Intrajejunal levodopa infusion in Parkinson's disease: A pilot multicenter study of effects on nonmotor symptoms and quality of life

Switching from oral medications to continuous infusion of levodopa/carbidopa gel reduces motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but effects on nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) are unknown. In this prospective open‐label observational study, we report the effects of intrajejunal levodopa/carbidopa gel infusion on NMS in PD based on standard assessments utilizing the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS) along with the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS 3 motor and 4 complications) and quality of life (QoL) using the Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ‐8). Twenty‐two advanced PD patients (mean age 58.6 years, duration of disease 15.3 years) were followed for 6 months. A statistically significant beneficial effect was shown in six of the nine domains of the NMSS: cardiovascular, sleep/fatigue, attention/memory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and miscellaneous (including pain and dribbling) and for the total score of this scale (NMSST) paralleling improvement of motor symptoms (UPDRS 3 motor and 4 complications in “best on” state) and dyskinesias/motor fluctuations. In addition, significant improvements were found using the Parkinson's disease sleep scale (PDSS) and the PDQ‐8 (QoL). The improvement in PDQ‐8 scores correlated highly significantly with the changes in NMSST, whereas a moderately strong correlation was observed with UPDRS changes. This is the first demonstration that a levodopa‐based continuous dopaminergic stimulation is beneficial for NMS and health‐related quality of life in PD in addition to the reduction of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society     

Evaluation of an Arabic version of the non-motor symptoms scale in Parkinson’s disease

Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson Disease (PD) are common and can cause severe disability. They are often under-recognized and remain untreated. Tools to evaluate these symptoms in Arabic-speaking patients are still lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate an Arabic version of the non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS) of PD as an instrument for measuring NMS in Arabic-speaking patients. Sixty-two PD patients clustered around Hoehn & Yahr Stages 2–3 were evaluated by the Arabic version of NMSS. They also underwent a battery of standard psychometric assessment measures that included the scales for outcomes of Parkinson’s disease-autonomic (SCOPA-AUT), the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), the Beck depression inventory, the geriatric depression scale (GDS), the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the visual analogical scale for pain(VAS) and the neuro-psychiatric inventory (NPI). The metric properties of the NMSS were studied as well as its correlation with other standard tests evaluating NMS. The mean NMSS score was 82 ± 56 (skewness 0.88). There were highly significant correlations between the NMSS and the SCOPA-AUT as well as the NMSS and PSQI scores. Significant positive correlations between NMSS and GDS, BECK and VAS were also observed. The sleep/fatigue domain significantly correlated with the PSQI, the cardiovascular/urinary/sexual function/gastrointestinal domains significantly correlated with the SCOPA-AUT, the mood/cognition domain significantly correlated with the GDS and BECK findings. The mean Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.87, showing a satisfactory internal consistency. The Arabic version of NMSS can be considered a comprehensive and reliable measure for non-motor symptoms in Arabic-speaking PD patients.     

帕金森病非运动症状及其治疗的流行病学调查

目的 调查帕金森病(Parkinson’s Disease, PD)非运动症状(Non-motor symptom, NMS)的发生率、严重程度、持续时间、治疗情况及其对生活质量的影响。方法 2014年1月～2016年4月对139例PD患者和87例健康成人(对照组)运用非运动症状评分(Non-Motor Symptoms Scale,NMSS)调查NMS,运用帕金森病生活质量问卷39项(39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire,PDQ-39)评估生活质量,运用Hoehn& Yahr(H-Y)分级评定PD患者运动症状的严重程度,并记录研究对象的一般情况和治疗情况,分析PD患者生活质量的影响因素。结果 98.6%的PD患者存在NMS,平均NMSS总分[(61.46±41.92),(0～208)]。在PD患者中发生率超过50%的NMS依次如下:夜尿、便秘、不宁腿、性欲下降、性功能障碍、失眠、乏力; 平均NMSS≥3分的NMS依次如下:便秘、性欲下降、性功能障碍、乏力、失眠、不宁腿、尿频、夜尿; 平均持续时间≥2年的NMS依次如下:便秘、性欲改变、夜尿、勃起障碍、快速动眼睡眠行为异常(REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire,RBD)、嗅觉障碍。PD患者中通便药、安眠药、抗抑郁药和排尿困难药的使用率分别为47.8%(43/90)、19.7%(13/66)、2.7%(2/74)、2.6%(2/76)。PD患者中通便药使用率显著多于正常人群(P<0.0001),2组安眠药使用率比较无明显差异(P=0.736),对照组无人使用改善情绪和排尿困难的药物。多重线性回归分析发现,调查时年龄、H-Y分级和NMS总分是PD患者日常生活质量的预测因素。结论 NMS几乎见于每例PD患者,自主神经功能紊乱、嗅觉障碍和RBD等NMS可用于辅助PD早期诊断,NMS降低PD患者的生活质量,需要加强对NMS的关注。     

Gender-related differences in the burden of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Differences in the expression of non-motor symptoms (NMS) by Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may have important implications for their management and prognosis. Gender is a basic epidemiological variable that could influence such expression. The present study evaluated the prevalence and severity of NMS by gender in an international sample of 951 PD patients, 62.63% males, using the non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS). Assessments for motor impairment and complications, global severity, and health state were also applied. All disease stages were included. No significant gender differences were found for demographic and clinical characteristics. For the entire sample, the most prevalent symptoms were Nocturia (64.88%) and Fatigue (62.78%) and the most prevalent affected domains were Sleep/Fatigue (84.02%) and Miscellaneous (82.44%). Fatigue, feelings of nervousness, feelings of sadness, constipation, restless legs, and pain were more common and severe in women. On the contrary, daytime sleepiness, dribbling saliva, interest in sex, and problems having sex were more prevalent and severe in men. Regarding the NMSS domains, Mood/Apathy and Miscellaneous problems (pain, loss of taste or smell, weight change, and excessive sweating) were predominantly affected in women and Sexual dysfunction in men. No other significant differences by gender were observed. To conclude, in this study significant differences between men and women in prevalence and severity of fatigue, mood, sexual and digestive problems, pain, restless legs, and daytime sleepiness were found. Gender-related patterns of NMS involvement may be relevant for clinical trials in PD.     

Nonmotor symptoms are independently associated with impaired health‐related quality of life in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease

We performed a cross‐sectional study of 82 Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) enrolled during an 18‐month period using a clinical interview to assess the prevalence of nonmotor symptoms (NMS), the association with disease severity and motor status, and the impact on patients' health‐related quality of life (Hr‐QoL). The patients' NMS, Hr‐QoL, disease severity, and motor status were assessed by the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), the 39‐item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐39), the modified Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS III), respectively. We found that 100% of patients with PD presented with NMS. The NMSS significantly correlated with disease duration (Spearman's r_S = 0.276, P = 0.012), H&Y (r_S = 0.230, P = 0.038), and UPDRS III (r_S = 0.350, P = 0.001). Similarly, the PDQ‐39 SI significantly associated with the disease duration (r_S = 0.258, P = 0.019), H&Y (r_S = 0.340, P = 0.002), and UPDRS III (r_S = 0.453, P < 0.001). NMS domains that influenced the PDQ‐39 SI were sleep/fatigue, mood, gastrointestinal, urinary, and miscellaneous symptoms. This strongly suggested that the five domains played a key role in the manifestation of Hr‐QoL. NMSS explains more of the variability in Hr‐QoL than UPDRS III, when both are the model (stepwise multiple linear regression analysis R² change, 47.8% vs. 5.87%, respectively). Therefore, these findings demonstrate that NMS are independently and negatively associated with Hr‐QoL in PD and that improving NMS should be viewed as an important part in the management of PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society     

Validation of the Italian version of the Non Motor Symptoms Scale for Parkinson's disease

ObjectiveTo validate the adapted Italian version of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), a tool to assess non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsA cross cultural adaptation of the NMSS into Italian and a psychometric analysis of the translated version of the NMSS was carried out in patients with PD from two university centres–affiliated hospitals. The quality of data and the acceptability, reliability and construct validity of NMSS were analyzed. The following standard scales were also applied: Hoehn and Yahr staging, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Beck Depression Inventory, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Autonomic Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease-Motor, Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part I and Modified Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS). Levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) was calculated.ResultsSeventy-one patients with PD were assessed (mean age years 69.8 ± 9.6 SD; 31% women; mean length of disease 6.3 ± 4.6 years; H&Y median: 2). Mean NMSS was 39.76 (SD 31.9; skewness 0.95). The total score of NMSS was free of floor or ceiling effects and showed a satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient on total score was 0.72 [range for domains: 0.64–0.73], SEM value was 3.88 [½ SD = 31.90]). Significant positive correlations were found among total NMSS and other NMS standard tests, but no significant correlation appeared with UPDRS part III, CIRS and LEDD.ConclusionsThe Italian NMSS is a comprehensive and helpful measure for NMS in native Italian patients with PD.     

帕金森病与疲劳

目的探讨异质性帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者出现疲劳的临床特征及疲劳与运动及非运动症状的关联,明确症状的归属,以期寻找缓解症状的治疗方法。方法连续收集2014-04-2016-06就诊于广州市第一人民医院神经科运动障碍疾病门诊及住院的144例PD患者的病历资料,按帕金森病异质分组原则分组,全部患者采用疲劳严重程度(fatigue severity scale,FSS)和疲劳量表(fatigue scale,FS-14)评价疲劳,同时完成PD运动症状(motor symptoms,MS)、非运动症状(nomotor symptoms,NMS)、日常生活能力及质量相关的量表分析。结果 144例PD患者中,有疲劳症状60例(41.47%),疲劳组中早期PD且无其他NMS症状10例。异质性帕金森病不同组别比较显示强直为主型、女性及中晚期PD患者发生疲劳机会增加。单因素分析示,PD患者年龄、病程、H-Y分级、运动症状评分(UPDRS评分Ⅲ(R)、UPDRS评分Ⅲ总分)及UPDRSⅣ部分得分疲劳组得分均高于非疲劳组;非运动症状评分(NMSS)提示,疲劳组患者的NMS出现程度及频率均较非疲劳组严重,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);疲劳组精神情绪总体状况(UPDRSⅠ)、抑郁(HAMD)、焦虑(HAMA)、白天嗜睡(ESS)均明显高于非疲劳组;MMSE评分证实2组患者智能正常,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但疲劳组较非疲劳组MMSE得分有下降趋势;疲劳组日常生活动能力(UPDRSⅡ)和生活质量PDQ39评分均显著高于非疲劳组,英格兰日常生活能力量表Schwab显著低于非疲劳组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析,NMSS程度、焦虑、抑郁评分与疲劳显著相关。结论 PD患者疲劳的发生率高;异质性帕金森病发生疲劳几率不同;单因素分析疲劳组PD患者病程更长,运动症状及病情更严重,NMS更多、更重,生活质量更差;NMSS的程度、焦虑、抑郁是导致疲劳的主要原因;部分疲劳组患者的疲劳发生与MS及NMS无关,提示疲劳可能是PD病程中的独立的非运动症状之一。     

Quantitation of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Background:  Disabling non-motor symptoms (NMS) associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), such as dementia and loss of balance, do not respond well to levodopa therapy and can lead to eventual death in patients with the disease. In 2006, a multidisciplinary group of experts and patient representatives developed an NMS screening questionnaire (NMSQuest) and a unified Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) to address the need for simple identification and comprehensive assessment of NMS in patients with PD.
Methods and Results:  An international pilot study of 96 healthy controls and 123 patients with various stages of treated and untreated PD was conducted to demonstrate that the NMSQuest is a feasible, valid, and accepted tool.
Conclusion:  The majority of patients and caregivers felt that the questionnaire was clear and relevant to their daily lives. Data from 242 PD patients with no dementia were analysed in a pilot study on the clinimetric validation of NMSS. Similar to the NMSQuest study, the NMSS study revealed a significant correlation between progression of PD and increasing NMS burden. These studies suggest that the NMSQuest accurately detects the NMS, and that the NMSS closely correlates with quality of life for PD patients.     

Nonmotor symptoms more closely related to Parkinson's disease: Comparison with normal elderly

Nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) commonly occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study sought to explore the domains of NMSs that are more closely related to PD using nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS), through a quantitative comparison of NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores of PD patients with normal controls, and clinical implications. We performed a prospective case–control study on PD patients (n = 131) and age- and gender-matched normal controls (n = 129). We compared NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores of the PD patients with those of normal controls, and obtained the ratio to identify the domains that were more closely related to PD than normal aging using the NMSS. NMSs are very common among normal elderly as well as PD patients. The domains with the highest ratio of NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores between the patient and control groups were the miscellaneous, perceptual problems/hallucinations, and sexual function. These three domains were found to be most closely related to PD. NMSs with higher prevalence in PD patients do not always relate more to PD. As NMSs in PD can also commonly occur among the normal elderly, the NMS prevalence should be interpreted with extreme caution. To properly manage the NMSs in PD, it should be kept in mind that avoiding the overestimation of NMSs as part of PD is as important as their early recognition in PD.     

Prevalence of non motor features in a cohort of Parkinson's disease patients

Background

There is a lack of awareness among physicians of the considerable disability caused by non-motor symptoms (NMS) in PD. The aim of this work is to estimate the prevalence of NMS in a series of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Materials and methods

We studied 112 patients with Parkinson's disease. Motor symptoms were scored on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III and the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Scale. Other symptoms were quantified with the Non-Motor Symptom Questionnaire and Scale (NMSQuest and NMSS) as well as Minimental State Examination (MNSE).

Results

Analysis of the data from the NMSS showed that mood/cognition was the most commonly affected domain (prevalence rate = 87.5%), followed by sleep disturbance/fatigue second (78.6%). However, all other non-motor symptoms scored highly: gastrointestinal and urinary (76.8% for both), sexual dysfunction (73%), cardiovascular (70.5%) with significantly higher percentage in predominantly akinetic/rigid patients. Perceptual problems/hallucinations (9.9%) were infrequent in this population. Dementia was recorded in 22.3% of patients, most of them having a mild degree of dementia. UPDRS scores were correlated with total scores in both NMSQuest and NMSS.

Conclusions

Mood/cognition, sleep disorders, GIT, and sexual disorders were common non motor manifestations in this population of PD patients.     

The KMDS-NATION Study: Korean Movement Disorders Society Multicenter Assessment of Non-Motor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease NATION Study Group

MethodsWe surveyed patients in 37 movement-disorders clinics throughout Korea. In total, 323 PD patients were recruited for assessment of disease severity and duration, NMS, HrQoL, and other clinical variables including demographics, cognition, sleep scale, fatigability, and symptoms.ResultsIn total, 98.1% of enrolled PD subjects suffered from various kinds of NMS. The prevalence of NMS and scores in each NMS domain were significantly higher in the PD group, and the NMS worsened as the disease progressed. Among clinical variables, disease duration and depressive mood showed significant correlations with all NMS domains (p<0.001). NMS status impacted HrQoL in PD (rS=0.329, p<0.01), and the association patterns differed with the disease stage.ConclusionsThe results of our survey suggest that NMS in PD are not simply isolated symptoms of degenerative disease, but rather exert significant influences throughout the disease course. A novel clinical approach focused on NMS to develop tailored management strategies is warranted to improve the HrQoL in PD patients.     

Gender and onset age-related features of non-motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease – A study from Southwest China

BackgroundNon-motor symptom (NMS) differences between male Parkinson's disease (PD) and female PD, and between early-onset PD (EOPD) and late-onset PD (LOPD) in Chinese populations remain largely unknown.MethodsA total of 522 PD patients from Southwest China were included. Patients were assessed using the Non-Motor Symptom Scale (NMSS) and Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS).ResultsMore NMS and significantly higher NMSS score were found in LOPD patients than in EOPD patients (9.3 ± 5.9 vs. 7.7 ± 5.6, P = 0.005; 37.4 ± 32.2 vs. 30.5 ± 28.9, P = 0.018), while no such differences were found between male and female patients. The NMS of gastrointestinal and urinary domains were more common in LOPD patients than in EOPD patients, whereas sexual dysfunction was more common in EOPD than in LOPD. The sleep/fatigue domain, the mood/apathy domain and “pain” symptoms were more prevalent and severe in female patients than in male patients while urinary symptoms were more common and severe in male patients. Significant positive correlations were observed between disease duration, Hoehn & Yahr stage, UPDRS Ⅲ, and NMSS score in the total sample, subgroups of both male and female patients as well as both EOPD and LOPD patients.ConclusionsNMS are common in the Chinese PD population. LOPD patients are likely to present with more and severe NMS than EOPD patients. Males are subjected to urinary symptoms and females are subjected to mood/apathy, sleep and pain symptoms.     

The Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson’s disease: Validation and use

The Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) was developed and validated in 2007 as the first instrument for the comprehensive assessment of a range of non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Thirteen years have elapsed since its introduction and extensive international validation with good psychometric attributes has been carried out. Here, we review the validation data of the NMSS and its cross‐validity with other scales, and describe the key evidence derived from use of the NMSS in clinical studies. To date, over 100 clinical studies and trials have made use of it as an outcome measure, showing consistent and strong correlations between NMSS burden and health‐related quality of life measures. Moreover, the scale has shown to be capable of detecting longitudinal changes in non‐motor symptoms, where studies have shown differential changes over time of several of the NMSS domains. The scale has become a key outcome in several randomized clinical trials. Highlighting the prevalence and importance of non‐motor symptoms to quality of life in patients with PD, the development of NMSS has also been useful in signposting clinical and biomarker based research addressing non‐motor symptoms in PD.     

Beneficial nonmotor effects of subthalamic and pallidal neurostimulation in Parkinson’s disease

BackgroundSubthalamic (STN) and pallidal (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) improve quality of life, motor, and nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, few studies have compared their nonmotor effects.ObjectiveTo compare nonmotor effects of STN-DBS and GPi-DBS.MethodsIn this prospective, observational, multicenter study including 60 PD patients undergoing bilateral STN-DBS (n = 40) or GPi-DBS (n = 20), we examined PDQuestionnaire (PDQ), NMSScale (NMSS), Unified PD Rating Scale-activities of daily living, -motor impairment, -complications (UPDRS-II, –III, -IV), Hoehn&Yahr, Schwab&England Scale, and levodopa-equivalent daily dose (LEDD) preoperatively and at 6-month follow-up. Intra-group changes at follow-up were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank or paired t-test, if parametric tests were applicable, and corrected for multiple comparisons. Inter-group differences were explored with Mann-Whitney-U/unpaired t-tests. Analyses were performed before and after propensity score matching which balanced out demographic and preoperative clinical characteristics. Strength of clinical changes was assessed with effect size.ResultsIn both groups, PDQ, UPDRS-II, -IV, Schwab&England Scale, and NMSS improved significantly at follow-up. STN-DBS was significantly better for LEDD reduction, GPi-DBS for UPDRS-IV. While NMSS total score outcomes were similar, explorative NMSS domain analyses revealed distinct profiles: Both targets improved sleep/fatigue and mood/cognition, but only STN-DBS the miscellaneous (pain/olfaction) and attention/memory and only GPi-DBS cardiovascular and sexual function domains.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to report distinct patterns of beneficial nonmotor effects of STN-DBS and GPi-DBS in PD. This study highlights the importance of NMS assessments to tailor DBS target choices to patients’ individual motor and nonmotor profiles.     

帕金森病初诊患者的非运动症状特点及其性别差异

目的 探讨初诊帕金森病(PD)患者非运动症状(NMS)的特点及其性别差异.方法 选取首次就诊的PD患者203例(男性102例,女性101例)及正常对照者255例(男性110例,女性145例),收集入组对象的临床资料并采用简易智能评估量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔...     

Prevalence of non-motor symptoms in young-onset versus late-onset Parkinson’s disease

Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have only recently been increasingly recognized for their impact on a patient’s quality of life. In this study, we applied the validated, comprehensive self-completed NMS questionnaire for PD (NMS Quest) to 101 patients with young-onset PD (onset between 21 and 45 years, YOPD) and 107 patients with late-onset PD (onset of PD ≥ 55 years, LOPD). The mean total NMS (NMSQ-T) was 11.9 ± 6.0 (range: 0 to of a maximum of 26) in LOPD and 7.7 ± 5.8 (range: 0 to of a maximum of 26) in YOPD (p < 0.05). Compared to YOPD, dribbling of saliva, loss of taste/smell, nocturia, forgetfulness, loss of interest, hallucinations, lack of concentration, anxiety, change in libido and difficulty in sexual activities, were significantly more prevalent in LOPD. The only NMS more prevalent in YOPD were restless legs and sweating, although such findings might be associated with drug effects. Among the nine NMS Quest domains, in both LOPD and YOPD patients the three most prevalent domains were depression/anxiety, urinary and sexual. Also, in both groups, hallucinations/delusions had the lowest frequency. In the multivariate linear regression model, the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage of the disease and activities of daily living scores in YOPD patients, while only the HY stage in LOPD patients appeared to be statistically significant predictors of increasing number of NMS. In contrast to a previous suggestion that YOPD patients might have an increased risk for NMS, we found a higher prevalence of NMS in LOPD patients than in those with YOPD.     

Independent validation of the Non motor Symptoms Scale for Parkinson's disease in Brazilian patients

ObjectiveIndependent validation of the Non motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson's disease (NMSS) based on a cross-culturally adapted Brazilian version.MethodsParkinson's disease (PD) patients were evaluated by means of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease-Motor (SCOPA-M), Autonomic, Cognition, and Psychosis; Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y); Berg Balance Scale; PD Sleep Scale; Clinical Impression of Severity Index for PD (CISI-PD); PDQ-39; and EQ-5D. The following clinimetric attributes were explored for the NMSS: acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability, construct validity, and precision.Results150 patients were assessed (mean age 63.1 years; 56.7% males; mean duration of illness 8.7 years; HY median: 2). Mean NMSS was 48.9 (SD 36.3; median 42; skewness 1.3). Neither floor nor ceiling effect was observed on the NMSS total score. For domains, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.40 to 0.82. The NMSS total score correlated significantly with SCOPA-AUT (r_S = 0.65) and with those scales measuring related constructs (r_S = 0.46–0.57). NMSS significantly increased as the H&Y stage increased (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.0001). These values were quite close to those from the original validation studies.ConclusionsThe NMSS is a reliable and valid measure to evaluate non motor symptoms in Brazilian PD patients.     

Susceptibility to neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine susceptibility to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in patients with PD in relation to central monoamine metabolism. METHODS: CSF levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyletilene glycol (MHPG), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were assayed in 98 PD patients (mean age, 77.2 years), including 11 patients with a prior NMS-like episode, by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: Patients with a previous NMS-like episode had worse parkinsonian disability as measured by Hoehn & Yahr scale (3.7 +/- 0.8 versus 3.0 +/- 1.1; p = 0.038) and lower CSF HVA levels (20.9 +/- 17.3 versus 44.7 +/- 22.2 ng/mL; p = 0.001) compared to those without, despite similar age, disease duration, and daily dosages of antiparkinsonian drugs between groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the CSF HVA level (p = 0.008), but not 5-HIAA level (p = 0.621), was significantly and independently related to NMS, and that the MHPG level (p = 0.070) was tendentially associated with the disorder. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) corresponding to 10 ng/mL increment in CSF HVA, MHPG, and 5-HIAA levels were 0.30 (0.13 to 0.73), 4.03 (0.89 to 18.2) and 1.29 (0.47 to 3.58), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Central dopaminergic and possible noradrenergic activity contributes to NMS development in an elderly population of PD patients. Measuring CSF levels of monoamine metabolites may provide a means for identifying NMS susceptibility in PD patients.     

帕金森病非运动症状研究现状

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种中枢神经系统退行性病变,临床上通常以静止性震颤、运动迟缓、齿轮样肌僵直、姿势反射障碍等运动障碍为主要临床表现。一直以来针对帕金森病的治疗方案是以改善患者的运动症状为主要目标,但PD患者通常还会出现感觉障碍(疼痛等)、睡眠障碍(日间过度睡眠等)、自主神经功能异常及精神神经症状(抑郁、躁狂及情感障碍)等,称之为非运动症状(non-motor symptoms,NMS)。有资料显示PD的某些非运动症状与年龄、疾病的严重程度密切相关,对患者生活质量的影响较运动症状更加明显。一些非运动症状,如嗅觉障碍、便秘、抑郁、快速眼动期睡眠行为紊乱(RBD)等,可在疾病早期甚至运动症状出现之前出现,可能对PD的早期诊断有所帮助。非运动症状对患者造成的负担可远远超过运动障碍对患者日常生活和幸福感的影响,深入了解非运动症状,对于PD的预防、治疗及远期预后具有积极意义。本文总结近年来文献并以上述非运动症状的病理、常见临床表现、常用的临床评估及治疗方案为阐述架构,展现近年来PDNMS的研究进展。为了提供一种可以量化的工具,研究者还发明了非运动症状评价量表(NMSS)作为PD非运动症状的临床评价,对严重程度和发作频率进行评估,包含9个方面:心血管、睡眠/疲劳、情绪/认知、感知障碍、注意力/记忆、胃肠道症状、泌尿系统症状、性功能及混合症状,可为临床评价非运动症状的严重程度及治疗提供帮助。     

Psychometric properties of the SCOPA‐AUT Brazilian Portuguese version

Cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease‐Autonomic questionnaire (SCOPA‐AUT) Brazilian Portuguese version. 150 consecutive Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were evaluated by means of the SCOPA‐motor scale (SCOPA‐M), SCOPA‐cognition (SCOPA‐COG), Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y), nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS), PD questionnaire (PDQ‐39), and SCOPA‐AUT. The following psychometric attributes were explored: acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability, precision, and construct validity. Patients' age (mean ± standard deviation) was 63.1 ± 11.1 years (56.7% men; duration of disease, 8.7 ± 5.3 years; median H&Y, 2). Mean SCOPA‐AUT was 23.0 ± 11.2. SCOPA‐AUT did not show floor or ceiling effect. As a whole, the SCOPA‐AUT item‐domain correlation was satisfactory, except for items 2 (Saliva), 7 (Faecal incontinence), 16 (Syncope), and 19 (Cold intolerance) (|r_S| = 0.03–0.32). Internal consistency was adequate, except for thermoregulatory and cardiovascular domains (alpha coefficients, 0.56 and 0.63, respectively). Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score was 0.71, whereas weighted kappa for individual items ranged from 0.15 to 0.71 (only items 4 and 7 were <0.40). Standard error of measurement was 6.04. The SCOPA‐AUT total score correlated closely with the NMSS total score (r_S = 0.65) and PDQ‐39 Summary Index (r_S = 0.61) and at a moderate level with H&Y staging (r_S = 0.35) and SCOPA‐MS total score (r_S = 0.39) (all r_S values, P < 0.0001). Correlation of SCOPA‐AUT with SCOPA‐COG was weak. SCOPA‐AUT significantly increased as the H&Y stage increased (Kruskal‐Wallis, P < 0.0001). The SCOPA‐AUT Brazilian Portuguese version is an acceptable, reliable, and valid questionnaire to evaluate autonomic dysfunction in PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society