高效液相色谱法测定射干利咽口服液中射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱同时测定射干利咽口服液中射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素含量的方法。方法采用Dia-monsil C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸（B）（pH=2.25）,进行梯度洗脱,0 min：20%（A）;20 min：60%（A）;40 min：20%（A）;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量：20μL;紫外检测波长：265 nm;柱温：室温。结果射干苷和次野鸢尾黄素保留时间分别为20.5和35.5 min,与各自相邻峰的分离度均〉1.5。以峰面积对进样浓度（ng·mL^-1）线性回归,射干苷回归方程：Y=7 485.5X＋82.95,r=0.999 7,线性范围：150-3 000 ng·mL^-1;次野鸢尾黄素回归方程：Y=2 031X-78.14,r=0.999 9,线性范围：50-1 000 ng·mL^-1。射干苷和次野鸢尾黄素的回收率分别为97.2%和98.7%、RSD分别为2.1%和2.8%。结论本方法操作简便,测定结果准确可靠,可用于射干利咽口服液中射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素的含量测定。     

HPLC测定射干不同部位中的4种药用成分

目的 采用HPLC法同时测定射干中的芒果苷、鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素及次野鸢尾黄素,并比较了根茎及须中4种成分的含量.方法 采用Kromail C18柱(200 mm x4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.2%磷酸水为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长260 mm.结果 各成分浓度与峰面积在测定范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),精密度、重复性、稳定性良好,平均加样回收率为96.35%～97.82%.结论 所建方法可用于同时测定射干根茎及须中芒果苷、鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素及次野鸢尾黄素的含量.芒果苷、次野鸢尾黄素在须中含量高于根茎中.     

射干抗病毒注射液黄酮类成分的含量测定

射干抗病毒注射液为八味中药组成的复方制剂,仅对绿原酸、次野鸢尾黄素等个别指标性成分进行含量测定,不足以保证其有效性。本文通过实验建立了对射干抗病毒注射液中四种活性成分鸢尾苷、野鸢尾苷、野鸢尾黄素和次野鸢尾黄素的含量同时进行测定的方法,实现了该制剂的多指标含量     

射干主根与须根中6种异黄酮类成分的含量比较

目的用HPLC法测定射干主根与须根中射干苷、野鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素、野鸢尾黄素、次野鸢尾黄素及白射干索6种异黄酮类成分的含量。方法色谱柱：KromasilC18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：0．2％磷酸水溶液（A）和乙腈（B）,梯度洗脱,检测波长265nm,柱温：30℃,流速1．0mL·min-1。结果射干主根中射干苷和鸢尾黄素的含量远远高于须根,主根和须根中野鸢尾苷、野鸢尾黄素和白射干素的含量相差不大（主根略高于须根）,而须根中次野鸢尾黄素的含量稍高于主根。结论该方法能准确简便地分析射干中6种成分的含量,可为射干药材的合理用药提供一定的科学依据。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定复方黑参颗粒中肉桂酸和次野鸢尾黄素的含量

目的建立复方黑参颗粒中肉桂酸、次野鸢尾黄素含量测定方法。方法采用Diamonsil^(TM)C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-体积分数为0.05%的磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min(TM)C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-体积分数为0.05%的磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长为266 nm,进样量为20μL,柱温为30℃。结果在上述色谱条件下,肉桂酸和次野鸢尾黄素在0.76～3.80 mg·L(-1),检测波长为266 nm,进样量为20μL,柱温为30℃。结果在上述色谱条件下,肉桂酸和次野鸢尾黄素在0.76～3.80 mg·L^(-1)(r=0.999 5)、0.44～2.18 mg·L(-1)(r=0.999 5)、0.44～2.18 mg·L^(-1)(r=0.999 5)内线性关系良好。肉桂酸和次野鸢尾黄素的平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为98.3%、99.9%;RSD分别为1.8%、0.6%。结论本方法可作为复方黑参颗粒的质量控制方法。     

UPLC法测定射干药材中10个异黄酮类成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定射干药材中10个异黄酮类成分含量的测定方法,并用于评价不同产地射干药材中各成分的含量差异。方法:采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18,流动相水相组成为含0.5%甲基-β-环糊精、0.1%磷酸的水溶液,有机相为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 m L/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为265 nm,进样量为2μL,分析时间为20 min。对来自于8个省份的26个样品中的10个异黄酮类成分射干苷、鸢尾甲苷A、鸢尾甲苷B、野鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素、鸢尾甲黄素B、鸢尾甲黄素A、野鸢尾黄素、次野鸢尾黄素、白射干素进行含量测定。结果:射干苷、鸢尾甲苷A、鸢尾甲苷B、野鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素、鸢尾甲黄素B、鸢尾甲黄素A、野鸢尾黄素、次野鸢尾黄素、白射干素检测质量浓度线性范围分别为8.569 5～342.78、0.643～25.72、1.119 8～44.79、2.187 8～87.51、0.770 3～30.81、0.421 3～16.85、0.288 5～11.54、1.795 3～71.81、0.560 8～22.43、0.086～3.44μg/mL(r均≥0.999 6),定量限分别为0.015、0.102、0.096、0.013、0.036、0.088、0.102、0.019、0.067、0.092μg/m L;精密度、稳定性(24 h)、重复性试验的RSD均<2.00%(n=6);加样回收率为95.30%～103.30%(RSD均≤2.33%,n=6)。在26个射干样品中,以射干苷含量最高(3.66%～57.79%),白射干素含量最低(0.09%～0.59%),次野鸢尾黄素含量为0.29～2.80 mg/g,且不同产地中各异黄酮类成分含量差异较大。结论:建立的含量测定方法灵敏、分析时间较短、重复性较好,可以用于同时测定射干药材中10个异黄酮类成分的含量及评价各成分含量差异。     

黄芩射干汤中千层纸素A和次野鸢尾黄素的含量测定

目的建立黄芩射干汤有效成分千层纸素A和次野鸢尾黄素的定量分析方法。方法采用HPLC-DAD法测定制剂中千层纸素A和次野鸢尾黄素含量,使用Ultimate XB-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温:25℃。结果千层纸素A和次野鸢尾黄素含量的线性范围分别为0.058 32~0.641 52μg(r=0.999 4)和0.053 76~0.591 36μg(r=0.999 6);平均回收率(n=6)分别为96.98%和97.37%,RSD分别为1.68%和1.98%。结论所建方法快速、准确,重复性好,可作为此制剂的定量分析方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定射干抗病毒注射液中绿原酸含量

目的 建立射干抗病毒注射液中绿原酸的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。方法 色谱柱:Kromasil ODS(5μm,4.6 mm×200 mm),水-甲醇-乙腈-冰醋酸(95∶10∶5∶2,v/v)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温(23.5±0.1)℃,于326nm测定射干抗病毒注射液中绿原酸含量。结果 线性范围:0.0074～3.7 μg(r=0.9999),绿原酸对照品进样精密度RSD=0.60％,在16 h内峰面积RSD=0.54％,检测限为2.4 ng,定量限为7.4 ng,回收率100.1％。结论 该法准确、无干扰,可用于控制射干抗病毒注射液的质量。     

高效液相色谱质谱联用法测定射干合剂中8种中药成分的含量

目的:建立一种高效液相色谱质谱联用法同时测定黄芩苷、野黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、咖啡酸、麻黄碱、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素、黄芩素等8种中药成分的含量及其在我院自有制剂射干合剂中的应用。方法:色谱条件:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 ml·min-1,柱温:35℃;质谱条件:采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),多反应离子监测(MRM),结合正负离子扫描切换,其中咖啡酸、野黄芩苷、射干苷采用负离子模式检测,黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、次野鸢尾黄素、黄芩素、麻黄碱采用正离子模式检测。结果:黄芩苷、野黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、咖啡酸、麻黄碱、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素、黄芩素的定量限分别为1.44×10-4,4.20×10-3,2.95×10-4,7.80,4.90×10-3,4.6×10-2,3.18×10-4,4.85 ng·ml-1,检测限分别为4.32×10-5,1.3×10-3,8.84×10-5,0.77,2.90×10-4,3.33×10-4,9.5×10-5,1.46 ng·ml-1;在相应的线性范围内R2>0.992 3;日内和日间精密度(RSD)均小于5%,平均回收率均在80%~120%。结论:本方法在20 min内实现这8种化合物的分离和测定,简单、快速、灵敏、准确,可用于射干合剂多成分含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定防感喷雾剂中次野鸢尾黄素的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱( HPLC)测定防感喷雾剂中次野鸢尾黄素含量的方法.方法:采用HPLC进行测定,色谱柱为Agilent C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-0.2％磷酸(60∶40);检测波长266 nm;流速1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃.结果:次野鸢尾黄素在0.026～0.260 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000),平均加样回收率为97.12％,RSD为1.85％.结论:本方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于防感喷雾剂中次野鸢尾黄素的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.