Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断法在肝癌切除术中的应用

研究Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断法在肝癌切除术中的应用效果。选择2010年6月—2015年5月接受肝癌切除术治疗的肝癌患者189例,按照肝门阻断方式患者分为A组(58例)、B组(62例)、C组(69例),3组患者性别、年龄、一般资料差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组行Pringle法,B组行半肝血流阻断法,C组行Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断法。观察3组术中情况及术后肝功能和并发症等指标。3组术中出血量、术中输血量比较,A组显著高于B组、C组(P0.05),B组显著高于C组(P0.05)。B组术后7 d TBIL、AST、ALT显著低于A组,组间对应比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);C组术后3 d、7 d AST、ALT显著低于B组,组间对应比较,差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05)。A组、B组、C组术后并发症发生率分别为13.79%、6.45%、8.70%,3组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断法应用于肝癌切除术可有效降低术中出血量,对肝功能影响小,术后并发症发生率低,值得应用于临床。     

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目的探讨肝下下腔静脉(IVC)阻断联合入肝血流阻断(Pringle法)在复杂肝切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾分析第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院特需治疗一科、肝移植科2010年3月至2011年12月同一手术组收治的91例符合条件的手术病人的临床资料。结果行Pringle法+肝下IVC阻断43例(A组),行Pringle法48例(B组)。两组的术中总出血量分别为50～1150(312.79±267.28)mL和100～1400(471.04±317.80)mL,断肝过程中出血量分别为10～300(80.70±79.77)mL和50～650(200.21±165.09)mL,A组术中总出血量及断肝过程中的出血量均明显低于B组(P<0.05)。两组阻断前的中心静脉压(CVP)无差别[(8.47±2.60)cmH2Ovs.(7.94±2.30)cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa)],A组阻断后的CVP明显低于B组[(1.81±2.34)cmH2Ovs.(7.21±2.27)cmH2O,P<0.05]。两组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义,术前及术后肝肾功能比较差异无统计学意义。结论肝下IVC阻断联合Pringle法应用在复杂肝切除术中可明显降低CVP,显著减少术中失血量。对肝肾功能无不良影响,不增加并发症的发生率和病死率。     

腹腔镜Glisson鞘外半肝血流阻断技术联合肝下下腔静脉阻断术在肝切除应用价值

目的探讨腹腔镜Glisson鞘外半肝血流阻断技术联合肝下下腔静脉阻断术在肝切除应用价值。方法分析2015年8月~2016年12月行腹腔镜肝切除32例病例资料,根据手术方式分为A、B两组,A组为Pringle法全肝入肝血流阻断联合肝下下腔静脉阻断技术12例,B组为Glisson鞘外半肝血流阻断联合肝下下腔静脉血流阻断技术20例。结果 A组1例,B组3例手术未能成功,中转开腹行肝叶切除术,余均成功实施腹腔镜肝切除。总体手术时间、第一肝门处理时间B组显著延长;A组全肝入肝血流阻断时间及次数少于B组半肝入肝血流阻断时间、次数;两组术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);A组术后第一天肝功能丙氨酸转氨(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)显著升高;术后胃肠道恢复时间A组较长,并发症的发生率B组较少。全部病人术后未发生腹腔出血、肝功能衰竭及死亡。结论 Glisson鞘外半肝血流阻断联合肝下下腔静脉阻断技术在腹腔镜肝切除中能可增加阻断次数,延长阻断时间,防止肝功能衰竭,降低并发症,该技术在腹腔镜肝切除是安全可行的,有较高的应用价值。     

小体积肝移植和辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效观察

目的观察小体积肝移植和辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效。方法急性肝功能衰竭猪随机分为3组接受肝移植治疗:A组行全肝移植(n=5);B组行小体积肝移植(n=5);C组行辅助性原位小体积肝移植(n=5)。各组动物开腹后即刻、切脾后即刻和再灌注后30 min分别监测门静脉压力,并观察术后生化指标变化、病理改变和1周生存率。结果A、B和C三组的移植肝重量与受体体重之比分别为(2．44±0．30)％、(0．76±0．02)％和(0．75±0．03)％。再灌注后30 min,B组移植肝门静脉压力显著高于其它两组(A:B:C=13．3:17．5:12．2 cmH2O, P<0．01),C组原肝门静脉压力显著高于移植肝门静脉压力(14．3:12．2 cmH2O,P<0．05)。A组和C组术后第2天起血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、乳酸和血氨水平明显下降,术后第7天基本恢复至正常水平。B组术后上述生化指标一直维持在较高的水平,术后第2～4天明显高于其它两组(P<0．01)。A组、B组和C组1周生存率分别为100％、20％和80％,B组明显低于其它两组(P<0．05)。结论辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭近期疗效优于小体积肝移植,术中不必干预原肝门静脉。     

急性高容量血液稀释下肝下下腔静脉阻断对血流动力学的影响

目的观察琥珀酰明胶行急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)对Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断行肝部分切除患者血液动力学的影响。方法选择ASAI～Ⅱ级择期行肝切除术的患者20例,麻醉诱导后20～30 min内输入琥珀酰明胶(20 ml/kg体重),行第一肝门联合肝下下腔静脉阻断,联合阻断和开放过程根据HR、MAP和CVP调节异氟醚吸入浓度和复方氯化钠输入速率,必要时用血管活性药物。记录AHHD、阻断和开放三个过程不同时间点的HR、MAP和CVP的变化。结果与AHHD前比较,MAP在AHHD完成即刻[(84±10)mm Hg]和AHHD后10 min[(85±9) mm Hg]均有明显升高(P＜0．05)；CV P在AHHD 10 min[(9．7±2．0)cm H_2O]、HHD完成即刻[(12．6±2．3)cm H_2O]和AHHD后10 min[(12．4±1．9)cm H_2O]均有显著性升高(P＜0．05,P＜0．01．P＜0．01)。与联合阻断前比较,MAP在阻断后5min[(69±10)mm Hg]、10min[(72±11)mm Hg]下降显著(P＜0．05)；CVP在阻断后1min[(7．2±2．4)cm．H_2O]、5 min[(4．8±2．8)cm H_2O]和10min[(5．0±2．3)cm H_2O]均明显下降(P＜0．05,P＜0．01,P＜0．01)；与阻断开放前比较,MAP在阻断开放后5min[(79±12)mm Hg]、10min[(78±10)mm Hg]上升显著(P＜0．05)；CVP在阻断开放后1min[(9．8±2．4)cm H_2O]、5min[(11．2±2．8)cm H_2O]和10min[(11．5±2．5)cm H_2O]均明显上升(P＜0．05,P＜0．01,P＜0．01)。在整个手术过程中HR的变化差异无统计学意义。结论术前急性高容量血液稀释,阻断过程中必要时再辅以小剂量血管收缩药,可安全地用于Pringle法联合肝下下腔静脉阻断行肝部分切除术。     

不同肝血流阻断方案对大肝癌手术治疗效果的影响

目的探讨不同肝血流阻断方案对大肝癌患者外科治疗效果的影响,为临床疗效提供参考。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年12月100例大肝癌行外科手术治疗患者的临床资料,术中41例患者采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流(肝门阻断组),23例患者行选择性的半肝血流阻断(半肝阻断组),36例患者行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流(联合阻断组),比较三组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。数据采用spss16.00统计软件进行统计,术中手术阻断时间、肝切除量大小、术中出血量及输血量等用x珋±s表示,采用t检验;并发症发生率采用χ~2检验,以P0.05差异具有统计学的意义。结果三组患者的术前情况、肝切除大小比较无统计学差异意义(P0.05);半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均低于肝门阻断组患者,联合阻断组在输血量、输血率指标上明显低于肝门阻断组和半肝阻断组,差异有统计学意义(F=4.014、6.124,P=0.041、0.009);半肝阻断组与联合阻断组患者术后第7天的转氨酶、总胆红素水平均低于肝门阻断组,差异有统计学意义(F=4.213、3.940、4.327,P0.05);三组术后并发症发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少大肝癌患者手术时术中失血量,且能促进术后肝功能的恢复。     

合并下腔静脉癌栓原发性肝癌的手术治疗及其价值

目的探讨合并下腔静脉癌栓原发性肝癌的手术治疗方法及其价值。方法自2000年11月～2004年12月我科采用全肝血流阻断技术,实施10例肝癌及下腔静脉、肝静脉内癌栓切除手术。其中肝血流阻断手术方法包括有：1、Pringle’s手法＋肝上下腔静脉侧壁肝静脉阻断（2例）;2．Pringle’s手法＋肝上肝下下腔静脉联合阻断（7例）;3．Pringle’s手法＋经膈下胸纵隔内下腔静脉阻断＋肝下IVC阻断（1例）。并对其疗效进行观察。结果10例手术均获成功。9例患者术后半年内复发,1例至今术后3月未见复发。全组病人中位生存期6个月。结论采用全肝血流阻断技术下,实施肝癌及下腔静脉、肝静脉内癌栓切除手术,技术安全可行,然而如何加强防止手术后复发是将来研究重点。     

无血切肝术在肝肿瘤切除49例中的应用

目的　根据我们 1988～ 1998年实施无血切肝术的经验 ,结合近年来的研究成果 ,探讨与手术有关的一些问题。方法　常温下全肝血流阻断 47例、低温灌注全肝血流阻断 1例、半离体 1例。结果　术中出血量 (15 6 0± 12 5 2 )ml,手术时间 (4 7± 0 8)h ,手术死亡 1例。随访 39例 ,其中良性肿瘤病例均长期生存 ,31例原发性肝癌和转移性肝癌患者半年、1年和 3年生存率分别为 77% (2 4/31)、5 5 % (17/31)和 36 % (11/31)。结论　 (1)在肝门区肿瘤的切除中 ,Pringle法仍是主要的控制出血方法 ;(2 )若肿瘤侵犯腔静脉和肝静脉 ,一般可通过常温下全肝血流阻断解决 ;(3)半离体切肝术可实现对腔静脉后方的暴露 ,若肿瘤侵犯腔静脉方可采用此法。 (4 )术中B型超声在肝切除止血方法的选择中有重要价值。     

入肝血流联合肝下下腔静脉阻断在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的评价入肝血流联合肝下下腔静脉阻断在腹腔镜肝切除中的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2015年12月由同一医疗组开展的腹腔镜下肝切除51例,其中入肝血流联合肝下下腔静脉阻断(联合阻断组)32例,入肝血流阻断(Pringle组)19例。记录术中阻断时间、出血量、血流动力学改变、术后肝功能、肾功能变化,及并发症的发生率。结果联合阻断组入肝血流平均阻断时间17 min,肝下下腔静脉阻断时间12 min。Pringle组平均阻断时间23 min。联合阻断组术中出血量平均(370.1±107.9)ml,1例病人输血,显著低于Pringle组(560.3±191.3)ml,术中输血3例。联合阻断组无手术中转开腹,Pringle组中转开腹1例。阻断肝下下腔静脉,病人平均动脉压由阻断前的(92.3±4.7)mmHg下降至(71.3±4.6)mmHg,心率则由阻断前的(73.9±6.9)次/min增快至(93.5±10.7)次/min。松开阻断带后,在无明显出血情况下,平均动脉压和心率可自行恢复至阻断前水平。两组肝功能和肾功能恢复无明显差异,总体并发症无明显差异。结论腹腔镜下入肝血流联合肝下下腔静脉阻断安全有效,并能减少术中出血量及中转率。     

大肝癌手术切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的：比较大肝癌手术切除术中3种不同的入肝血流阻断法的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年3月期间218例大肝癌（>5cm）手术患者的临床资料,术中88例采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流（肝门阻断组）,51例行选择性的半肝血流阻断（半肝阻断组）,79例行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流（联合阻断组）。比较3组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。
　　结果：3组患者的术前情况、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间及肝切除量的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均明显低于肝门阻断组,且联合阻断组的输血量、输血率明显低于半肝阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组患者术后第1天肝功能指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但半肝阻断组与联合阻断组第3、7天的转氨酶和总胆红素水平均明显低于肝门阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
　　结论：大肝癌切除术术中采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少术中失血量,而且有利于术后肝功能的恢复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.