18FDG-PET/MR观察宫颈鳞状细胞癌ADC值与SUV的相关性

目的 应用¹⁸FDG-PET/MR一体机观察宫颈鳞状细胞癌ADC值与FDG-PET标准化摄取值（SUV）的相关性。方法 对30例宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者行盆腔PET/MR检查。采用随机自带软件,利用轴位像对PET图像、ADC图及T2WI进行自动配准,并在同一层面勾画ROI,测量感兴趣体积（VOI）内肿瘤最大SUV（SUV_max）和平均SUV（SUV_mean）、最小ADC值（ADC_min）和平均ADC值（ADC_mean）。结果 30例宫颈鳞状细胞癌的ADC_min与SUV_max、ADC_min与SUV_mean、ADC_mean与SUV_max、ADC_mean与SUV_mean均无明显相关性;中-高分化和低分化宫颈鳞状细胞癌的上述ADC和SUV指标间亦无明显相关性。中-高分化与低分化宫颈鳞状细胞癌ADC_min差异有统计学意义（t=-2.06,P=0.049）。结论 ADC和SUV是诊断宫颈鳞状细胞癌的相互独立的指标。恶性程度分级评价中,ADC可能较SUV敏感。     

月 经 状 态 对 不 同 病 理 类 型 宫 颈 癌 表 观 弥 散 系 数 值 的 影 响

目的 观察月经状态对不同病理类型宫颈癌表观弥散系数（ADC）值的影响。方法 回顾性分析352例经病理证实的宫颈癌患者的MRI及DWI资料，其中317例鳞癌和35例腺癌；177例未绝经，175例已绝经。于ADC图像宫颈癌病灶最大层面测量并记录病灶的ADC最大值（ADC_max）、最小值（ADC_min）和平均值（ADC_mean）。比较宫颈鳞癌与腺癌ADC值差异、绝经与未绝经患者宫颈鳞癌和腺癌ADC值差异；分别比较宫颈鳞癌及腺癌中绝经与未绝经患者ADC值差异。结果 宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean和ADC_min均低于腺癌（t=-2.05，-2.28，P均<0.05）。未绝经患者中，宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean和ADC_min均低于腺癌（t=-4.40，-5.40，P均<0.05）；而绝经患者中，宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean、ADC_min和ADC_max均与腺癌差异无统计学意义（t=0.82，1.57，0.45，P均>0.05）。宫颈鳞癌及腺癌中，未绝经患者的ADC_mean、ADC_max和ADC_min均高于绝经患者（t=-3.96，-2.53，-2.78及t=-3.71，-1.15，-5.01，P均<0.05）。结论 不同病理类型宫颈癌的ADC值不同，且受患者月经状态影响；未绝经患者中腺癌的ADC值高于鳞癌，绝经患者中腺癌ADC值与鳞癌相仿。未绝经患者宫颈癌病灶ADC值均高于绝经患者。     

酰胺质子转移成像和扩散加权成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 观察MR酰胺质子转移成像（APTWI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值，并分析不同参数间的相关性。方法 对65例乳腺病变患者行APTWI及DWI，测量并比较乳腺良恶性病变间平均ADC（ADC_mean）、最小ADC（ADC_min）及非对称磁化转移率[MTRasym（3.5 ppm）]值的差异；采用ROC曲线评估各参数鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能，并分析良恶性病变中各参数间的相关性。结果 共70个病灶纳入研究，包括32个良性（良性组）和38个恶性病灶（恶性组）。良性组ADC_mean、ADC_min及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值均高于恶性组（t=－5.63、－5.94、－0.24，P均<0.05）；ADC_min、ADC_mean及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.850、0.827及0.729（P均<0.01）；ADC_min的AUC大于MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值（Z=1.990，P=0.046），其余各参数AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。恶性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_mean（r=－0.325，P=0.046）和ADC_min值（r=－0.384，P=0.017）均呈负相关；良性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_min值呈负相关（r=－0.357，P=0.045）。结论 APTWI及DWI均可用于鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变；相比DWI，APTWI的诊断效能有待进一步提高。     

海马硬化患者海马ADC值与海马体积及磁共振波谱的相关性

目的 探讨海马硬化(HS)患者的海马表观扩散系数(ADC)值与海马体积及磁共振波谱的相关性,并评价ADC值在HS诊断中的价值。方法 对13例单侧颞叶癫痫HS患者(HS组)和20名健康志愿者(正常对照组)行常规MR及磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)检查,并对HS患者进行海马体积测量和磁共振波谱(MRS)检查,计算双侧海马的ADC值、标准化体积、N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/(胆碱+肌酸) 及不对称指数(AI,包括AI_ADC、AI_VOLUME及AI_MRS),评价海马ADC值与体积、磁共振波谱、患者发病年龄和病程间的相关性。结果 HS组患侧海马ADC值显著高于健侧海马及正常对照组(P均<0.001),且HS组海马AI_ADC显著高于正常对照组(P<0.001)。HS组患侧海马ADC值与海马体积之间存在相关性(r=-0.854,P<0.001),患者海马AI_ADC与AI_VOLUME之间也存在显著相关性(r=0.611,P<0.05)。HS组海马AI_ADC与病程长短存在显著正相关(r=0.676,P<0.05)。结论 测量海马ADC值有助于HS的术前诊断。HS患者海马的ADC值与海马体积及病程显著相关。     

Glut1与Ki-67在结直肠癌中的表达及其与18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax的相关性

目的 探讨葡萄糖转运蛋白1(Glut1)与细胞增殖抗原标记物Ki-67在结直肠癌(CRC)中的表达及其与¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)的关系。 方法 对33例经术后病理证实的CRC患者术前进行全身PET/CT检查,记录病灶的SUV_max,用免疫组化方法分析Glut1、Ki-67表达,并与SUV_max进行对比分析。 结果 Glut1和Ki-67在CRC中的表达均高于正常组织(t=－4.22、－3.04,P均<0.05)。Glut1在CRC中的阳性表达率显著高于正常组织(χ²=18.94,P<0.05),在低分化CRC中的阳性表达率(5/7,71.42%)高于中-低分化(1/3,33.33%)和中分化(16/23,69.57%)CRC。CRC的 SUV_max与Glut1的表达存在相关性(r=0.63,P<0.05),与Ki-67无相关性(r=0.24,P=0.36)。不同分化程度CRC的SUV_max之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.54,P=0.59);不同肉眼大体分型CRC的 SUV_max之间差异无统计学意义(t=－0.07, P=0.95)。 结论 Ki-67可反映CRC细胞的增殖状态;CRC的SUV_max可反映CRC组织中Glut1的表达水平。     

扩散加权成像ADC值评价强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节炎症活动

目的 探讨利用DWI ADC值对AS患者骶髂关节炎症活动进行量化评价的可行性。方法 将22例AS患者根据AS病情活动指数(BASDAI)评分分为静止组(<4分,n=8)及活动组(≥4分,n=14)。另选18名健康志愿者作为正常对照组。对3组均行骶髂关节MR检查,获得各组骶髂关节骨性关节面下及L5椎体骨髓的ADC值(ADC_SIJ值、ADC_L5值)及骶髂关节的相对ADC值(rADC_SIJ值)。对静止组及活动组于MR检查前行C反应蛋白(CRP)及血沉(ESR)检查,并进行统计学分析。结果 静止组与正常对照组间ADC_SIJ值、rADC_SIJ值差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。活动组与静止组及正常对照组间ADC_SIJ值、rADC_SIJ值差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。3组间ADC_L5值差异均无统计学意义。AS患者ADC_SIJ值、rADC_SIJ值与临床BASDAI评分、ESR及CRP均呈正相关(P均<0.05)。结论 DWI ADC值有助于临床辅助诊断活动期AS并判断骶髂关节炎症活动程度。     

DWI鉴别子宫癌肉瘤与Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌

目的 探讨ADC值及DWI相对信号强度（rSI）鉴别诊断子宫癌肉瘤与Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌的价值。方法 经手术病理证实的13例子宫癌肉瘤和23例Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌患者均接受常规MRI及DWI扫描,测量并比较2种肿瘤的平均ADC值（ADC_mean）、最小ADC值（ADC_min）及rSI。结果 子宫癌肉瘤rSI（8.20±1.77）高于Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌（6.95±2.19,P=0.04）。以rSI=7.42为临界值,rSI鉴别诊断子宫癌肉瘤与Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌的ROC曲线下面积为0.71（P<0.05）,敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为69.23%、60.87%和61.11%。子宫癌肉瘤与Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌间ADC_mean和ADC_min差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 ADC值鉴别诊断子宫癌肉瘤与Ⅰ级子宫内膜样腺癌的价值有限,DWI的rSI有助于鉴别。     

PET/CT超级迭代技术诊断孤立性肺结节

目的 观察PET/CT超级迭代技术诊断良、恶性孤立性肺结节(SPN)、评估肿瘤侵袭程度及Ki-67表达的价值。方法 纳入53例经病理确诊并接受PET/CT检查的恶性SPN患者(恶性组)及53例良性SPN患者(良性组),采用超级迭代技术获取病灶最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)及平均标准摄取值(SUV_mean),以受试者工作特征曲线分析PET/CT参数判断良、恶性SPN的价值;比较不同侵袭程度及表达Ki-67情况的恶性SPN PET/CT参数差异,以Spearman相关性分析评价PET/CT参数与恶性SPN侵袭程度及Ki-67表达的相关性。结果 PET/CT超级迭代技术显示恶性组SUV_max、SUV_mean均高于良性组(P均＜0.05)。以SUV_max、SUV_mean判断良恶性SPN的曲线下面积分别为0.738、0.847。随着肿瘤侵袭程度增加,恶性SPN的SUV_max、SUV_mean均呈升高趋势(P均＜0.001)。Ki-67阳性SPN的SUV_max、SUV_mean均高于阴性者(P均＜0.05)。恶性SPN的SUV_max、SUV_mean与其侵袭程度、Ki-67表达均呈正相关(r=0.340~0.452,P均＜0.001)。结论 PET/CT超级迭代技术所获SUV_max、SUV_mean与恶性SPN侵袭程度及Ki-67表达具有一定相关性,可用于判断良、恶性SPN。     

基于PET图像纹理分析食管癌18F-FDG摄取异质性

目的 提取食管癌原发灶PET图像纹理特征,并量化肿瘤¹⁸F-FDG摄取异质性,探讨食管癌¹⁸F-FDG摄取异质性与最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)及病理参数的关系。 方法 回顾性分析30例术前接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT全身扫描的食管癌患者。应用Matlab 7.6软件计算食管癌原发灶PET图像纹理参数(对比度、相关性、熵、能量),分析各纹理参数与SUV_max、肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度及淋巴结转移情况的相关性。 结果 食管癌原发灶纹理参数均与SUV_max相关,分别与对比度、熵呈正相关(r=0.537,P=0.002;r=0.434,P=0.017),与相关性、能量呈负相关(r=-0.471,P=0.009; r=-0.450,P=0.012);在不同浸润深度和淋巴结转移情况下,纹理参数熵和能量的组间差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),并分别与熵呈正相关(r_s=0.574,P=0.001;r_s=0.366,P=0.047),与能量呈负相关(r_s=-0.428,P=0.018;r_s=-0.436,P=0.016)。各代谢参数与食管癌分化程度无相关性。 结论 纹理参数可量化¹⁸F-FDG摄取异质性,提供能反映肿瘤生物学特征的丰富影像学信息。     

非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的DWI及动态增强MR表现

目的 探讨非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤(MB)的DWI及动态增强MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析23例经病理证实的非小脑蚓部MB患者的DWI及动态增强MR图像。分别测量病灶ADC值(ADC_MB)和相同层面脑白质ADC值(ADC_白质),获取时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)。计算并比较各类型TIC的达峰时间(T_max)、增强峰值(EP)、最大对比增强率(MCER)。结果 MB的DWI均呈相对高信号,ADC呈相对低信号。TIC曲线类型为流入型4例(4/23,17.39%),平台型19例(19/23,82.61%)。流入型T_max为(112.33±8.33)s,平台型T_max为(81.18±13.12)s,差异有统计学意义(t=3.84,P=0.02)。结论 DWI和动态增强MRI对诊断非小脑蚓部MB有重要临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。