残疾人口与发展国际论坛在京召开

2007年12月10日，残疾人口与发展国际论坛暨中国第二次全国残疾人抽样调查成果交流会在北京大学英杰国际交流中心隆重召开，中国残疾人联合会党组书记王新宪、理事长汤小泉、副理事长程凯出席了此次会议并讲话。会议总结表彰了第二次全国残疾人抽样调查的成果，并就“残疾人口与发展”的议题进行了交流和讨论。经第二次全国残疾人抽样调查课题评审专家委员会评审，第二次全国残疾人抽样调查领导小组批准，由中国聋儿康复研究中心孙喜斌教授主持，于丽玫、曲成毅、梁巍、王琦、魏志云共同参加的课题《听力残疾现状调查结果分析以及对策研究》荣获第二次全国残疾人抽样调查国家课题一等奖。此项研究对我国听力残疾群体的现状、致残原因及康复需求进行了深入分析，为国家制定听力残疾的预防及康复策略提供了依据。会议由北京大学、中国残疾人联合会共同主办。     

第二次全国残疾人抽样调查最新数据公报

本刊讯第二次全国残疾人抽样调查领导小组、国家统计局近日公布的最新调查数据表明,截至2006年4月1日,全国各类残疾人总数为8296万人,占全国总人口的6.34%。最新的数据显示,与1987年第一次全国残疾人抽样调查比较,我国残疾人口总量增加,占总人口的比例上升,残疾类别结构也发生了变化。本次调查中60岁及以上的残疾人约有4416万人,占全国残疾人新增总数的75.5%。据初步统计,我国各类残疾人的人数及占残疾人总数的比重分别是:视力残疾1233万人,占14.86%;听力残疾2004万人,占24.16%;言语残疾127万人,占1.53%;肢体残疾2412万人,占29.07%;智力残疾…     

听力障碍的预防和康复策略

据世界卫生组织的数据显示[1]．听力障碍在给国家、社会、个人带来负担的所有慢性病中居第三位．特别是听力障碍儿童带来的负担更加沉重。2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查显示,我国有听力残疾人2780万,较1987年第一次全国残疾人抽样调查听力语言残疾约1770万人有所增加[2]。听力残疾的致残原因很复杂。     

极重度聋及其听力康复技术

根据世界卫生组织(WHO-1997)的听力障碍分级标准,极重度聋是指好耳侧500Hz、1000Hz、2000Hz、4000Hz处的纯音听阈均值大于80dB HL。较我国1987年第一次残疾人口调查时采用的听力残疾分级标准有较大改变,一是增加了测试频率4000Hz,二是听阈标准由90dB HL降低至80dB HL。2006年,我国第二次全国残疾人口抽样调查采用了新的听力残疾分级标准,既考虑到我国原先使用的标准又做到了与国际接轨。我国新标准将世界卫生组织标准中的极重度聋细分为听力残疾一级和听力残疾二级,听阈在81～90dB HL为二级,在90dB HL以上为一级。严重的听力障碍…     

社区老年人听力状况调查与社区康复初探

据报道,目前我国老年人口已达到1．3亿,占总人口的近11％,在未来的半个世纪中,我国老年人口将一直呈迅速增长的发展趋势。全国第二次残疾人抽样调查表明,全国听力残疾人共2780万,其中单纯听力残疾人2004万,听力残疾（含多重残疾）以60岁及以上老年人为主,占73．58％．有听力残疾的老年人口为2046万。为了调查听力残疾老年人的具体听力状况和社区康复情况,畅听未来项目组启动了“畅听未来、关注听力”系列活动,     

追根溯源,更上高楼

据2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查推算显示,我国单纯听力残疾人口2004万,占残疾人口总数的24.16%,居中国6类残疾的第2位。使如此之多的听力残疾患者回到有声世界是耳科医师孜孜以求的目标,人工耳蜗植入即是实现这一目标的有效途径之一。到2009年4月全球已经有接近188000例患者配戴人工耳蜗,我国有一万多例。     

明确任务 开拓进取 第三届中国残疾人康复协会听力语言康复专业委员会第一次主任委员会议在京召开

"本刊讯 4月7日上午,第三届中国残疾人康复协会听力语言康复专业委员会第一次主任委员会议在中国聋儿康复研究中心举行,会议确定了2004年的主要工作任务。" 孙金忠常务副主任委员在题为"专业委员会2004年工作安排"的报告中,提出了以下主要工作任务:" 1、发挥专家、学者的作用,指导全国聋儿康复系统内实用性课题的研究,参与全国聋儿康复系统内科研工作的评审,促进言语听觉学科的规范化建设。" 2、配合将于2006年进行的第二次全国残疾人抽样调查,参与听力语言残疾标准的制定。" 3、指导全国聋儿康复系统省级聋儿康复中心分类建设验收工…     

WWH-中国实验项目工作报告

全国第二次残疾人抽样调查公报结果显示,我国有听力残疾人2780万,其中2004万为单纯听力残疾,听力残疾现患率为2.11％。以此推算,我国有0～17岁听障儿童约58.1万。在这一年龄段中曾接受助听器等辅助器具服务的不足28．1％,这一现状严重影响了听障儿童的学习和生活。为了解贫困听障儿童助听器验配效果,分析成本效益状况,     

潜山县0～6岁儿童听力残疾现况调查

目的开展潜山县0～6岁儿童听力普查,了解潜山县0～6岁儿童听力残疾发生及康复情况,为在农村地区规范开展听力语言康复工作奠定基础。方法依据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查标准,采用主观、客观测听方法对调查对象进行听力筛查和诊断,采用问卷调查方法了解确诊对象的康复状况。结果筛查儿童19 342名,确诊听力残疾儿童32例,潜山县0～6岁儿童听力残疾现患率为1.65‰,55.17%的听力残疾儿童未接受康复干预。结论农村地区听力残疾预防与康复工作亟待加强。     

中国听力残疾构成特点及康复对策

目的通过对全国第二次残疾人抽样调查所获得的基础数据进行分析，掌握听力残疾群体的规模、分布、残疾等级及年龄特点，为制订听力残疾的康复策略提供依据。方法依据全国第二次残疾人抽样调查数据库资料，按照描述现状→分析原因→提出对策的思维模式，提出适合于中国国情的听力残疾防治对策。结果全国听力残疾（含多重残疾）人共2780万，其中单纯听力残疾人2004万，多重残疾人中有听力残疾人776万。听力残疾现残率为2．11％，其中城市现残率为1．79％，农村现残率为2．27％，农村高于城市。听力残疾（含多重残疾）以60岁及以上老年人为主，占73．58％，其次是15～59岁组，占24．89％，7～14岁组占1．04％，0～6岁组占0．49％。60岁及以上组昕力残疾三、四级占79．13％，4～6岁组一、二级残疾占67．36％，0～3岁组一、二级残疾占83．90％，可见听力残疾在老年人中以轻、中度聋居多，在儿童中以重度、极重度聋居多；15岁及以上人群以单纯听力残疾为主，占72．65％，0～14岁听力残疾以多重残疾为主，占64．55％；农村听力残疾发生危险性是城市的1．27倍。对策面对2780万庞大的听力残疾群体，亟待建立健全社会保障和专业技术社区服务网络体系。     

On prediction of hearing disability

The present investigation was performed in order to evaluate the pure-tone frequency and/or averages of frequencies best correlated with speech intelligibility measured by the discrimination score (DS) in quiet and in background noise, and, in addition, indicate a valid low fence of the DS when correlated to a self-assessment procedure. The material comprises 158 male subjects with a median age of 60 years, range 52-72 years, drawn from an ongoing longitudinal epidemiological investigation. By self-assessment 36% indicated hearing disability in noisy backgrounds, while 64% had no hearing problems. The pure-tone frequency that correlated best with the speech intelligibility in quiet was the 2-kHz pure-tone frequency. In background noise the best correlation was found with the 3-kHz pure-tone frequency. In the group of subjects with complaints of hearing problems, the median discrimination score in background noise was 84% (IQR 72-92), while in the group of subjects with no complaints the median discrimination score in noise was 92% (IQR 88-96). Based on the results it is concluded that DS in background noise is a valuable measure in the assessment of hearing disability, but no low fence value can be indicated on the basis of the present results.     

A nonlinear analysis of phonological disability

In the spirit of Gandour (1981) a reanalysis is presented of the speech of a 6-yr-old language delayed child, Rosey, whose phonologic disorder has been discussed by Grunwell (1982). A revealing account of the data can be given by adopting a nonlinear framework; specifically, recent amendments to Goldsmith's (1976) theory of autosegmental phonology. This analysis borrows from autosegmental accounts of Arabic morphology, reduplication, and Kikuyu tone shift (all of which are briefly described). The processes postulated to explain the "deviant" pattern of data, hence, are all well motivated from the grammars of other languages. The analysis is contrasted with a "classical" (SPE) generative analysis and, thus, provides indirect evidence in favor of autosegmental theory over the classical theory. At the same time, the position of such phonologic analyses in psycholinguistic models of acquisition is briefly discussed.     

A pseudo free-field measure of auditory disability

Conventional measures of auditory disability via speech identification scores are usually monaural, or occasionally, diotic. Circumstances of everyday listening usually contain stereophonic (dichotic) cues, whilst such listening situations can be tested in a free field environment they are difficult to standardize and calibrate. A procedure has been developed by recording the signals from two Zwislocki couplers in a KEMAR mannikin to produce a headphone-presented set of speech material containing the important dichotic cues present in free field listening. This enables readily calibrated and experimentally controllable conditions to be set up to measure aspects of auditory disability and, for example, its alleviation via amplification. Two examples of the use of the test are provided: (i) the assessment of the benefits of the presence of stereophonic cues on speech identification in both the real free field and simulated conditions, and (ii) the benefits of monaural and binaural provision of amplification of hearing impaired people in directional listening situations.     

Spatial hearing disability after acoustic neuroma removal

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Previous studies on hearing loss (HL) after acoustic neuroma removal concentrate mainly on pure-tone hearing results rather than hearing disability. Our objectives were to use the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing scale (SSQ), a comprehensively validated questionnaire, to characterize and quantify the auditory disabilities that patients experience with a profound unilateral HL after acoustic neuroma removal. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-four patients with profound unilateral HL after acoustic neuroma surgery completed the SSQ. Their findings were compared with those of a control population sample matched for age, sex, and hearing level in the better hearing ear. RESULTS: In comparison with controls, with use of analysis of variance, acoustic neuroma patients scored poorly on all items except for the identification of sounds and objects (P = .123). The greatest difficulties involved speech in the presence of noise, situations of multiple speech-streams and switching (such as listening to someone speaking and the television at the same time), the location of unseen objects, and increased listening effort (P < .05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that, compared with a control population, these patients experience a significant range of auditory disabilities. It is important that clinicians be aware of the impact of such a profound unilateral HL and its potential to affect daily life. Patient counseling prior to surgery is essential, especially in patients whose loss of binaural hearing could constitute a major disability.     

Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability

Evidence from neuroimaging studies, including our own, suggest that skilled word identification in reading is related to the functional integrity of two consolidated left hemisphere (LH) posterior systems: a dorsal (temporo-parietal) circuit and a ventral (occipito-temporal) circuit. This posterior system appears to be functionally disrupted in developmental dyslexia. Relative to nonimpaired readers, reading-disabled individuals demonstrate heightened reliance on both inferior frontal and right hemisphere posterior regions, presumably in compensation for the LH posterior difficulties. We propose a neurobiological account suggesting that for normally developing readers, the dorsal circuit predominates at first, and in conjunction with premotor systems, is associated with analytic processing necessary for learning to integrate orthographic with phonological and lexical–semantic features of printed words. The ventral circuit constitutes a fast, late-developing, word form system, which underlies fluency in word recognition. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, (1) the participant will learn about a model of lexical processing involving specific cortical regions. (2) The participant will learn about evidence which supports the theory that two dorsal LH systems may be disrupted in developmental dyslexia. (3) The participant will learn that individuals with reading impairment may rely on other regions of the brain to compensate for the disruption of posterior function.     

Factors influencing consultation for management of hearing disability

The aim of this study was to compare individuals referred to an Audiology Clinic (consulters) with hearing-impaired individuals in the population who have never sought advice (non-consulters) in order to identify factors which lead some individuals with hearing problems to seek management while others with apparently similar impairments do not seek advice. Two hundred and sixty nine consulters referred to the Audiology Clinic at Glasgow Royal Infirmary were compared with 289 individuals identified in the MRC National Study of Hearing who had never sought advice as an adult about hearing problems. Age, sex, socio-economic group and better-ear hearing threshold were controlled for in all analyses. Consulters were found to have more asymmetrical hearing than non-consulters. They had greater measured disability and reported more disability when their measured disability and impairment were controlled for. They were also more handicapped when impairment and disability were controlled for.     

听力残疾研究现状及发展趋势

听力障碍是影响人类健康水平和生活质量的重要因素之一．严重影响人们的交往和社会的发展．被认为是目前最普遍的残疾。预防聋和听力损失已成为世界关注的项目。由于许多聋和听力损失是可以预防和治疗的,如先天性聋、感染性聋、药物中毒性聋和噪声性聋等．因此．1985年和1995年两次世界卫生大会都呼吁各成员国与世界卫生组织（World Health Organization．WHO）密切合作,建立国家预防聋和听力损失计划．制定预防策略并积极实施．为在2010年前减少半数可避免的主要致聋原因而努力。