上海市7岁以下儿童体质指数变化趋势研究

【目的】分析上海市7岁以下儿童体质指数(body mass index,BMI)的变化规律,提供儿童BMI人群参照值。【方法】采用2005年上海市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查所获得的数据,其中城区男童4 737人,女童4 718人,郊区男童4 149人,女童4 108人,分22个年龄组,共计17 712名健康儿童的体重和身(长)高测量值,分别计算出BMI百分位数值并绘制曲线。【结果】7岁以下儿童的BMI存在性别、年龄和城郊间差异,男童比女童高,城区比郊区高。十年间BMI值有增长,在3岁后变化趋势明显,BMI依次增高顺序为1995郊区,2005郊区,1995城区,2005城区。BMI峰值出现在4~6个月。【结论】获得7岁以下儿童BMI人群参照值,为研究儿童超重肥胖的判断标准提供科学依据。     

宝山区群体儿童体质指数调查分析

【目的】了解宝山区2～6岁儿童体质指数(body mass index,BMI)的变化规律,为今后儿童保健工作提供依据。【方法】将宝山区110家托幼机构的28 196名2～6岁男女童分为九个年龄组进行体重、身高测量,并计算BMI值;将BMI值与九市城区2005年和美国CDC2000年参考标准进行对比分析。【结果】1)BMI值在2～6岁男女童间的变化规律是一致的,2岁时最高,以后随着年龄增长逐渐下降,但在4.5岁后呈现回升趋势;且存在性别差异,男童高于女童。2)各年龄组BMI值均显著高于九市城区标准。3)男童4.5岁以后BMI值均高于美国CDC标准。【结论】宝山区2～6岁群体儿童BMI高于九市城区儿童,其中4.5～6岁男童BMI高于美国CDC儿童。     

乌鲁木齐市维汉0～6儿童体质指数调查研究

[目的]分析乌鲁木齐市维汉0～6儿童体质指数(body mass index,BMI)的变化规律,提供乌鲁木齐市维汉儿童BMI人群参照值. [方法]根据2005年乌鲁木齐市维汉0～6岁儿童体格发育调查所获得的数据,采用该次调查维汉0～6岁健康儿童9 684人身高、体重测量值,分维、汉、男、女各22个年龄组,分别计算出各自的BMI百分位数值并绘制曲线. [结果]分别按年龄、性别、民族计算出了0～6岁儿童BMI的P3、P10、P25、P50、P85、P90、P95、P97数值;通过比较分析证实乌鲁木齐市0～6岁儿童的BMI存在性别、民族差异. [结论]乌鲁木齐市维汉0～6岁儿童BMI人群参照值,可为研究和制定乌鲁木齐地区城市儿童儿童营养不良及肥胖的判断标准提供科学依据.     

北京市儿童青少年生长发育现状评估

【目的】对北京市儿童青少年生长发育状况进行评估。【方法】在2004年23422例0～18岁组儿童代谢综合征流行病学调查数据中，择取95％可信区间人群作为标准参照人群，按年龄别性别计算体重、身高、体质指数（BMI）均值及标准差，与WH02006参照标准进行比较；利用Z值分割，分析5％极端人群及95％正常人群分布构成，BMI与国际肥胖专家工作组（IOTF）超重筛查界值进行比较研究。【结果】北京市儿童青少年体重、身高两项基本指标及BMI指标与WH02006参照值总趋势一致，城乡之间差异有显著性。女生两项测量指标及男生身高与参照值相符，3～15岁男生体重与BMI指标值整体水平超标，以9～13岁为突出，95％区间以外矮胖者比例较高、95％区间以内人群体重、身高Z值-1～1之间构成占70％左右，呈现类似正态分布；身高Z值1～2比例偏高，体重Z值-1～0比例偏高；Z=1时BMI指数值与IOTF超重性别、年龄别界值接近。【结论】北京城市男生体重相对略过重，指数指标与国际超重标准粗估界点一致。     

北京市7岁以下儿童体格发育状况

【目的】 了解北京市7岁以下儿童的体格发育状况。 【方法】 采用随机整群抽样方法,调查北京市从出生到不满7周岁城区和郊区的汉族健康儿童的体格发育状况,包括体重、身高、坐高、头围和胸围,调查共分22个年龄组,共调查17 522人。 【结果】 生后前3个月体重每月增加0.99~1.16 kg,身高每月增加3.6~3.8 cm,此后增长速度减慢;城区和郊区的体格发育各项指标平均值之间存在差异,集中于大年龄组。多数年龄组儿童体重、身高、坐高平均值高于中国九市儿童平均水平,头围、胸围与中国九市调查结果基本相同。北京市城区儿童绝大多数年龄组体重、身高均高于WHO标准,郊区儿童较小年龄组大多超过了WHO标准,而较大年龄组多数与WHO标准多没有差异。 【结论】 北京市儿童体格发育生长模式符合正常儿童体格生长的规律;儿童体格发育城郊差异仍然存在;总体上北京市7岁以下儿童体格发育在国内处于较高水平;北京市儿童体重、身高高于2006年WHO公布的新标准。     

宁波地区7岁以下儿童超重和单纯性肥胖调查及三种筛查方法比较研究

目的 了解宁波地区7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖发生情况,探讨BMI不同参照标准在儿童超重、肥胖筛查的应用.方法 随机整群抽样调查64 038名儿童的身高、体重,按WHO 2006年推荐的身高标准体重值,体重达身高标准体重≥10%为超重、≥20%为肥胖,剔除伴肥胖的遗传性疾病和内分泌疾病.并分别采用WHO与国际肥胖工作组(IOTF)推荐的超重、肥胖BMI参照值对同一人群计算超重、肥胖检出率.结果 按WHO身高标准体重值宁波市7岁以下儿童超重和单纯性肥胖检出率分别为4.25%和2.88%,其中男童分别为4.45%和3.01%,女童分别为3.86%和2.56%,男童与女童的超重和肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).儿童超重和肥胖检出率随年龄增长而逐渐上升,6岁时男童分别达到11.84%和9.68%、女童分别达到10.14%和9.46%.不同年龄组和性别超重/肥胖比在1.15～1.94:1之间.调查人群BMI的P85、P95均低于WHO与IOTF标准中"超重"、"肥胖"的BMI判断界值,使用WHO与IOTF推荐的BMI参照值宁波市7岁以下儿童超重、肥胖检出率分别为9.72%、2.83%和6.11%、0.55%.结论 儿童早期是预防日后肥胖的关键时期,男童是预防和控制肥胖发生、发展的重点人群,应将预防和控制儿童肥胖工作列入儿童保健服务之中,建议尽快建立适合中国7岁以下儿童超重、肥胖筛查的BMI参考值.     

上海地区0～6岁儿童体块指数的参考值

【目的】提出上海地区0～6岁儿童体块指数的参考值。【方法】利用上海市枫林街道1988～1990年出生的0～6岁儿童健康监测资料，提出上海市区儿童体块指数参考值。【结果】研究发现儿童的体块指教在出生后几个月内增加迅速．于6个月左右达峰值．以后逐渐下降。BMI值在儿童时期男女童之间的变化规律是一致的，各年龄组男童的BMI值均大于女童。上海儿童的BMI均值与瑞典同龄儿有着明显的差异。【结论】需要制订体块指数参考量表，为儿童健康监测和儿科临床提供一个新的评价工具。     

济南市7~18岁儿童体格发育调查

【目的】 了解济南市7~18岁儿童体格发育规律,为制定干预措施提供理论依据。 【方法】 计算济南市7~18岁儿童身高、体重,并与中国华东九省市标准比较;以WHO推荐的NCHS测定值筛选超重、肥胖儿童,计算发生率。 【结果】 济南市7~18岁儿童身高体重高于中国九省市标准,围青春期肥胖发生率高。 【结论】 济南市7~18岁儿童体格发育状况良好,围青春期是肥胖高发年龄组,加强此关键期儿童管理。     

成都市0-3岁儿童体质指数调查研究

【目的】了解体质指数(body mass index,BMI)在婴幼儿期的变化特点,为婴幼儿肥胖的评价提供依据,探讨用BMI筛选0~3岁肥胖儿童的可行性及实用价值。【方法】以0~3岁儿童的身高标准体重为标准筛选肥胖者,再计算各年龄组的BMI值,进行方差分析及两两比较。【结果】BMI值随年龄变化而变化,在6~8月达高峰,,男童为18.1 kg/cm2,女童为17.55 kg/cm2,9月以后逐渐下降,3岁时降至最低点15.7 kg/cm2。男女BMI随年龄变化规律基本一致,但男女童BMI值差异有显著性。【结论】BMI随年龄变化幅度较大,0~3月以18为界值点与身高标准体重评价肥胖符合率较高,4~36月以19为界值点符合率较好。     

宁波市7岁以下儿童年龄别身高、体重和体重指数变化特点

目的 探讨宁波市7岁以下儿童年龄别身高、体重、BMI变化特点及体格发育现状和规律.方法 随机整群抽样调查64 038名健康儿童的身高、体重,按年龄别性别计算身高、体重、BMI的均值、标准差和百分位数,与WHO(2006年)和中国9市城区(2005年)调查结果的参照标准进行比较.结果男女儿童体重、身高的年增长速度基本一致,各项指标随年龄增加而增长,年龄越小增长速度越快,且存在性别和城乡差异.儿童BMI随年龄和性别不同有明显变化,4～6个月时达高峰,以后随年龄增加而缓慢下降.结论宁波市7岁以下儿童身高、体重平均生长水平已达到甚至超过WHO标准,儿童体重、身高的年增长速度与2005年中国9市城区调查的同年龄人群平均水平总趋势一致.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.