新生儿高胆红素血症脑干听觉诱发电位检测的意义

目的:观察高胆红素血症对新生儿脑干听觉功能的影响。方法:对208例高胆红素血症新生儿进行脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)检测。结果:新生儿高胆红素血症的BAEP异常率为57.21%。以Ⅲ、Ⅴ波异常较多。结论:无症状性高胆红素血症存在脑干听觉功能损害,积极的BAEP检测有重要意义。     

新生儿高胆红素血症脑干听觉诱发电位的观察分析

目的 观察高胆红素血症对新生几脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的影响。方法 2005年1月至2006年1月我科收治的足月高胆红素血症的新生儿39例为高胆组，无缺氧史及其它听力及脑损伤高危因素30例为对照组，对其进行脑干听觉诱发电位检查，分析Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期、峰间期等参数，进行t检验。结果 在80dBnHL刺激下，高胆组各波峰潜伏期及峰间期延长，振幅下降，与对照组比较差异有显著性。结论 足月儿高胆红素血症超过256．5umol／L，脑干听觉诱发电位异常，提示有脑损伤，应给予积极治疗，BAEP对临床治疗有意义。     

窒息新生儿脑干听觉诱发电位的观察

目的：探讨窒息对新生儿的听觉和脑干功能的影响,方法：对55例窒息新生儿进行脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）检测,结果：BAEP的异常率为51％,主要表现在I,V波峰潜伏期延长,I－V,Ⅲ-Ⅴ峰间期延长及Ⅲ-Ⅴ/ⅠⅢ＞1的和反应阈升高。结果：窒息新生儿可有听力损失和中脑下部的损害,BAEP对了解新生儿早期听力及脑干功能障碍有重要价值。     

高胆红素血症新生儿脑干听觉诱发电位的研究

目的 :观察新生儿高胆红素血症对外周及脑干听觉传导系统的影响及机制。方法 :根据血清胆红素水平把 4 6例新生儿分成A组 (2 9例 ,5 8耳 ,血清间接胆红素小于 342 μmol/L)和B组 (17例 ,34耳 ,血清间接胆红素大于 342 μmol/L)两组进行脑干听觉诱发电位检测。 结果 :AB两组患儿分别有15耳和 2 2耳出现Ⅴ波反应阈轻度升高 ,两组相比 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。与A组比较 ,B组患儿BAEP异常率显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,其中Ⅰ波、Ⅴ波异常率 ,Ⅰ -Ⅴ间期异常率显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,Ⅲ波及Ⅰ -Ⅲ峰间期、Ⅲ -Ⅴ峰间期异常率差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :高胆红素血症可导致新生儿听神经损害 ,血清间接胆红素水平与BAEP异常程度有直接关系     

40例听神经瘤患者的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的：分析听神经瘤患者脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的改变及特点。方法：对40例听神经瘤患者（80耳）进行BAEP检测，测定Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ各波潜伏期（PL）、峰间潜伏期（IPL）、双耳间PL或IPL之侧间差（ILD）等数值。结果：患侧异常率为100％。主要表现为Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波消失，Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期延长，Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波峰间期延长。听神经瘤对侧异常率为68％。主要表现为Ⅲ-Ⅴ波峰间期延长。结论：BAEP检测是一项客观敏感的神经电生理学指标，对于听神经瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

前庭系统性眩晕病人的脑干听觉诱发电位检测

目的：探讨脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）对前庭周围性眩晕和中枢性眩晕的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对86例前庭系统性眩晕患者进行BAEP检查，观察Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期（PL）、波形分化情况和Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ波的峰间期潜伏期（IPL）、两耳测间差（ILD）以及Ⅰ/Ⅴ波幅比例。结果：86例中有51例（59％）异常，依其表现分为两型：①内耳型24例：表现为Ⅰ波分化不良或波形消失，PL延长及其后各波相应延长，ILD相应增大；②脑干型27例：表现为Ⅰ波正常，Ⅲ、Ⅴ波分化不良或波形消失，Ⅲ波或Ⅴ波PL、Ⅰ-Ⅲ及Ⅲ-ⅤIPL延长，ILD相应增大。结论：BAEP应是一种鉴别前庭系统周围性和中枢性眩晕比较敏感的方法。     

煤工尘肺合并低氧血症42例患者脑干听觉诱发电位检测报告

目的:分析煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的改变及特点,研究这些患者长期慢性脑部缺氧对脑干功能的影响。方法:对42例煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者与对照组进行BAEP测试,测定Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ各波潜伏期(PL)、峰间潜伏期(IPL)、两耳间PL或IPL之差(ILD),Ⅰ-Ⅲ/Ⅲ-Ⅴ之IPL比,同侧Ⅴ/Ⅰ波幅比等数值。结果:病例组IPL明显延长,与对照组比较差异非常显著(P<0.01)。结论:BAEP能敏感反映煤矿工人尘肺合并低氧血症患者脑干的功能障碍,其对早期了解肺性脑病脑干功能有一定价值。     

新生儿高胆红素血症病因与听力损害关系的探讨

目的　探讨新生儿高胆红素血症病因与听力损害之间的关系。方法　分别对不同病因 (溶血、感染、母乳性黄疸 )引起的高胆红素血症和正常新生儿进行脑干听觉诱发电位检测。结果　由溶血和感染因素所致的高胆红素血症脑干听觉诱发电位变化明显。母乳性黄疸所致高胆红素血症脑干听觉诱发电位无变化。结论　早期新生儿因溶血、感染所致高胆红素血症可引起听力损害 ,应及早干预 ,并注意远期随访。     

脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)在甲状腺机能减退患者中的应用价值

目的:探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)在甲状腺机能减退患者中的应用价值。方法:选择50例甲状腺机能减退患者进行BAEP检测,并与正常组作对照。结果:1、Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波中有一个以上波形消失或PL延长者15例,占全部异常者36例的41.7%;2、Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ中有一个以上IPL延长者18例,占50%;3、Ⅴ波波幅降低并且Ⅴ/Ⅰ小于0.5或双侧Ⅴ波IDL大于0.3ms,Ⅲ-ⅤIPL大于Ⅰ-Ⅲ3例,占8.3%。结论:脑干听觉诱发电位可以代替纯音电测听检查客观的反映听觉系统和脑干功能,并可用于对甲状腺机能减退患者的治疗结果进行随访。     

脑干听觉诱发电位对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值

目的 :探讨脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值。方法 :对 12 6例前庭系统性眩晕者进行BAEP检查 ,并以 5 0名正常健康受试者作对照。结果 :12 6例中BAEP异常 90例 ,异常率 71 4 %。其表现分为二组 :①内耳型组 37例 ,可见Ⅰ波消失或Ⅰ波和其后各波均消失 ,或Ⅰ波潜伏期 (PL)延长及其后各波相应延长 ,同时Ⅰ波至Ⅴ波峰间期 (IPL)延长 ;②脑干型组 5 3例 ,表现为Ⅰ波正常 ,Ⅲ波或Ⅴ波PL延长或波形消失 ,Ⅲ—Ⅴ、Ⅰ—ⅢIPL延长 ,Ⅴ /Ⅰ波幅比小于 0 5及双侧Ⅴ波PL侧间差 >0 4ms。结论 :BAEP对于前庭周围性眩晕和前庭中枢性眩晕的鉴别有一定的参考价值     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.