Prevalence of seromarkers of HBV and HCV among blood donors in eastern Saudi Arabia, 1998-2001

The prevalence of serological markers of HBV and HCV were determined for blood donors in eastern Saudi Arabia. Between 1998 and 2001, 13,443 donors (10,778 Saudi and 2665 non-Saudi), were screened for HBsAg, anti-HBc Ab, and anti-HCV Ab using commercial kits. There was a steady decrease in the HBsAg (2.58 and 1.67%), anti-HBc rates (15.32 and 9.15%), and anti-HCV (1.04 and 0.59%) rates between 1998 and 2001, respectively. However, there was a marked difference between Saudi and non-Saudi donors with regard to anti-HBc (P < 0.001) and anti-HCV (P < 0.01), but not HBsAg prevalence rates in the same time period.     

Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Lebanon, 1997–2000

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in many individuals is asymptomatic and the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) among blood donors in Lebanon is scarce. This study aimed to address the prevalence of anti‐HCV in 8700 blood donors, the data obtained was compared to other world regions. Between 1997 and 2000, 8700 blood donors were screened for the presence of anti‐HCV in their sera. Initially reactive specimens were retested in duplicate, and repeatedly positive samples were subsequently retested by a third generation microplate enzyme immunoassay. Of the 8700 blood donors screened, 51 were confirmed positive for anti‐HCV, giving a prevalence rate of 0.6%. While there was no difference in anti‐HCV prevalence in relation to age or gender, higher rates were seen in non‐Lebanese compared to Lebanese subjects (6.17% vs. 0.48%, P < 0.001). None of the anti‐HCV positive individuals had an identifiable risk factor for contracting HCV (intravenous drug user, prior transfusion, etc.), and their transaminases were comparable to anti‐HCV‐negative donors, suggesting that HCV‐positive donors were asymptomatic. These results demonstrate low prevalence of anti‐HCV among Lebanese blood donors, which was comparable to those established for Western countries.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers in volunteer blood donors in Crete. A 5-year study

Greece is a country with an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Crete, the third-largest island of the Mediterranean sea, has a different prevalence of viral hepatitis. One-eighth of the total island population, of 550000, was included in a 5-year study of blood donors from three out of four blood banks, serving three out of four prefectures of the island. Markers for HBV and HCV were studied and evaluated according to geographical area, gender and age of donor. A total of 65219 blood donors were studied. A greater number of males than females were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive (0.41% vs 0.28%, respectively) with a peak at a younger age for males and older age for females. Males are more frequently exposed to HBV and become carriers more often than females. For HCV, an opposite gender trend was found, females being infected more frequently (0.49%) than males (0.37%). Statistical differences were found among geographical areas of the island. Hence, Crete is an area of low endemicity for HBsAg in blood donors. The HCV infectivity is more similar to Northern Europe than to other neighbouring countries. Differences in geographical distribution within the island and during different years indicate the need for extended epidemiological surveys for valid results.     

聚合酶链反应技术对丙型肝炎病毒感染献血员的筛查

目的 对国内献血者丙型肝炎病毒“窗口期”感染的PCR筛查技术应用的调查。方法 卫生部临床检验中心组织全国12家血站，按统一标准采集上万份样品，分为两组，分别为A组（7173份）和B组（7477份），使用试剂按统一标准进行了本项调查研究，其中基因拷贝数≥10^3拷贝数/ml判为阳性。结果 A组中阳性样本数为21，百分比为0.29%，B组中未检测到阳性样本数。结论 血站有必要采用PCR技术筛查丙型肝炎病毒“窗口期”感染的献血者。但需规范采血术方法和评价适合血站筛查用的试剂。     

慢性活动性肝炎,肝硬化患者HBV与HCV的合并感染及其意义

５８例慢性活动性肝炎，肝硬化患者中，发现乙肝表面抗原阳性４２例，抗ＨＣＶ阳性１６例，ＨＣＶ与ＨＢＶ合并感染１１例。１６例ＨＣＶ感染患者ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率为５３．３％。ＨＣＶ与ＨＢＶ合并感染的慢性活动性肝炎患者，其谷丙转氨酶明显升高，而在肝硬化患者ＨＣＶ与ＨＶＢ合并感染对γ－ＧＴ，血清γ－球蛋白和血清白蛋白也有明显改变。     

Prevalence and screening costs of hepatitis C virus among Ugandan blood donors

BACKGROUND: Screening donated blood for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is important for HCV prevention and is routinely practiced in North America and Europe. However, in many African countries little is known about HCV prevalence or cost-effectiveness of HCV antibody (anti-HCV) screening. METHODS: We investigated 2592 plasma specimens collected consecutively from blood donors in central Uganda in 1999. Routine screening by the blood bank included human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and syphilis. To assess HCV prevalence and cost-effectiveness of testing, specimens were additionally tested for anti-HCV IgG by enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). Specimens repeatedly reactive (RR) on EIA were tested with a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). RESULTS: Overall, 107 (4.1%) specimens were HCV EIA RR. Fifteen EIA RR specimens (0.6%, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-0.9%) were RIBA positive and 47 (1.8%) were RIBA indeterminate. Most (80%) RIBA-positive specimens were non-reactive for HIV, HBsAg, and syphilis. RIBA positivity was not associated with donor age, sex, number of donations, HIV, or HBsAg positivity. Costs of screening donors for anti-HCV by using EIA were estimated at US Dollars 782 per potential transfusion-associated HCV infection (exposure to RIBA-positive blood) averted. CONCLUSIONS: Current screening tests for other infections are ineffective in removing HCV-positive donations. Testing costs are considerable; cost-effectiveness of identifying HCV-infected donors will be critical in decision making about HCV screening in Uganda.     

Significant increase in HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis infections among blood donors in West Bengal, Eastern India 2004-2005： Exploratory screening reveals high frequency of occult HBV infection

AIM： To evaluate the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus （HBV） and hepatitis C virus （HCV） and human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） among blood donors in Kolkata, Eastern India for two consecutive years and to conduct a pilot study to explore the presence of HBV DNA among hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） negative but anti-HBc positive blood donors.
METHODS： Seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV was studied among 113051 and 106695 voluntary blood donors screened in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Moreover, a pilot study on 1027 HBsAg negative donors was carried out for evaluating the presence of HBV DNA by PCR on HBsAg negative/anti- HBc positive donors.
RESULTS： A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of HBV （1448 vs 1768, P 〈 0.001）, HIV （262 vs 374, P 〈 0.001）, HCV （314 vs 372, P = 0.003） and syphilis （772 vs 853, P = 0.001） infections was noted among blood donors of Kolkata West Bengal in 2005 as compared to 2004. Moreover, the exploratory study on 1027 HBsAg negative donors revealed that 188 （18.3%）of them were anti-HBc positive out of which 21% were positive for HBV DNA.
CONCLUSION： The findings of this study underscore the significantly increasing endemicity of hepatitis viruses, syphilis and HIV among the voluntary blood donors of our community. The pilot study indicates a high rate of prevalence of HBV DNA among HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive donors and thus emphasizes the need for a more sensitive and stringent screening algorithm for blood donations.     

PCR检测献血员乙肝感染状况

目的对部分献血员中乙型肝炎感染状况进行调查．方法用ＰＣＲ法对检查合格的２９０份献血血样进行ＨＢＶ＿ＤＮＡ检测．结果本组２９０份血样中ＨＢｓＡｇ，ＨＢｅＡｇ全部呈阴性．１６７例ＨＢＶＭ阳性；其中８０例单项抗ＨＢｓ阳性，５０例单项抗ＨＢｃ阳性，１９例抗ＨＢｓ和ＨＢｃ两项阳性，１２例抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ两项阳性；６例抗ＨＢｓ，抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ三项阳性，而ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ的阳性率在各组中分别为８８％（７／８０），２６０％（１３／５０），１０５％（２／１９），７５０％（９／１２），３３３％（２／６）．１２３例ＨＢＶＭ阴性，ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ的阳性率为１６％（２／１２３）．２９０例中ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ的总检出率为１２１％（３５／２９０）．结论合法献血员中存在着乙肝病毒感染者．     

Serum alanine aminotransferase level in relation to hepatitis B and C virus infections among blood donors

Abstract: To assess the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in relation to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among blood donors, antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were detected in 400 blood donors with normal ALT level (≤750 μmol/s per liter), and 76 blood donors with raised ALT level. The prevalence of anti-HCV (10.5%) and HBsAg (28.9%) in the latter was higher than that (2.0% and 17.5%, respectively) in the former (p<0.001 and p<0.03, respectively). There was a trend that indicated that the risk of anti-HCV positivity increased with increasing age (p<0.001). Thirty of 76 (39.5%) donors with raised ALT level were positive for anti-HCV or HBsAg. Compared with HBsAg-positive donors, donors with anti-HCV had higher serum ALT levels (p<0.01) and greater mean age (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that both anti-HCV (odds ratio: 6.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.2–17.8) and HBsAg (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.3–3.9) were significantly associated with raised serum ALT activity. The estimated population-attributable risk was 8.6% for anti-HCV, and 13.8% for HBsAg. In conclusion, although HBV and HCV infections are independent risk factors of raised ALT activity among blood donors, they play a minor role in the etiology of raised ALT activity.     

临床肝病患者中庚型肝炎病毒(GBV-C/HGV)的感染

本文应用抗-HGV酶联免疫法(EIA)和逆转录套式聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测150份乙型、120份丙型、15份戊型和49份非甲-戊型肝炎患者血清。结果显示:乙肝、丙肝、戊肝和非甲-戊型肝炎患者中抗-HGV抗体的阳性率分别为22.0％(33/150)、25.0％(30/120)、33.3％(5/15)和40.1％(20/49)。其中乙型、丙型、戊型和非甲-戊型肝炎的抗-HGV抗体阳性者中,HGV RNA的阳性率分别为58.3％(7/12)、60.0％(6/10)、40.0％(2/5)和45.5％(9/12)。说明GBV-C/HGV可与HBV、HCV或HEV合并感染,该病毒可能引起临床型肝炎。     

HCV HBV感染与肝细胞性肝癌

调查了肝癌高发地区不同肝病患者中丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染率。慢性肝病患者绝大多数已被乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染。HCV第二代抗体阳性率,肝癌7.3％,肝硬化6.6％,慢性肝炎6.6％和急性肝炎3.4％。两种病毒的复合感染率,肝癌5.1％,肝硬化1.7％,慢性肝炎3.9％和急性肝炎1.1％。在38例HCV抗体阳性的慢性肝病患者中,ALT异常84.2％,有输血史者占57.9％,HCV-RNA阳性率为71.1％。本研究的资料分析提示,在肝癌高发地区尽管HCV抗体阳性率较低,但HCV感染也是肝癌发生的重要病因之一。     

某医院HIV感染者中HBV HCV TP混合感染状况分析

目的 了解综合性医院首诊艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者中合并乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和梅毒螺旋体(TP)的混合感染情况及临床特点,为艾滋病(AIDS)的防控和治疗提供科学依据.方法 2013年1月至2017年12月,以非艾滋病首诊于某综合性医院而确证为HIV感染者,收集其人口学资料和临床资料,并进行乙...     

无偿献血人群隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的 调查无偿献血人群隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染(OBI)情况。方法 2021年1月～2021年12月我站无偿献血者血液样本107397份,采用两种ELISA法检测试剂盒进行HBsAg的初次筛查,采用核酸检测(NAT)法对两次HBsAg结果均为阴性的样本进行HBV DNA检测。对血清HBsAg阴性而HBV DNA阳性样本进行HBV血清学标志物检测,并采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测核酸和病毒基因分型。结果 在筛查的107397例无偿献血人群血样本中,经血清标志物检测后确认为OBI者29例(0.27‰);血清抗-HBc阳性者12例(35.3%),抗-HBe/抗-HBc阳性者8例(23.5%),抗-HBs/抗-HBc阳性者6例(17.7%),抗-HBs/抗-HBe/抗-HBc阳性者3例(8.8%);19～29岁年龄段献血人群OBI感染率为0.09‰,30～39岁人群为0.32‰,40～49岁人群为0.39‰,50～55岁年龄段献血人群OBI感染率为0.41‰,且该年龄段重复献血者OBI感染率为0.31‰;血清抗-HBs/抗-HBc阳性和抗-HBs/抗-HBe/抗-HBc OBI献...     

Anti-HBc screening in Indian blood donors：Still an unresolved issue

AIM：To study the seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen （anti-HBc） in healthy blood donors negative for HBsAg and to evaluate whether anti-HBc detection could be adopted in India as a screening assay for HBV in addition to HBsAg. METHODS： A total of 1700 serum samples collected from HBsAg-negative healthy blood donors were tested for the presence of anti-HBc antibody （IgM ＋ IgG）. All samples reactive for anti-HBc antibody were then investigated for presence of anti-HBs and for liver function tests （LFTs）. One hundred serum samples reactive for anti-HBc were tested for HBV DNA by PCR method. RESULTS： Out of 1700 samples tested, 142 （8.4%） blood samples were found to be reactive for anti-HBc. It was signif icantly lower in voluntary （6.9%） as compared to replacement donors （10.4%, P = 0.011）. Seventy- two （50.7%） anti-HBc reactive samples were also reactive for anti-HBs with levels 〉 10 mIU/mL and 70 （49.3%） samples were non-reactive for anti-HBs, these units were labeled as anti-HBc-only. These 142 anti-HBc reactive units were also tested for liver function test. HBV DNA was detected in only 1 of 100 samples tested. CONCLUSION： Keeping in view that 8%-18% of donor population in India is anti-HBc reactive, inclusion of anti- HBc testing will lead to high discard rate. Anti-HBs as proposed previously does not seem to predict clearance of the virus. Cost effectiveness of introducing universalanti-HBc screening and discarding large number of blood units versus considering ID NAT （Individual donor nuclic acid testing） needs to be assessed.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors in north-eastern Poland.

In many countries, screening blood donors for viral markers is an important source of information about epidemiology of HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in north-eastern Poland and to compare it with prevalence of markers of other infections. We retrospectively analysed the results of tests for anti-HCV, HBsAg and anti-HIV of all blood donations performed in years 1998-2003. For HCV infection, full data (including all results of confirmatory tests) were available only for years 1998-2000. Overall prevalence of anti-HCV among all donors in years 1998-2000 was 0.5%. There was no significant difference in anti-HCV positivity rate of male and female donors. Majority of HCV infections occurred among first time donors (152/202; 75% of all HCV-positive results). The prevalence of anti-HCV among first time donors averaged 0.6% and remained at similar level as HBsAg (0.7%). The number of anti-HIV positives among first time donors remained low (mean prevalence 0.01%). We conclude that prevalence of anti-HCV among blood donors in podlaskie woiewodship is similar to prevalence in Poland but higher than reported for Western European countries and USA.     

慢性乙丙型肝炎重叠感染后血清病毒标志物的变化

目的为了探讨病毒之间的干扰现象，作者对慢性乙丙型病毒性肝炎重叠感染患者的血清肝炎病毒标志物的变化进行研究。方法１９９２年１月＿１９９４年１０月连续在我院住院确诊的慢性乙丙型病毒性肝炎重叠感染患者６０例，同期连续收住院的单纯慢性乙型肝炎患者１１０例作为对照组，比较两组患者入院时的血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物，并对观察组中２０例患者进行了随访，随访期０．５＿３年。结果入院时观察组ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗＿ＨＢｃＩｇＭ阳性率较对照组显著减少（１９／６０对５２／１０６，８／６０对２９／１１０，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性率和抗＿ＨＢｅ阳性率显著增高（１０／／６０对５／１１０，Ｐ＜０．０１；３８／６０对４８／１０６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。观察组２０例随访发现，ＨＢＶ＿ＤＮＡ阳性及ＨＢＶ＿ＤＮＡ，ＨＣＶ＿ＲＮＡ二项同时阳性例数都比入院时明显减少（４／２０对１０／２０，Ｐ＜０．０５；１／２０对７／２０，Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论慢性乙丙型病毒性肝炎重叠感染时存在病毒干扰现象     

Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C among first time blood donors in Northeast Bosnia and Herzegovina: an estimate of prevalence in general population

Background

Data on the epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) are lacking.

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in blood samples of first time blood donors in a well-defined region of B&H. Our secondary goal was to estimate the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in the general population of the same region.

Patients and Methods

We evaluated 8196 blood samples for the presence of HBsAg and/or anti-HCV, adjusted for differences in gender, and used the ratio estimation method to determine the prevalence in the general population.

Results

We analyzed 1263 (15.4%) female and 6933 (84.6%) male blood donors (male-to-female ratio: 5.49 to 1). The adjusted prevalence of HBsAg among blood donors was 0.787% (95% CI = 0.535-1.038), while the prevalence of anti-HCV was 0.267% (95% CI = 0.016-0.519). There was no difference in the prevalence of HBsAg or anti-HCV between men and women. We estimate that the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in the general population is 1.057% to 1.535% and 0.29% to 0.89%, respectively.

Conclusions

The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV among blood donors suggests that our region has low endemicity for both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.     

丙型、乙型肝炎混合感染者病毒基因型与临床特征分析

探讨丙型、乙型肝炎病毒混合感染的基因型特点及临床特征。采用ELISA法进行病毒血清标志物检测 ,采用PCR -微板核酸杂交 -ELISA法进行HBV -DNA定量及HCV -RNA基因分型检测。丙型、乙型肝炎病毒混合感染者HCV -RNA及HBV -DNA阳性率 (72 5 1%和 30 4 1% )分别低于丙型、乙型肝炎病毒单独感染者 (85 4 2 %和 6 0 72 % ) ,Ⅰ / 1a型和Ⅲ / 2a型HCV与HBV混合感染较同类基因型HCV单独感染明显增加 ,Ⅱ / 1b型丙型肝炎病毒合并乙型肝炎病毒感染者血清转氨酶及总胆红素水平最高 ,白蛋白和胆碱酯酶水平最低 ,尽管HCV、HBV混合感染的临床症状可能更为严重 ,但在病毒学上两者的确存在着相互抑制作用