肿瘤相关科室护士化疗药物职业暴露现状调查

目的了解肿瘤相关科室护士化疗药物的职业暴露现状及影响因素,为规范职业防护行为提供参考。方法采用自行设计的化疗药物职业暴露问卷对综合医院肿瘤相关科室的418名护理人员进行调查。结果肿瘤相关科室护理人员接触化疗药物所致的不良反应状况得分为(45.67±9.13)分;接触化疗药物后经常发生的不良反应为角膜炎(66.98%),恶心、呕吐(66.03%),腹泻(64.11%),皮炎、皮肤水疱(63.88%),感觉异常(60.05%)等。护理人员所在的科室、接触化疗药物的频繁程度、配药室的通风情况与其不良反应状况得分有关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论管理部门建立健全职业防护制度,规范职业防护行为,加大职业防护设施的配备,加强对肿瘤相关科室护理人员职业防护方面的相关培训,进而提高其职业防护意识,降低因接触化疗药物所致的不良反应。     

新入职护士职业价值观及影响因素调查分析

目的调查新入职护士的职业价值观现状并探讨其影响因素,为医院培养护士形成积极的职业价值观提供依据。方法采用护士职业价值观量表、护士职业价值观影响因素问卷及自尊量表对251名新入职护士进行调查。结果新入职护士职业价值观得分为(3.98±0.40)分;不同性别、学制、生源学校、自尊水平新入职护士的职业价值观得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);新护士职业价值观与个人、家庭、医院、社会和自尊呈正相关(均P0.01)。结论新入职护士总体职业价值观认同度较高,护理管理者可根据影响护士职业价值观的因素,针对性地开展培养和指导工作,进一步提升他们对职业价值的认同。     

急诊科护士职业紧张状况研究

目的 探讨急诊科护士的职业紧张状况,提出相应的防治措施.方法 采用职业紧张量表对71名急诊科护士进行调查,并与630名其他临床科室护士进行比较.结果 急诊科护士职业任务得分显著高于内科、外科、妇产科、儿科、手术室、门诊和其他科室护士(均P＜0.05);不同科别护士紧张反应、应对资源得分比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05).结论 急诊科护士职业紧张程度较高,要从提高个体应对能力,改善组织应对和争取家庭社会应对方面降低其职业紧张水平.     

军队三甲综合医院护士职业风险感知现状及影响因素分析

目的调查分析军队三甲综合性医院护士职业风险感知现状及影响因素。方法采用护理职业风险评估问卷对859名军队三甲综合性医院护士进行横断面问卷调查。结果护士总体职业风险指数10.31±4.87,高度风险项目为骨骼肌肉不适、倒班危害、职业挫折感及针刺伤;不同科室、职称、工作年限护士对职业风险的感知比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论护士职业风险总体处于中度偏低水平,应关注高度风险项目,有目的地减少其职业危害,并针对不同特征护士进行区别化、有重点的培训,以确保护士身心健康。     

银川市三甲医院护士下肢静脉曲张影响因素分析

目的了解银川市三甲医院护士下肢静脉曲张现状,探讨其影响因素,以减少护士的职业损伤,促进护士职业良性发展。方法对银川市3所三甲医院909名临床科室护士进行下肢静脉曲张的评定和问卷调查。结果 31.9%护士患有下肢静脉曲张。不同职称、工龄、日班工作时间、轮值夜班情况及工作强度护理人员静脉曲张发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。工龄、工作强度为静脉曲张的重要影响因素(均P0.01)。结论三甲医院护士下肢静脉曲张的患病率高,工龄长、工作强度大的护士发生下肢静脉曲张的概率较大。应采用积极措施,以降低三甲医院护士下肢静脉曲张的发病率,促进护士的健康。     

护士职业压力与性满意度相关因素的研究

目的 分析护士群体的职业压力和女性性满意度,探讨两者间的相关因素.方法 采用问卷调查的方式,利用发放自制的基本资料调查表、护士压力源量表和女性性满意度问卷表,随机抽取福州市3家综合性三甲医院已婚女护士300名进行调查.结果 回收调查问卷300份,其中有效问卷278份.不同的年龄、学历、职称、工龄、婚龄、生育状态的护士性满意度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),不同科室和上夜班的护士性满意度差异无统计学意义.不同的年龄、学历、职称、工龄、婚龄、夜班频次、生育状态的护士职业压力有统计学差异(P＜0.05),不同科室护士职业压力无统计学差异.护士职业压力得分与性满意度得分呈负相关,职业压力得分越高其性满意度越低.结论 护士群体职业压力高,可引起护士性满意度严重降低.     

全面二孩政策下广东省产科护士心理授权与职业疲溃感的相关性研究

目的描述全面二孩政策下广东省产科护士心理授权与职业疲溃感的水平,并探讨两者的相关性,为缓解产科护士职业疲溃感提供依据。方法采用产科护士一般资料调查问卷、心理授权量表和职业疲溃感量表对广东省1 154名产科护士进行调查。结果产科护士心理授权总分(45. 23±6. 73)分;职业疲溃感中情感耗竭、去人格化、个人成就感得分分别为(28. 08±12. 42)分、(9. 25±7. 48)分和(34. 80±8. 13)分;产科护士心理授权与情感耗竭和去人格化呈负相关(r=-0. 357、-0. 304,均P 0. 01),与个人成就感呈正相关(r=0. 458,P 0. 01)。结论产科护士心理授权处于中等水平,职业疲溃感呈中高度水平;心理授权与职业疲溃感程度呈负相关,护理管理者可以通过提高产科护士心理授权水平降低护士职业疲溃感,以便更好地适应全面二孩政策下产科的高负荷工作量。     

老年病院护士职业压力状况的调查及干预

目的了解老年病院护士职业压力状况及干预效果。方法对老年病院内分泌科、老年病科、消化内科、呼吸内科、肿瘤科、骨科、普外科共7个科室的护士在积极心理学指导下实施护理干预。干预前后各随机抽取100名护士进行职业压力调查。结果干预6个月后,护士职业压力总分及5个维度评分显著降低(均P0.01)。结论老年病院护士职业压力普遍存在,采取积极的干预措施能有效缓解护士的职业压力,从而改善护士身心健康,提高护理服务质量。     

心内科护士职业紧张与工作投入及职业生命质量的相关性

目的了解心内科护士职业紧张、工作投入及职业生命质量现状,探讨职业紧张与工作投入及职业生命质量的关系。方法采用职业紧张量表、工作投入量表及职业生命质量量表对7所医院的122名心内科护士进行调查。结果心内科护士职业紧张的职业任务得分为(2.16±0.59)分,个人紧张反应得分为(2.39±0.68)分,个体应对资源得分为(3.10±0.62)分;工作投入得分为(3.71±0.56)分;职业生命质量得分为(3.52±0.47)分。护士职业紧张的职业任务及个体紧张反应与其工作投入及职业生命质量呈负相关,而个体应对资源与其工作投入及职业生命质量呈正相关(均P0.01)。结论心内科护士职业紧张处于中等偏下水平,工作投入中等,职业生命质量中等偏上;缓解心内科护士的职业紧张水平,有助于提高其工作投入及职业生命质量。     

临床护士留职意愿与职业疲溃感的相关性研究

目的了解临床护士留职意愿和职业疲溃感相关性,为护理管理者制定留职策略提供参考。方法采用护士留职意愿问卷和职业疲溃感量表对大连市3所综合性医院的458名临床护士进行问卷调查。结果临床护士留职意愿总分22.12±4.41;情感耗竭、去人格化、个人成就感得分分别为27.80±11.44、8.05±6.40和35.81±8.24;临床护士留职意愿与情感耗竭、去人格化呈显著负相关(P0.01),与个人成就感呈显著正相关(P0.01);职务、情感耗竭、去人格化以及个人成就感是护士留职意愿的主要预测因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论临床护士留职意愿受职业疲溃感的影响,管理人员应通过降低护士职业疲溃感来强化其留职意愿,以促进护理团队的稳健发展。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.