诱导实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力耐受性的机制初步探讨

目的:探讨鼻腔耐受和Wistar大鼠对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)耐受的机制。方法:TdR掺入和酶联免疫斑点法。结果:免疫后第3、5、7周EAMG大鼠月国窝和腹股沟淋巴结(PILN)中乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)特异的淋巴细胞增生反应(LPR)刺激指数比鼻腔耐受大鼠高,第7周比Wistar大鼠高(P＜0.05)。免疫后第5、7周EAMG大鼠PILN中AChR反应性γ干扰素分泌细胞数比鼻腔耐受大鼠和Wistar大鼠高(P＜0.05)。结论:EAMG发生时淋巴细胞对AChR的免疫应答增强,分泌IFN-γ的Th1样细胞增多。EAMG耐受时,淋巴细胞对AChR的免疫应答降低,分泌IFN-γ的Th1样细胞受抑制。     

腹腔注射卵清白蛋白致大鼠内脏高敏感的实验研究

目的　研究腹腔注射卵清白蛋白致大鼠内脏高敏感与肥大细胞功能的关联。方法　腹腔注射鸡卵清白蛋白使大鼠内脏致敏 ,分别在给药 3天及 2周后用特殊染色法观察结肠肥大细胞的形态学改变。用腹部撤离反射 (Ab dominalwithdrawalreflex ,AWR)评估致敏大鼠对直肠扩张刺激的内脏感觉改变。结果　甲苯胺蓝染色法显示 ,致敏大鼠肠黏膜固有层和正常对照组比较 5 5 9± 1 5 8vs 2 0 6±0 70 ,6 88± 1 5 4vs 2 4 7± 0 6 4,6 0 6± 1 5 6vs3 5 3± 0 91(均为P <0 0 1)。阿尔辛蓝 -藏红染色法显示 ,给药 3天及对照组肠系膜肥大细胞内主要…     

实验性重症肌无力大鼠模型的建立及巨噬细胞在发病机制中的作用探讨

目的探讨早期重症肌无力发病机理中巨噬细胞的作用及巨噬细胞相关的细胞因子和趋化因子的变化。方法用原位杂交探索在EAMG动物模型靶器官肌肉组织中细胞因子和趋化因子mRNA的表达。采用原位杂交和免疫细胞化学染色双染技术,检测在Lewis大鼠EAMG早期,巨噬细胞浸润和程序性细胞凋亡。结果在EAMG早期观察在7和12天的EAMG大鼠肌肉组织中可见TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6mRNA的表达细胞瞬时爆发,其峰值分别是(8.7±2.2)、(13.1±1.2)和(6.9±2.4)cells/mm2。第15天TNF-αmRNA的表达细胞数量再一次上升,IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β和溶细胞素的mRNA表达细胞非常低。这些细胞主要在EAMG的早期观察到,范围是1～4cells/mm2。结论(1)EAMG早期大量巨噬细胞浸润,程序性细胞凋亡是浸润的巨噬细胞消除的主要方式;(2)EAMG早期于肌肉组织中细胞因子低水平表达;没有发现C-C趋化因子。     

龟板对帕金森病大鼠行为和脑内多巴胺水平的影响

目的　探讨益肾中药龟板对帕金森病大鼠的治疗作用。方法　 6 羟基多巴胺脑内定位注射制备帕金森病模型 ,随机将 4 0只SD大鼠分为实验组和对照组 ,观察动物单侧旋转行为以及多巴胺及其代谢产物 3、4 二羟苯乙酸和高草酸含量的变化。结果　造模 8周后实验组帕金森病大鼠旋转圈数 6 97± 1 6 7比对照组 9 4 5± 1 75明显减少 (P <0 0 5 ) ;其纹状体内多巴胺 (DA)及其代谢产物 3、4二羟苯乙酸 (DOPAC)、高香草酸 (HVA)含量显著提高 ,分别为 3 12± 0 4 8,0 2 7± 0 0 6和 0 35±0 0 6 ,而对照组仅为 0 4 9± 0 0 4 ,0 0 7± 0 0 3和 0 2 7± 0 0 3(P <0 0 5 )。结论　益肾中药龟板对大鼠帕金森病具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

实验性哮喘大鼠肺组织及血管中溶血磷脂酸的变化及地塞米松的抑制作用

研究哮喘大鼠肺组织及血浆中溶血磷脂酸 (lysophosphatidicacid ,LPA)水平的变化及地塞米松治疗对其变化的影响。将 30只健康大鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组及激素治疗组 ,每组 10只 ,以卵蛋白致敏激发制作大鼠哮喘模型。用有机溶剂提取 ,采用薄层层析的方法进行分离 ,最终用定磷的方法测定溶血磷脂酸。结果显示哮喘组肺组织的LPA(15 8 5 9± 78 80 )nmol g显著高于正常组 (6 8 94± 32 5 7)nmol g(P <0 0 1) ;激素治疗组肺组织的LPA(75 2 7±37 94 )nmol g显著低于哮喘组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但仍高于对照组。哮喘组大鼠肺组织的LPA水平与BALF中的嗜酸细胞呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 1)。各组血浆LPA含量无显著差异。实验结果提示LPA参与哮喘的发病 ,但主要参与气道的局部炎症反应。     

慢性肾衰大鼠继发甲状旁腺功能亢进时腺体钙敏感受体的观察

研究慢性肾衰 (CRF)继发性甲旁亢 (2°HPT)大鼠发病时及 1,2 5 (OH) 2 D3 治疗时甲状旁腺钙敏感受体 (PCaR)mRNA含量变化。采用肾大部分切除大鼠 2°HPT模型 ,动物分为CRF组 ,治疗组 ,假手术组。治疗组予以 1,2 5(OH) 2 D3(2 5pmol d× 10腹腔注射 ) ,31d后测定生化指标及PCaRmRNA含量 ,后者采用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)半定量法。(1)CRF组大鼠较假手术组血肌酐 (SCr) (6 9 30± 11 2 0vs 2 1 15± 8 2 0 μmol L ,P <0 0 5 )及甲状旁腺素 (PTH) (2 5 6± 72vs 41± 7pg mL ,P <0 0 5 )明显上升 ,治疗组PTH较CRF组明显下降 (112± 47vs 2 5 6± 72pg mL ,P <0 0 5 )。(2 )CRF组大鼠PCaRmRNA与假手术组含量无明显差异 (1 10 0± 0 15 3vs 1 0 74± 0 119) ,治疗组PCaRmRNA与CRF组含量无明显差异 (1 131± 0 10 8vs1 0 74± 0 119)。本实验 2°HPT模型PCaRmRNA表达无明显变化 ,1,2 5 (OH) 2 D3治疗肾大部切除 2°HPT大鼠对PCaRmRNA水平无显著影响     

NK1.1+细胞在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力疾病发病中的免疫调节作用

目的:探讨NK1.1 细胞在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)疾病发病中的作用以及其调节机制。方法:腹腔注射抗小鼠NK1.1单克隆抗体(mAb)清除C57BL/6(B6)小鼠体内的NK1.1 细胞,建立NK1.1 细胞缺陷小鼠模型;用AChR CFA免疫小鼠诱发EAMG,通过Lennon等的肌无力评分标准分析各组小鼠之间EAMG的发病情况和病情严重程度;应用ELISA法检测单核细胞(MNC)上清液中IFN-γ、IL-4的分泌和表达;应用放射免疫测定法检测血清中AChRIgG含量;用抗IFN-γmAb中和小鼠体内IFN-γ,观察发病情况及血清中AChRIgG的含量。结果:NK1.1 细胞缺陷的小鼠同正常免疫组小鼠相比,发病率和病情严重程度均明显降低(发病率:36%vs86%,P<0.01);免疫后NK1.1 细胞缺陷组和正常免疫组小鼠相比,发病率和病情严重程度无明显统计差异;NK1.1 细胞缺陷降低IFN-γ的表达,但是IL-4的分泌和表达无统计学意义;NK1.1 细胞缺失降低AChR特异性抗体的产生;中和体内IFN-γ后,EAMG的发病率和病情严重程度均减轻,并且AChR特异性抗体减少。结论:NK1.1 细胞在EAMG发病初期发挥重要作用。在EAMG发病中,NK1.1 细胞可以使AChR特异性T细胞产生IFN-γ,增加AChR特异性抗体产生,从而加重EAMG的发病。     

低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织硫化氢的变化

本文旨在探讨低氧对大鼠内源性硫化氢体系的变化。采用生化反应方法测定血浆中硫化氢的含量和肺组织中硫化氢合酶的活性 ,采用定量竞争性RT PCR的方法检测肺组织中胱硫醚 γ 裂解酶 (CSE)mRNA的含量。结果显示 ,与对照组相比 ,低氧组大鼠的血浆硫化氢含量明显减少 [(1 92 2± 2 2 1 ) μmol Lvs (30 1 6± 32 4 ) μmol L ,P <0 0 1 ) ],肺组织中硫化氢合酶的活性明显下降 [(0 1 2 7± 0 0 2 3)vs (0 2 78± 0 0 99)nmol mgwettissue·min ,P <0 0 1 ],CSEmR NA的含量明显减少 [(1 0 2± 0 1 5 )× 1 0 - 6 fmolvs (2 1 7± 0 2 2 )× 1 0 - 6 fmol,P <0 0 1 ]。以上研究表明 ,低氧对大鼠的内源性硫化氢体系有抑制作用     

过量饮酒对凋亡相关基因bcl-2、bax在生精细胞表达的影响

目的　研究长期过量饮酒对凋亡相关基因bcl - 2、bax在睾丸及生精细胞中表达的影响。方法　利用人类饮用白酒制备大鼠的酒精毒性模型 ,采用免疫组织化学技术 ,检测酒精对Bcl- 2、Bax蛋白在睾丸及生精细胞表达的影响。结果　高剂量的酒精作用于大鼠 2个生精周期 ,每个生精小管中Bcl- 2蛋白表达的阳性细胞数目在高剂量组为 96± 33.74 ,低剂量组为 15 6 .6± 2 8.5 2 ,均显著低于正常对照组 (2 2 2 .6± 5 6 .86 ) (P <0 .0 1)。每个细胞中Bcl- 2蛋白表达强度 (OD值 )在高剂量组 (0 .14 2± 0 .0 35 )、低剂量组 (0 .15 1± 0 .0 2 6 ) ,都明显低于对照组 (0 .196± 0 .0 32 ) (P <0 .0 1) ;Bax蛋白表达的阳性细胞数在高剂量组为 (4 12 .4± 96 .75 ) ,低剂量组为 (337.5± 94 .39) ,均明显高于对照组 (2 14± 82 .5 7) (P <0 .0 1) ,Bax蛋白的表达强度 (OD值 )在高剂量组 (0 .113± 0 .0 36 )和低剂量组 (0 .0 82± 0 .0 17) ,均明显高于对照组 (0 .0 5± 0 .0 2 4 ) (P <0 .0 1)。结论　长期过量饮酒使睾丸及生精细胞中bcl- 2的表达降低 ,bax的表达增强。     

乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞凋亡的检测及意义

目的研究激活诱导细胞死亡 (AICD)现象在乙型肝炎慢性化和重型化机制中的意义。方法分离 2 0例慢性 /慢性重型乙型肝炎病人与 10例健康献血员外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC) ,在 PHA的刺激下培养 72 h后收集细胞 ,经流式细胞仪检测凋亡。结果 PBMC凋亡率乙型肝炎组明显高于正常对照组 [(2 5 .48± 14.0 7) % vs(11.45± 5 .2 7) % ,P<0 .0 1];慢性乙型肝炎组 [(30 .5 7± 13.43) % ]明显高于正常对照组 [(11.45± 5 .2 7) % ,P<0 .0 1]和慢性重型乙型肝炎组 [(13.5 9± 6 .44 ) % ,P<0 .0 1];PBMC凋亡率乙型肝炎 HBe Ag(+ )组明显高于正常对照组 [(2 9.5 0± 12 .5 4) % vs(11.45± 5 .2 7) % ,P<0 .0 1]。结论 AICD可能是形成 HBV慢性感染免疫耐受的一个重要机制。     

Virus-induced autoimmune disease

The braking of tolerance or unresponsiveness to self-antigens, involving the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, is a critical event leading to autoimmune diseases. The precise mechanisms by which this can occur are mostly unknown. Viruses have been implicated in this process, among other etiological factors, such as genetic predisposition and cytokine activity. Several ways have been proposed by which a viral infection might break tolerance to self and trigger an autoreactive cascade that ultimately leads to the destruction of a specific cell type or an entire organ. The process termed ‘molecular mimicry’ and the use of transgenic models in which viral and host genes can be manipulated to analyze their effects in causing autoimmunity have been particular focuses for research. For example, there is a transgenic murine model of virus-induced autoimmune disease, in which a known viral gene is selectively expressed as a self-antigen in β cells of the pancreas. In these mice, insulin-dependent diabetes develops after either a viral infection, the release of a cytokine such as IFN-γ, or the expression of the costimulatory molecule B7.1 in the islets of Langerhans. Recent studies using this model have contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-induced autoimmune disease and have furthered the design and testing of novel immunotherapeutic approaches.     

Common mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (the autoimmune tautology)

The fact that autoimmune diseases share subphenotypes, physiopathological mechanisms and genetic factors has been called autoimmune tautology, and indicates that they have a common origin. The autoimmune phenotypes vary depending on the target cell and the affected organ, gender, ancestry, trigger factors and age at onset. Ten shared characteristics supporting this logical theory are herein reviewed.     

Propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune disease

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is commonly used as first line drug in the management of hyperthyroidism. This is a case report of 24-year-old female, a known case of hyperthyroidism since 4 years, who came with a history of fever and myalgia since 3 days and dyspnea with coughing out of blood since 1 day. Patient was taking PTU (100 mg per day) since 4 years for hyperthyroidism. Patient was immediately intubated for type-II respiratory failure. Diagnosed to be having PTU-induced autoimmune disease. PTU was stopped and treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Clinical features improved over a period of 8 days and discharged home successfully. Having a high suspicion for the onset of autoimmune disease in hyperthyroidism patients who are on PTU therapy and timely treatment with immunosuppressants and supportive care along with the withdrawal of the drug can make a difference in morbidity and mortality.     

Reversing the autoimmune condition: experience with experimental autoimmune gastritis

Autoimmune diseases remain a significant health problem in our society, despite the best efforts to understand and treat these conditions. Current clinical treatments are aimed at alleviating the consequences of these diseases, with limited prospects for cure. Our studies with the experimental model of autoimmune gastritis have led us to explore potential curative strategies that can reverse the autoimmune condition. Using mouse models, we have shown that expression of the known gastric autoantigen in the thymus results in immunological tolerance and resistance to the induction of autoimmune gastritis. Also, induced tolerance in donor mice can be transferred to syngeneic recipient mice by bone marrow cells. Strategies based on these observations could lead to reversal of established disease. Transfer of ensuing knowledge to the cure of serious human autoimmune diseases is our ultimate goal.     

Chronic autoimmune urticaria

Chronic urticaria is common and patients may present with transient eruption of itchy, eruthematous, edematous swellings of the dermis, which lasts more than six weeks. One type of chronic idiopathic urticaria, and part of it, is the chronic autoimmune urticaria. The chronic autoimmune urticaria is caused by high affinity of IgE receptors (anti-FcRI) and less frequently by anti-IgE autoantibodies, also the role of complement activation, that leads to mast and basophil activation. Despite many recent advances in the understanding of chronic autoimmune urticaria, this condition remains a major challenge in the terms of its etiology, investigations, and management.     

多种自身抗体联合检测对自身免疫性肝病的诊断价值

目的：分析各种肝病患者多种自身抗体的检出率,探讨其对自身免疫性肝病（autoimmune liver diseases,ALD）的诊断价值。方法：根据临床诊断将患者分为ALD组（n=96）、病毒性肝炎组（n=135,包括75例乙型肝炎,65例丙型肝炎）,另取62例健康体检者作为健康对照组（n=62）;其中,ALD组又分为自身免疫性肝炎组（AIH组,n=36）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化组（PBC组,n=58）、原发性硬化性胆管炎组（PSC组,n=2）。用间接免疫荧光法检测上述各组的抗核抗体（antinuclear antibodies,ANA）、抗平滑肌抗体（anti-smooth muscle antibodies,ASMA）、抗线粒体抗体（antimitochondrial ant-ibodies,AMA）;用Western印迹法检测抗肝肾微粒体Ⅰ型抗体（anti liver-kidney microsomal antibody Type 1,LKM-1）和抗线粒体Ⅱ型抗体（subtype of AMA,AMA-M2）、抗可溶性肝抗原/胰抗原抗体（soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas,SLA/LP）、抗肝细胞溶质抗原Ⅰ型抗体（antihepatocyte cytosol antigen Type 1,LC-1）。结果：AIH组ANA阳性率（69.4%）和PBC组ANA阳性率（87.9%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（37.3%）和健康对照组（4.8%）（均P〈0.01）;AIH组ASMA,LKM-1,SLA/LP,LC-1阳性率（44.4%,11.1%,2.8%,8.3%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（1.3%,1.7%,0,0）和健康对照组（均P〈0.01）;PBC组AMA-M2阳性率（91.3%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（1.3%）和健康对照组（0）（均P〈0.01）。结论：联合检测ANA,ASMA,LKM-1,SLA/LP,LC-1和AMA-M2等自身抗体可提高ALD诊断的灵敏性和特异性,且对ALD分型、诊疗具有重要意义。     

Experimental autoimmune gastritis: mouse models of human organ-specific autoimmune disease

Experimental autoimmune gastritis (EAG) is an excellent model of human autoimmune gastritis, the underlying cause of pernicious anaemia. Murine autoimmune gastritis replicates human gastritis in being characterized by a chronic inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the gastric mucosa, destruction of parietal and zymogenic cells, and autoantibodies to the alpha-and beta-subunits of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase. Disease is induced strain specifically in gastritis-susceptible BALB/c mice by methods with a greater variety than those for most other experimental autoimmune diseases. The disease is induced in the regional gastric lymph node in which pathogenic CD4+ T cells are recruited. The model provides an excellent illustration of regulation by CD4+CD25+T cells, and, indeed, the removal of such regulatory cells, e.g., by neonatal thymectomy, is thought to be a major mechanism by which disease can develop. The culprit T helper type 1 (Th1) CD4+ T cells recognize either the alpha- or beta-subunits of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase, but the beta-subunit appears to be the initiating autoantigen, while the alpha-subunit may have a role in perpetuating disease. Since no specific environmental modifiers are identifiable, the origins of the disease are intrinsic; this is illustrated by the capacity of a cytokine (GM-CSF)-dependent inflammatory stimulus in the stomach to initiate EAG, according to a transgenic model in which thymectomy is dispensible. Thus, EAG is an exquisite model for a reductionist analysis of the multiple elements that in combination induce autoimmunity in humans.     

细胞凋亡与自身免疫病

细胞凋亡在维持淋巴细胞稳态及自身耐受中起重要作用.细胞凋亡受多种基因控制与调节,主要可通过外源性和内源性两条通路来触发.而凋亡功能的失常可诱发自身免疫病,如自身免疫淋巴增生综合症、Hashimoto甲状腺炎、Graves病、胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、多发性硬化等.另外凋亡细胞清除缺陷也会诱发自身免疫病.     

Cancer and autoimmune diseases

Purpose of review

The association between autoimmunity and cancer is well established. Cancer has been implicated in some autoimmune disorders (AID), such as scleroderma and myositis. On the other hand, many autoimmune disorders and immunosuppressive therapy, have been linked to an increased risk for cancer. We reviewed the accumulating data on the association between autoimmunity and cancer during the past three years, with an emphasis on large cohorts, as well as concept changing discoveries in the association of cancer and auto-immunity.