糖尿病大血管病变与炎症因子的关系

目的：观察糖尿病大血管病变炎症因子的表达。方法100例2型糖尿病患者及50例正常体检者（1组）的病史和临床生化资料,2型糖尿病患者根据有无大血管病变分成两组,单纯糖尿病组（2组）与糖尿病合并大血管病变组（3组）。化学发光法法分别测定两组患者的免疫炎性反应标记物白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）。结果2,3组稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、体质量指数（BMI）高于1组（P＜0.05）。3组上述指标高于2组（P＜0.05）。二分类Logistic回归,结果显示TNF-α（OR=1.437, P=0.015）、IL-6（OR=5.788, P=0.001）是2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的相关危险因素。结论因子反应参与了2型糖尿病大血管病变的发生发展,二分类Logistic回归,结果显示TNF-α、IL-6是2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的相关危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症临床特点及相关因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症的临床特点,并对相关危险因素进行分析。方法对358例2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症情况进行回顾性调查,相关影响因素进行多元回归分析。结果358例糖尿病患者中,慢性并发症的患病率分别为：高血压32．4％、糖尿病视网膜病变31．3％、糖尿病肾病30．7％、糖尿病神经病变28．5％、冠心病27．6％、脑血管病22．6％、外周血管病变11．5％;致残率5．6％、病死率5．0％。早期糖尿病微血管病主要与血糖和病程相关（P〈0．05）,大血管病变主要与病程、年龄相关（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病慢性并发症的患病率较高;血糖水平和病程是糖尿病微血管并发症的主要危险因素;糖尿病大血管病变与年龄、糖尿病病程密切相关;加强糖尿病前期的防治和良好控制血糖是预防糖尿病慢性并发症的根本措施。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的本文对糖尿病合并脑梗死的危险因素进行分析,为糖尿病患者预防脑梗死提供依据。方法住院糖尿病患者共200例,根据有无脑梗死分为单纯糖尿病组及糖尿病合并脑梗死组各100例。对研究因素进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果高血压（OR=8.257）、糖化血红蛋白（GHbA1c）（OR=1.382）、餐后血糖（PPBS）（OR=1.238）是糖尿病合并脑梗死的危险因素。结论糖尿病患者早期、积极有效的控制血压、血糖对减少大血管并发症的发生发展意义重大。     

郑州市某社区居民糖尿病危险因素分析

目的探讨郑州市某社区居民2型糖尿病的危险因素。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取600名居民,进行问卷调查,单因素分析采用卡方检验,对有意义的因素进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果该社区居民糖尿病的患病率为12.5%,男女患病率分别为11.58%、13.82%,年龄偏大(OR=2.915)、血脂异常(OR=2.582)、高血压(OR=1.201)可增加2型糖尿病的危险,适度饮酒(OR=0.967)会减少2型糖尿病发生的危险。结论年龄偏大、血脂异常和高血压是该社区居民糖尿病的危险因素,适当饮酒是保护因素。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者微血管病变与相关危险因素分析

目的：分析初诊2型糖尿病患者微血管病变（周围神经病变、视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病）与其相关危险因素关系。方法：对120例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者进行神经传导速度、眼底荧光造影和尿微量白蛋白及相关指标测定,计算微血管病变的患病率,并对相关因素分析。结果：（1）初诊患者中糖尿病周围神经病变的患病率为34．6％,糖尿病视网膜病变的患病率为15．4％,糖尿病肾病的患病率为13．4％。（2）年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、收缩压、舒张压、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇均为糖尿病周围神经病变的独立危险因素。（3）糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白、收缩压为糖尿病视网膜病变独立危险因素。结论：初诊2型糖尿病患者有一定微血管病变患病率,应强化对血压、血糖、血脂相关危险因素的干预以控制和延缓糖尿病微血管病变的发生、发展。     

颈动脉内中膜增厚及斑块形成相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响颈动脉内中膜增厚及斑块形成患者尤其伴有2型糖尿病者的相关危险因素。方法对405例住院患者进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测,根据颈动脉IMT将其分为3组：A组：IMT正常组（IMT〈0.9mm）、B组：IMT增厚组（1.0mm-1.2mm）、C组：颈动脉硬化斑块形成组（IMT〉1.2mm或者有斑块形成）,比较三组人群临床特点差异,并对其中129例伴有2糖尿病患者IMT增厚及斑块形成相关危险因素进行logistic回归分析。结果 C组高血压和糖尿病患病率明显高于A组,同时SBP,BMI,FBG和TG水平亦明显增高于A组。Logistic回归分析显示2型糖尿病患者FBG（95%CI：1.03-1.98,OR=1.23,P=0.04）和尿酸水平（95%CI：1.01-2.68,OR=1.57,P=0.02）与颈动脉IMT增厚及斑块形成明显相关。结论颈动脉IMT增厚及斑块形成者心脑血管高危因素患病率明显高于IMT正常组。FBG和尿酸水平是2型糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化及颈动脉IMT增厚的危险因素。     

慢性肾脏病与腹膜透析患者发生肌少症的危险因素探讨

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病（Chronic Kidney Disease,CKD）透析前患者和腹膜透析（Peritoneal Dialysis,PD）患者发生肌少症（Sarcopenia）的危险因素。方法 研究选取2022年4月至2022年12月期间江西省人民医院肾内科规律腹膜透析患者61例,归为腹膜透析组;另选取尚未透析的慢性肾脏病患者76例,归为慢性肾脏病组;并从本院健康体检人群中选取59例,归为对照组。比较三组患者肌少症的患病率。结果 对照组、腹膜透析组、慢性肾脏病组肌少症的患病率分别为3.4%(2/59)、23.0%(14/61)、11.8%(9/76),腹膜透析组患者肌少症患病率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析发现长透析龄（月）[β=-1.100,OR=1.999(95%CI 1.978～2.200)P=0.035]以及高水平的超敏C反应蛋白[β=1.820,OR=6.175(95%CI 1.930～19.756),P=0.002]是腹膜透析患者发生肌少症的独立危险因素;高龄[β=-0.219,OR=1.660 (95%CI 1.4...     

深圳市福田区成年人2型糖尿病危险因素的调查研究

目的 了解深圳市福田区居民2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病的相关危险因素,为预防和干预该地区糖尿病提供科学依据.方法 收集该地区2010年1月～2012年12月在本院健康体检的常住居民4769例作为研究对象,采用多因素Logistic回归进行危险因素分析.结果 所有研究对象中共有454例检出糖尿病,检出率为9.52％.单因素分析显示,不同年龄、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、体育锻炼、高血压、高血脂、超重或肥胖等都是糖尿病的危险因素.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄（P=0.006,OR=2.827）、糖尿病家族史（P=0.007,OR =3.237）、高血脂（P=0.009,OR=2.641）、高血压（P=0.011,OR=1.924）、超重或肥胖（P=0.019,OR=1.407）是该地区居民T2DM患病的独立危险因素.结论 糖尿病是多因素综合作用的结果,应根据相关危险因素采取有针对性措施早期干预以预防糖尿病的发生.     

牙周病与2型糖尿病慢性血管并发症的关系

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者牙周病与慢性血管并发症的关系。方法:将166例2型糖尿病患者按糖尿病并发症分为糖尿病无血管并发症组(A组)、糖尿病微血管并发症组(B组)、糖尿病大血管并发症组(C组)、糖尿病大血管和微血管并发症组(D组),健康者54例作为对照组(E组)。所有研究对象进行口腔检查。检测患者龈炎指数(GI)、临床附着丧失(CAL)均值、牙周袋深度(PD)。结果:(1)糖尿病各亚组PD、GI、CAL值均明显高于正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05),且B、C、D组高于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)糖尿病患者HbA1c与PD、GI、CAL呈正相关(r分别为0.617、0.593、0.468,均P<0.01)。(3)Logistic回归分析结果显示PD、GI、CAL均是影响糖尿病血管并发症发生的因素。结论:牙周病与糖尿病、血糖控制情况及慢性血管并发症密切相关。     

男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者腰围对合并2型糖尿病的预测价值

目的 探讨男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者腰围对合并2型糖尿病的预测价值。方法 122例男性OSAHS患者根据是否合并2型糖尿病,分为OSAHS合并2型糖尿病组（合并组,n=51）和OSAHS组（n=71）。比较两组的临床特征和多导睡眠监测指标,采用ROC曲线分析OSAHS患者腰围预测2型糖尿病的价值。结果 合并组腰围、体质指数（BMI）、呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、高血压病已治疗患者比例均高于OSAHS组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组平均血氧饱和度（MSaO2）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Spearman相关分析示腰围、BMI与AHI呈正相关（r=0.367、0.349,P=0.000、P=0.000）,MSaO2、LSaO2与AHI呈负相关（r=-0.689、-0.683,P=0.000、P=0.000）。二元Logistic回归分析示腰围增大（OR=1.260,95%CI:1.109～1.432,P=0.000）是男性OSAHS患者合并2型糖尿病的危险因素,低BMI(OR=0.776,95%CI:...     

初诊2型糖尿病患者大血管病变的危险因素分析

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者大血管病变（MD）的相关危险因素。方法将符合条件的232例初诊T2DM患者根据有无MD分为两组：MD组与非MD组,对两组患者的多项临床指标进行比较及相关分析。结果（1）232例患者中,合并MD者95例,占40．9％。（2）MD组的年龄、体质量指数（BMI）、吸烟指数、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及24h尿微量白蛋白（24hUmAlb）均高于非MD组（均P〈0．05）,而MD组的胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）则低于非MD组（P〈0．05）。（3）Pearson相关分析提示MD与年龄、BMI、吸烟、收缩压、舒张压、LDL—Ch、CRP及24hUmAlb呈正相关。结论初诊T2DM患者合并MD与多种因素相关,须及早控制各种危险因素,以防止MD的发生、发展。     

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk: lessons from intervention trials

Although the diagnosis of type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is made when blood glucose levels exceed values which increase the risk of microvascular complications, macrovascular disease is the major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both epidemiological and prospective data have demonstrated that treatment of hyperglycaemia is markedly effective in reducing the risk of microvascular disease but is less potent in reducing that of myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Treatment of other cardiovascular risk factors, although by definition less prevalent than hyperglycaemia, appears to be more effective in preventing macrovascular disease than treatment of hyperglycaemia. In recent years, data from intervention trials have suggested that greater benefits with respect to the prevention of macrovascular disease can be achieved by effective treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, and by the use of small doses of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) than by treating hyperglycaemia alone. On the other hand, the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), which examined the impact of intensive glucose and blood pressure (BP) control on micro- and macrovascular complications, is the only intervention trial to include only patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The UKPDS data, the epidemic increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their high cardiovascular risk have, however, initiated several new trials addressing, in particular, the possible benefits of treatment of the most common form of dyslipidaemia (high serum triglyceride and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) in these patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is thus a disease associated with a high vascular risk, where the majority of patients need, and are likely to benefit from, pharmacological treatment of several cardiovascular risk factors provided treatment targets have not been achieved by life-style modification.     

Reducing cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes by targeting multiple risk factors

Insulin resistance syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Hyperglycemia is the major risk factor for microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. However, 70% to 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes will die of macrovascular disease. Atherogenic dyslipidemia-characterized by elevated triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, and a preponderance of small, dense, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles-is the major cause of atherosclerosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, treatment of type 2 diabetes must address hyperglycemia to prevent microvascular disease (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and atherogenic dyslipidemia to prevent macrovascular complications. Emerging evidence indicates lipid and glucose homeostasis are interrelated via bile acid-activated nuclear hormone receptor signaling pathways. Agents that act on these pathways could simultaneously address hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that bile acid sequestrants, including cholestyramine, colestimide, and colesevelam HCl, significantly improve glycemic control and reduce LDL cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. This paper will review the effects of bile acid sequestrants on both glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors

Diabetes is associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes are independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Subjects with type 2 diabetes are at two- to four-fold increased risk of CV disease compared to those without diabetes. Long-term hyperglycemia is much more closely associated with microvascular complications than macrovascular complications. There is a lack of adequate evidence that improvement in glycemic control decreases CV risk.     

Novel cardiovascular risk factors and macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes

Morbidity and mortality from diabetes mellitus remain high despite managing the traditional risk factors. Recent data imply that the pathophysiology of macrovascular and microvascular complications involve other factors. The metabolic syndrome precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes by many years. Early treatment of individuals with this syndrome might delay the onset of diabetes and its complications. Endothelial dysfunction, subclinical inflammation and impaired fibrinolysis may contribute to progression of macrovascular as well as microvascular complications. The roles of infection and hyperhomocysteinemia are less clear but may be significant. This review discusses the current knowledge on these "non-traditional" risk factors and therapies to improve them.     

Preventing Macrovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk for both micro-and macrovascular complications, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common causes of death in these patients, accounting for almost 70% of the deaths. Given the high prevalence of the condition and the expected global increase in the prevalence of type 2 DM, a case is made for prevention of these serious complications in order to reduce the individual morbidity and the economic burden on society. In this review we present the knowledge of how macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 DM may be prevented, and suggest possible strategies for doing so. A thorough search of the published literature was conducted and we first present relevant epidemiological studies demonstrating the impact of important risk factors for CVD in DM, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, smoking, familial premature coronary heart disease and some non-classical risk factors such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Secondly, we review the results from published randomized controlled clinical trials and meta-analysis of these, evaluate the findings and suggest strategies for preventing CVD in patients with type 2 DM using non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Present knowledge indicates that most patients with type 2 DM either have manifest CVD or have a high risk for future cardiovascular events, men with DM have a 2- to 4-fold; and women with DM a 3- to 5-fold increased risk for cardiovascular death compared with non-diabetic individuals. Care of patients with type 2 DM should include yearly risk assessment by the use of published risk equations or risk charts. On the background of this assessment, an individual risk reducing strategy should be tailored to each patient’s need, including the treatment of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia together with the use of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and ACE inhibitors. Such measures can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 DM.     

Diabetes, hypertension and erectile dysfunction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are independent risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED), macrovascular disease and microangiopathy. ED is very common among diabetic patients. Men with DM have ED at an earlier age and with a significantly higher prevalence (as high as 75%). The prevalence of DM also tends to be higher in patients with Peyronie's disease. DM impairs neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle. It is impossible to separate DM from hypertension and from the other vascular risk factors. Good glycaemic and hypertension control in diabetics is very important since these factors increase the risk of both microvascular and macrovascular complications, possibly including ED.     

120例2型糖尿病大血管病变血浆中纤维蛋白原及D-二聚体水平分析

目的分析成人2型糖尿病及其大血管病变患者的血浆纤维蛋白原及D－二聚体检测水平，探讨血浆纤维蛋白原及D－二聚体与2型糖尿病及其大血管并发症的关系。方法2型糖尿病患者120例，按有无大血管并发症分为2组，单纯糖尿病组51例，糖尿病并发大血管病组69例。30例健康查体者作为对照纽。所有受试者均进行血浆纤维蛋白原及D－二聚体的检测。结果血浆纤维蛋白原测定：单纯糖尿病组、糖尿病并发大血管病组与对照组比较均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05），糖尿病并发大血管病组与单纯糖尿病组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；D－二聚体测定都增高，单纯糖尿病组与对照组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01），糖尿病并发大血管病组与对照组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01），糖尿病并发大血管病组与单纯糖尿病组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论2型糖尿病患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平都增高，但与有无并发症及其病程无关；D－二聚体的明显增高提示D－二聚体与大血管并发症之间的密切关系。     

Influence of intensive versus conventional glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

In type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus patients, hyperglycaemia is independently related to the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glycaemic targets and the benefits of intensive versus conventional glucose control are under debate. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing the effects of intensive versus conventional glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes. MEDLINE and Cochrane database searches were performed with a limit on randomized controlled trials or meta-analysis and keywords related to glucose control and diabetes. In addition, related articles and reference lists of relevant articles and guidelines were reviewed. Nine randomized controlled trials, three in type 1 and six in type 2 diabetes, and four meta-analyses in type 2 diabetes were reviewed. These studies included more than 30,000 patients. On the basis of these trials and meta-analyses, it can be concluded that intensive glucose control has a beneficial effect on microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients. The risk reduction of developing a microvascular complication varied between 25% and 76%. Particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes, there was a 10-15% decrease in nonfatal myocardial infarction with intensive glucose control, but no effect on stroke, cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality was observed. There was a beneficial effect of intensive glucose control on cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in only one trial. In all studies, intensive glucose control was associated with at least twice the risk for serious hypoglycaemia than the conventional-control group. In conclusion, compared with conventional glucose control, intensive glucose control is associated with fewer microvascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, a decrease in coronary events, especially in type 2 diabetes, and more serious hypoglycaemia.