肺癌组织内血管密度的X线解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：定性和定量研究肺癌组织内肿瘤微血管密度。方法：对100例肺癌支气管动脉造影资料进行分析，并利用计算机图像处理系统进行肿瘤组织内支气管动脉的分支血管密度相对分布面积和相对平均灰度进行研究。结果：肺癌表现为血管结构异常和肿瘤血管染色；本组测得肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)中位值为60，MVD≥60％为多血供(N=19)、MVD为30％-60％为中血供(N=63)、MVD≤30％，为少血供(N=18)。肺癌组织内血管密度的X线解剖学资料有10种征像。结论：肺癌组织内血管密度值代表肺癌组织的供血范围局限，应考虑其它动脉参与肿瘤供血和介人治疗。     

块状型肝癌化疗栓塞后血液动力学改变的临床意义

目的：探讨块状型肝癌化疗栓塞（TACE）后肝内血管血流动力学改变的临床意义。方法：对51例肝右叶块状型肝癌患者行TACE治疗,采用Seldinger技术将微导管超选择至肿瘤的供血动脉,经栓塞-化疗-再栓塞后再次行DSA造影检查。TACE术前、术后两次造影条件相同,观察肿瘤区和非肿瘤区血流动力学变化。结果：51例中,肿瘤组织内动脉有增生或显著增生的血管网43例（84．3％）,主瘤栓塞后DSA检出1～3个大小不等的次瘤34例（66．7％）。TACE后,肿瘤区血管密度减小、非肿瘤区血管密度增大,肝固有动脉、肝右动脉和胃十二指肠动脉管径增粗、血流量增多。结论：TACE后肝肿瘤区血流速度减慢,有利于化疗药物和栓塞剂的存留。主瘤栓塞后次瘤的发现,对于手术治疗的取舍有重要的参考价值。观察TACE前后血流动力学的变化为肿瘤综合治疗方案的拟定提供了有价值的临床信息。     

基于三维可视化技术对巨块型肝癌肝动脉血管分布规律的分析与研究

目的:基于三维可视化技术对CT数据处理、分析,研究巨块型肝癌肝动脉的分布规律。方法:收集93例正常人（正常组）和93例巨块型肝癌患者（肝癌组）CT数据,利用IPS软件三维重建,研究正常组与肝癌组肝动脉的差异以分析其变化规律。结果:肝癌组肝固有动脉、肝固有动脉左支、肝固有动脉右支和肝中动脉起始处血管平均直径均比正常组相应部位血管管径增粗,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;肝癌组肝固有动脉右支血管分支多于正常组动脉血管分支,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;巨块型肝癌位于肝左叶者,与正常组对比有76.9%膈动脉分支包绕/嵌入肝癌肿瘤,可认为其为肝癌供血的新生血管;巨块型肝癌位于肝右叶和肝中部者,新生血管呈球状包绕肝癌。结论:巨块型肝癌肝动脉的变化规律可从血管直径、分支及新生血管位置研究,为临床精准介入治疗提供指导价值。     

原发性肝癌的血管影像解剖及其临床意义

原发性肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,患者就诊时通常已属中晚期,90％患者已丧失手术机会。在临床工作中,肝肿瘤的介入治疗已成为主要治疗手段之一。其基本原理是经导管进行肿瘤供血动脉的局部治疗,包括化疗药物灌注及栓塞,达到肿瘤组织坏死、缩小的目的。肝癌的血供是影响肝动脉化疗栓塞的关键因素,与其疗效直接相关。因此,充分研究肝癌组织血供特点,并且根据不同的血供类型采用不同的介入治疗方法,对提高肝癌的介入治疗效果具有十分重要的意义。     

兔VX2肝癌超声造影定量指标与肿瘤微血管密度及血管内皮生长因子的相关性分析

目的研究肝癌超声造影定量指标与肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的相关性。方法25只VX2成年兔肝癌模型,兔龄3个月,体质量（2．9±0．1）kg。行超声造影检查,利用Qkab软件对造影动态图像进行时间-强度分析,得出肝癌组织与周边正常肝组织曲线增强上升斜率（AS）、开始增强时间（AT）、达峰时间（TTP）、峰值强度（PI）、曲线下面积（AUC）及相对参数,造影后对标本做MVD和VEGF检测,分析超声造影各定量指标与肝癌组织内部MVD及VEGF的相关性。结果在超声造影定量指标中,肝癌组织的AT、TTP及PI与周边正常肝组织相比[（7．29±0．73）svs（10．15±0．44）s,（10．02±0．73）s vs（17．01±0．81）S,24．24±4．29YS16．83±1．511,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。肝癌组织的各项定量指标中,相对TTP与MVD、VEGF呈正相关（r分别为0．517、0．528,P〈0．05）,相对PI与MVD呈正相关（r=0．564,P〈0．01）。MVD与VEGF表达呈正相关,相关系数为0．641（P=0．01）。结论超声造影定量指标可在一定程度上反映肝癌组织内部微血管分布情况。有一定临床实用价值。     

肝动脉灌注术治疗原发性肝癌的护理体会

肝动脉灌注术是经股动脉插管,选择性插入肝癌供血动脉,进行栓塞和灌注化疗药物,栓塞主要的肿瘤血管,阻断肿瘤血供,使肿瘤缺血坏死,并灌注化疗药物杀死肿瘤细胞[1]。肝动脉灌注术治疗晚期原发性肝癌,据文献报道,生存期可达12个月~3年,不失为一种较有效的保守治疗手段。我科自2011年12月~2014年2月为24例原发性肝癌患者进行肝动脉灌注术,经股动脉插管至肝动脉,选择性将药物注入肿瘤区域,治疗效果尚理想。 CT片示癌肿组只明显缩小,预后尚好,明显地延长了患者生存期,1例患者生存期已达5年。现将护理体会报告如下。     

中晚期肝癌经肝动脉栓塞化疗24例护理体会

中晚期肝癌经股动脉选择性肝动脉栓塞化疗(以下简称TAE)是在肝动脉造影技术的基础上,采用Seldinger技术,将导管选择性地送入肝左、右动脉,经造影明确肿瘤大小、范围,血供来源,进一步将导管插入病灶血管进行栓塞和化疗,控制晚期肿瘤生长速率,减少微小肿瘤的转移。对中晚期不能承受手术的患者,通过多次TAE治疗,多数患者可起到积极的姑息治疗,缓解症状,缩小晚期肿瘤和延长寿命的作用。少数可使肿     

重组人血管内皮抑制素对小鼠胃癌c-Myc,bFGF表达的影响

目的 通过构建荷胃癌小鼠模型研究重组人血管内皮抑制素对癌基因c-Myc和成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)表达的影响及可能机制.方法 20只小鼠皮下注射MFC小鼠前胃癌细胞从而构建小鼠胃癌移植瘤模型,后随机分成两组,每组10只,观察组腹腔注射0.8mg/kg重组人血管内皮抑素,对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水.每天观察小鼠的一般情况,每3天测量肿瘤体积,绘制肿瘤体积生长曲线并对两实验组肿瘤体积进行比较;应用RT-PCR、Western bolt及免疫组织化学法检测两组小鼠肿瘤组织中c-Myc和bFGF的表达,免疫组织化学染色法检测肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD)的表达,并通过Spearman分析c-Myc和bFGF两者的相关性.结果 在用药的过程中,对照组小鼠随着移植瘤结节的增大而发生行为明显改变,但观察组小鼠精神、反应、活动及进食饮水均如初,未见明显不良反应.治疗后第9d开始,观察组小鼠移植瘤体积明显小于对照组(P＜0.05),在第21 d最明显(P＜0.01).RT-PCR检测显示e-Myc,bFGF mRNA相对表达量明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);Western blot检测显也显示观察组c-Myc,bFGF蛋白的表达量明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);免疫组织化学检测显示c-Myc,bFGF阳性细胞数均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),c-Myc,bFGF平均灰度值明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);对照组平均MVD为9.2±1.3,观察组为2.9±1.0,两组之间差异亦具有统计学差异(P＜0.05).且Spearman分析得出小鼠胃移植瘤中e-Myc和bFGF mRNA存在正相关(r=0.853,P=0.000).结论 重组人血管内皮抑制素通过抑制胃癌组织c-Myc,bFGF基因表达和血管生成.     

肝癌肝内血管系统三维重建及整合的X线解剖学研究及临床意义

目的：探讨三维动态增强多层螺旋CT血管造影（three dimensional dynamic contrast enhance muhislice spiral compute tomography angiography，3D DCE MSCTA），以及肝内血管系统重建并与肝癌病灶进行整合技术在临床治疗中的指导作用。方法：对16例肝癌患者采用上腹部3D DCE MSCTA扫描技术采集影像资料，经最大密度投影（maximum intensity projection，MIP）、容积再现（volume rendering，VR）和表面遮盖（surface shaded display，SSD）法重建肝内血管及肝癌病灶，并与三维数字减影血管造影（three dimensional distal subtraction angiography，3D DSA）对照。结果：肝内血管与肿块关系：肝内血管系统主分支未见异常5例，由肝动脉发出供血动脉11例，肝内血管主干受压移位10例，其中门静脉或下腔静脉癌栓3例。MIP法在显示重建血管级数方面高于SSD法，VR法显示图像的立体感优于MIP法和SSD法，3D DSA显示肝动脉及门静脉优于VR、MIP和SSD。结论：肝脏血管系统和肝癌病灶三维重建与整合技术可以较好的显示血管和病灶的立体解剖关系，有助于临床医生确定能否手术及手术的方式、范围。     

肝癌病人介入治疗护理

肝癌是临床上常见的恶性肿瘤,因早期症状不明显,症状发现后已是中晚期,大多数病人已失去手术机会而只能选择非手术治疗.目前有肯定疗效的非手术疗法中首选介入治疗,肝癌介入治疗是经股动脉置入导管到腹腔动脉、肝总动脉,并经导管注入药物,以提高肿瘤区药物浓度,使化疗药物直接破坏肿瘤细胞的DNA合成并产生细胞毒性,使肿瘤缺血坏死而缩小.介入治疗副反应小,操作简便,充分显示了自己的优点,延长了患者的生存期,但是介入治疗是一种创伤性治疗手段,对人体有一定的损害,因此需要正确的护理以减少病人的痛苦,预防并发症的发生.近3年来在我院进行介入治疗的20例中晚期肝癌患者,由于我院认真细致的护理明显减少了并发症的发生,近期疗效满意,现将护理体会介绍如下.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.