谷氨酰胺营养支持对重度颅脑外伤病人免疫功能的影响

目的:研究添加含Gln制剂的营养支持对重度颅脑损伤病人免疫功能和炎性反应的影响.方法:将40例重度颅脑损伤手术后病人随机分为对照组和试验组,每组20例.两组病人均接受等氮、等热量的PN或(和)EN 1周,试验组病人同时补充含Gln制剂,相当于Gln 0.50 g/(kg*d).营养支持前后,取外周血测定IgM、IgG、IgA、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8比值,并记录全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的四项指标、GCS评分和有关营养指标.结果:试验组病人营养支持后IgG、IgA、CD4、CD4/CD8、GCS评分和TF均显著高于对照组.结论:含Gln制剂的营养支持,可增强重度颅脑外伤病人的免疫功能和营养水平,提高治愈率.     

鱼油脂肪乳对食管癌病人术后免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨鱼油脂肪乳对食管癌病人术后免疫功能的影响. 方法:将77例食管癌病人随机分为观察组(治疗中添加鱼油脂肪乳,n =41)和对照组(常规治疗,n=36),其他治疗两组相同.两组病人于术前1d、术后第1和第7天检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM、总淋巴细胞计数(TLC)和T细胞亚群水平(CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+),并对两组的结果数据进行比较. 结果:术前1d,两组病人各指标均无显著性差异.术后第1天,两组病人各指标均较术前明显降低;术后第7天,观察组病人IgG、IgA、IgM和TLC较对照组明显升高(P＜0.05).T细胞亚群中CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),而抑制T细胞CD3+CD8+则无显著性差异(P＞0.05). 结论:鱼油脂肪乳可有效提高食管癌病人术后的免疫功能.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

术前肠内免疫营养对结肠癌病人免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨术前应用肠内免疫营养支持对结肠癌病人免疫功能的影响. 方法:将40例结肠癌病人随机分为两组,每组20例.试验组术前给予瑞能肠内免疫营养支持7 d,对照组术前常规饮食准备.观察术前和术后免疫指标以及术后感染性并发症的发生率及住院时间. 结果:术后两组病人各项免疫指标水平均有不同程度下降,但试验组手术前后各项指标无显著性差异;而对照组术后第3天的外周血淋巴细胞总数、CD4 /CD8 和术后第7 天的淋巴细胞总数、CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 、血清IgG、IgM水平均较入院时显著降低(P＜0.05);试验组术后第7天淋巴细胞总数、CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 和血清IgG、IgM水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);试验组术后感染性并发症的发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组住院时间无显著性差异(P＞0.05). 结论:术前使用肠内免疫营养制剂,能明显改善结肠癌病人的免疫状况,减少术后感染性并发症的发生.     

肠内免疫营养制剂应用于食管癌术后病人的临床观察

目的:通过食管癌术后病人应用肠内免疫营养制剂观察营养状况和免疫功能的影响. 方法:将60例食管癌病人随机分为试验组(n=30)和对照组(n=30).试验组于术后第2天开始给予肠内免疫营养制剂(瑞能)至术后第7天;对照组术后给予全肠外营养.两组病人分别于术前1d、术后第2和第7天分别检测血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)水平.同时观察两组病人胃肠功能恢复情况、肝功能和术后感染性并发症的差异.结果:试验组病人术后胃肠功能和肝功能恢复得更早,并发症的发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).试验组病人PA、IgG、IgA、CD3+、CD4+等营养和免疫指标明显升高,与对照组比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:食管癌病人术后应用肠内免疫营养制剂能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,改善病人术后的营养状况和免疫功能.     

早期肠内营养对胃胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内营养(EEN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃、胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:胃、胰腺肿瘤病人96例,分为EEN组52例、PN组24例和对照组(常规补液)20例.术后24 h开始给予肠内或肠外营养,检测术前和术后第9 d营养以及免疫指标,观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EEN组和PN组术后体重、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而EEN组和PN组之间差异无显著性意义;EEN组和PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EEN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EEN可明显改善胃、胰腺肿瘤术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的 研究围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响.方法将80例食管癌患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组与肠外营养（PN）组,以不同方式营养支持至术后第7天.所有患者均于术前、术后第1、8天测量IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和α-抗胰蛋白酶.结果术后第1天,PN组免疫球蛋白均下降（P〈0.05）,EN组IgA下降（P〈0.05）;术后第8天两组免疫球蛋白均较术后第1天升高（P〈0.05）;EN组术后第8天免疫球蛋白均明显高于PN组（P〈0.01）;两组术后第1天的CD4淋巴细胞较术前下降（P〈0.05）,EN组术后第1天CD8明显升高（P〈0.01）,EN组术后第8天的CD4、CD4/CD8均高于PN组（P〈0.01）,CD8低于PN组（P〈0.05）;术后第1天CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶较术前均显著升高（P〈0.01）,术后第8天较术后第1天均显著下降（P〈0.01）;术后第8天EN组患者CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶均显著低于PN组（P〈0.01）.结论围手术期对食管癌患者进行肠内营养支持,能提高患者免疫能力,降低术后全身炎性反应,有利于术后恢复,值得推广.     

含精氨酸的肠外营养对胃肠道肿瘤病人术后免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨添加精氨酸(arginine,Arg)的胃肠外营养(PN)支持对胃肠道肿瘤病人术后免疫功能的影响.方法:将我院应用含Arg的PN的胃肠道肿瘤病人52例作为PN组,未应用PN的胃肠道肿瘤病人50例作为对照组.于手术前、术后第1天和第8天分别测定病人的T淋巴细胞亚群CD3 、CD4 、CD8 和免疫球蛋白IgM、IgA、IgG的含量.结果:手术前、术后第1天两组病人的免疫功能无明显差异(P＞0.05),术后第8天,PN组病人的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能均高于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:含精氨酸的胃肠外营养支持可促进胃肠道肿瘤病人术后免疫功能的恢复.     

早期肠内营养在食管癌术后感染预防中的效果研究

目的 观察早期肠内营养对预防食管癌术后感染的效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 将100例食管癌手术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)、肠外营养组(PN组)各50例,术后EN组早期行肠内营养,PN组给予全肠外营养支持;分别于术后第1、8天采用Array360测定仪检测体液免疫指标(血液中IgA、IgG、IgM),采用Beck-man-Coulter Epics XL流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(T淋巴细胞及其亚群、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞).结果 EN组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、吻合口瘘各1例,PN组分别为4、5、4例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EN组术后第1、8天与PN组术后第1、8天的IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞比较,EN组术后第8天与术后第1天及PN组术后第8天比较,IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞升高(P＜0.05),而CD8+降低(P＜0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可预防食管癌术后感染的发生,可能与其提高机体免疫功能有关.     

消化道肿瘤术后早期营养对免疫和应激反应的作用

目的 比较消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）与术后早期完全胃肠外营养（TPN）对患者应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将择期进行消化道恶性肿瘤根治手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例），两组患者分别于术后24小时开始等热量、等氮营养治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后1周CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、IgM、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素2（IL2）水平的差异。结果EEN＋PN组术后7天CD3、CD4、IgM显著高于TPN组（P〈0．05）；TPN组术后1天IL2显著高于EEN＋PN组（P〈0．05）。两组患者术前、术后7天CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、CRP、TNFα差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论EEN＋PN在改善应激和免疫指标方面优于TPN，可成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.