that can affect the immune process required for efficient host defense. The present review is designed to provide the current information on their evolution like the requirement of TLRs and inflammasomes for pathogen recognition even in the presence of complements system and their interaction during various immunological processes including phagocytosis, autophagy and inflammatory immune response.     

模式识别受体在抗真菌免疫中的作用

真菌感染机体后,通过模式识别作用及细胞内信号传导,启动固有免疫和适应性免疫应答.模式识别作用足抗真菌免疫的始动环节,Toll样受体(TLRs)和树突状细胞相关性C型凝集素-1(Dectin-1)是参与抗真菌免疫的主要模式识别受体(RPP).两者活化后启动机体免疫应答,产生各种细胞因子和趋化因子,并直接诱导巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞吞噬和杀灭病原体.TLRs和Dectin-1的信号传导、抗真菌感染的免疫机制以及两者之间的相互作用等已成为目前研究的热点.     

The role of Toll-like receptors and Nod proteins in bacterial infection

Our understanding of innate immunity in mammals has greatly expanded following the discovery of the family of membrane-bound receptors, called the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). More recently, the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (Nod) molecules, Nod1 and Nod2, which are cytoplasmic surveillance proteins, have also been shown to be involved in the innate immune response. These two classes of detection molecules, classified as "pattern recognition receptors" (PRRs), detect microbial ligands in order to initiate a defense response to fight infectious disease. These microbial ligands or "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs), detected by TLRs and Nods are often structural components of the microorganism that are not subject to much variation. These include such factors as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan from the cell walls of bacteria. In order to understand the role of TLRs and Nod proteins in infectious disease in vivo it is important to define the site of interaction between PRRs and PAMPS. Additionally, the challenge of mice deficient in the various PRRs in natural infection models will help to decipher the contribution of these molecules not only in the innate immune response against pathogen infection but also how these proteins may instruct the adaptive immune response in order to have a tailored immune response against a particular microbe.