有创机械通气患者呼吸机湿化液更换频率的研究

目的探讨有创机械通气患者呼吸机湿化液更换频率,以降低患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。方法将82例气管插管行有创呼吸机通气治疗持续10d以上患者随机分为两组各41例,两组均使用输液器连接湿化罐滴注的方法进行匀速注水,均在第7天更换呼吸机管道及湿化罐。观察组更换湿化罐及呼吸机管道时才更换湿化罐内湿化液,对照组每日更换湿化液。比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及不同部位细菌阳性率。结果观察组在呼吸机治疗10d时呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),患者咽峡部、下呼吸道、呼吸机管路及湿化罐细菌阳性率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论对有创呼吸机辅助通气治疗患者,湿化液每周更换1次优于每日更换,可减少细菌定植,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

可伸缩式延长管在机械通气中的应用

目的 探讨可伸缩式延长管在有创机械通气中的应用效果.方法 将进行有创机械通气的患者71例随机分为观察组(37例)和对照组(34例),对照组按照传统方法,将呼吸回路管直接与人工气道相连,气管滴药或吸痰时分离呼吸机管路,吸痰前后分别给予100%纯氧2 min.观察组在人工气道和呼吸回路之间连接1个带吸痰孔的可伸缩式延长管,气管滴药和吸痰过程中不中断机械通气.结果 两组安静状态血氧饱扣度比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但气管滴药时和吸痰后3 min的血氧饱和度、呼吸机带机时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 可伸缩式延长管的使用,可有效避免气管内滴药和吸痰时患者血氧饱和度下降,从而缩短呼吸机的使用时间.     

可伸缩式延长管在机械通气中的应用

目的探讨可伸缩式延长管在有创机械通气中的应用效果。方法将进行有创机械通气的患者71例随机分为观察组（37例）和对照组（34例）,对照组按照传统方法,将呼吸回路管直接与人工气道相连,气管滴药或吸痰时分离呼吸机管路,吸痰前后分别给予100％纯氧2min。观察组在人工气道和呼吸回路之间连接1个带吸痰孔的可伸缩式延长管,气管滴药和吸痰过程中不中断机械通气。结果两组安静状态血氧饱和度比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但气管滴药时和吸痰后3min的血氧饱和度、呼吸机带机时间及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论可伸缩式延长管的使用,可有效避免气管内滴药和吸痰时患者血氧饱和度下降,从而缩短呼吸机的使用时间。     

自制呼吸机管路固定架在PICU机械通气患儿中的应用

目的提高气管导管固定的安全性,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生。方法将186例呼吸机辅助通气患儿按照床位单双号分为对照组和观察组各93例。对照组使用呼吸机自带的固定夹或自行折叠的小单托起呼吸机回路,观察组使用自制的呼吸机管路固定架。结果观察组机械通气期间VAP、脱管、皮肤损伤发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论采用自制的呼吸机管路固定架固定呼吸机回路,可有效降低VAP发生率,防止脱管,减少患儿局部皮肤损伤,且便于临床治疗护理操作。     

集束化治疗对重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎患者集束化治疗效果。方法采用单中心前后对照研究。对本院ICU2008年6月1日至2010年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者41例实施呼吸机集束化治疗。所用患者采取头高位、加强口咽部护理、声门下间断冲洗引流、检查患者及各项操作前严格洗手、定期更换呼吸机管道等集束化治疗措施。观察其体温、痰量、血象、胸部X线片及下呼吸道细菌检查、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、28天病死率;取本院ICU2006年6月1日至2008年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者44例作为对照。结果集束化治疗后,患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生较对照组有显著下降,住ICU时间明显缩短。结论集束化治疗能有效降低重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理干预效果分析

目的观察对呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预的临床效果,并探讨其临床价值。方法 80例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者随机分为干预组及对照组各40例,对照组行常规护理,观察予以组体位护理干预、口腔护理干预、气道护理干预等。结果与对照组比较,干预组的平均机械通气时间明显缩短,护理满意度明显高于对照组,且干预组VAP患者成功脱机率明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。干预组治愈率及总有效率明显高于对照组,干预组死亡率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预可以提高患者住院满意度、降低死亡率、缩短机械通气时间。     

查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用效果。方法选取机械通气患者41例作为对照组,实施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的常规措施;44例患者作为观察组,采用查验表对执行呼吸机相关性肺炎防控措施进行落实。结果两组呼吸机相关性肺炎相关预防措施执行率及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论查验表的应用有助于提高预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的各项防治措施落实,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

提高ICU护士呼吸机集束化护理依从性的管理

目的提高ICU护士实施呼吸机辅助呼吸患者集束化护理依从性,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率。方法将60例机械通气患者按时间段分为两组各30例;对照组在呼吸机集束化护理过程中实施常规管理,观察组对存在的问题进行针对性管理,包括成立集束化护理小组、对ICU护士培训、调整人力、视觉强化、质量监控等措施。结果护士洗手、抬高床头、呼吸机管路的更换、冷凝水的倾倒及口腔护理的依从性显著提高(均P0.01);观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论实施呼吸机集束化护理专项管理有利于提高护理人员的依从性,降低VAP发生率。     

两种声门下吸引法在重型颅脑损伤机械通气患者中的应用

目的 探讨两种声门下吸引法在重型颅脑损伤行机械通气患者中的应用效果.方法 将重型颅脑损伤行机械通气患者61例根据入院时间分为对照组30例(持续声门下吸引)和观察组31例(每4小时1次间歇声门下吸引加冲洗),观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、发生时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间.结果 两组VAP发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组VAP发生时间较对照组显著延迟(P＜0.01),机械通气时间、ICU住院时间观察组短于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 每4小时1次间歇声门下吸引加冲洗法既能降低重型颅脑损伤机械通气患者VAP发生率,亦可延迟VAP的发生时间,并能有效缩短患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间.     

无创通气与有创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病加重期患者中的疗效观察

目的 观察无创通气与有创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)加重期的临床疗效.方法 80例COPD加重期患者,按照入科时的PaCO2水平,应用分层随机化法分为无创组和有创组各40例,两组均给予常规基础治疗.当患者需要机械通气时,无创组给予无创呼吸辅助,治疗效果不佳时更换为有创通气;有创组给予有创呼吸辅助.观察指标:两组患者治疗6 h、24h及7 d后pH、PaO2、PaCO2变化;两组患者VAP发生率、插管率、死亡率、住ICU时间和住院费用.结果 治疗后两组血气分析结果(pH、PaO2、PaCO2)均有显著改善,且有创组改善程度优于无创组,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);两组患者死亡率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);无创组插管率、住ICU时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率、住院费用较有创组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 无创通气治疗COPD加重期患者无创伤、疗效确切,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用和VAP发生率,能使部分患者免于气管插管,值得临床广泛应用.     

气囊上滞留物清除预防呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的 观察气囊上滞留物清除技术对降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率的作用.方法 将58例行气管插管机械通气治疗48 h以上患者随机分为观察组(32例)和对照组(26例),对照组采用常规气道护理,观察组在此基础上实施气囊上滞留物清除技术.观察两组机械通气1周、2周及2周后VAP发生率以及机械通气时间.结果 机械通气1周、2周观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05),机械通气时间显著短于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 气囊上滞留物清除技术可显著减少VAP的发生,缩短机械通气时间,但气囊上滞留物并不是引起VAP的唯一因素.     

常规刷牙预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果观察

目的探讨常规刷牙在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的作用,为寻找更为有效的口腔护理方法提供依据。方法将98例经口气管插管机械通气患者随机分为两组,对照组(48例)应用传统擦拭法进行口腔护理,观察组(50例)采用常规刷牙方法进行口腔护理;两组口腔护理后均给予口腔冲洗和咽部深吸引。比较两组机械通气1周后VAP发生率、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间。结果观察组机械通气1周后VAP发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),机械通气时间及ICU住院时间显著短于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论常规刷牙配合口腔冲洗及咽部深吸引能显著降低VAP的发生率,缩短机械通气及ICU住院的时间。     

Weekly Ventilator Circuit Changes: A Strategy to Reduce Costs without Affecting Pneumonia Rates

Background: Mechanical ventilator circuits are commonly changed at 48-h intervals. This frequency may be unnecessary because ventilator-associated pneumonia often results from aspiration of pharyngeal secretions and not from the ventilator circuit. We compared the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates and costs associated with 48-h and 7-day circuit changes.

Methods: Ventilator circuits were changed at 48-h intervals during the control period (November 1992 to April 1993) and at 7-day intervals during the study period (June 1993 to November 1993). Nosocomial pneumonias were prospectively identified using the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual cost difference of changing circuits at 48-h and 7-day intervals was calculated using the distribution of ventilator days for the control and study periods.

Results: There were 1,708 patients, 9,858 ventilator days, and a pneumonia rate of 9.64 per 1,000 ventilator days in the control group (48-h circuit changes). There were 1,715 patients, 9,160 ventilator days, and 8.62 pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator days when circuits were changed at 1-week intervals (study group). Using a logistic regression model, there were significantly greater odds of developing a ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical patients (odds ratio 1.77, P = 0.02) and patients in critical care units (odds ratio 1.54, P = 0.05), but no significant risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients in whom circuits were changed at 1-week intervals (odds ratio 0.82, P = 0.22). Changing circuits at 7-day intervals resulted in a 76.6% ($111,530) reduction in the annual cost for materials and salaries.     

声门下滞留物引流预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果观察

目的观察声门下滞留物引流预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的临床效果。方法选2008年10月-2010年10月收住我院急诊与重症医学科需要建立人工气道实施机械通气的18岁以上成年患者51例,随机分为普通组（n=51）和声门下组（n=37）,比较两组VAP发生率。结果普通组VAP发生率47.1%,声门下组VAP发生率24.3%,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论有效的声门下滞留物引流可显著减低VAP的发生率。     

Effects of carbon dioxide absorbent cooling and temperature gradient reduction on water condensation in the anaesthesia circuit

BACKGROUND: Large quantities of water condensation occur in the anaesthesia circuit during low-flow anaesthesia. We hypothesized that cooling of the CO2 absorbent would prevent water condensation. METHODS: To cool CO2 absorbent efficiently, we constructed a novel temperature gradient reduction (TGR) canister, which was cooled by a blower. Experiments were divided into three groups: the conventional canister group (control group, n=6), the TGR canister without cooling group (TGR group, n=6), and the TGR canister with cooling group (TGR cooling group, n=6). One kilogramme of CO2 absorbent was placed into the canister. The anaesthetic ventilator was connected to a 3 litre bag and 300 ml min(-1) of CO2 was introduced. About 500 ml min(-1) of oxygen was used as fresh gas. The anaesthetic ventilator was set at a ventilatory frequency of 12 bpm, and tidal volume was adjusted to 700 ml. RESULTS: The longevity of the CO2 absorbent was 437 (sd 7.8) min in the control group, 564 (13.8) min in the TGR group (P<0.001 vs control), and 501 (5.8) min in the TGR cooling group (P<0.001 vs control, TGR). Total water condensation in the anaesthesia circuit was 215 (9.4) mg min(-1) in the control group, 223 (9.7) mg min(-1) in the TGR group, and 47.7 (5.7) mg min(-1) in the TGR cooling group (P<0.001 vs control, TGR). CONCLUSIONS: TGR of CO2 absorbent with cooling is a useful and simple method to reduce water condensation in the anaesthesia circuit in low-flow anaesthesia, with a little increase in the longevity of the CO2 absorbent.     

丙戊酸钠对无液体复苏时致死性失血性休克犬平均动脉压和死亡率的改善作用

目的：研究丙戊酸钠对致死性失血性休克犬平均动脉压（MAP）和失血后72 h死亡率的影响.方法：成年雄性Beagle犬15只,先期无菌手术行颈总动脉、颈外静脉及膀胱置管,24 h后按全身血容量的40%放血制作失血性休克模型.按失血后 24 h内处理不同随机分为休克对照组（n=8）和丙戊酸钠组（n=7）.休克对照组失血24 h内无治疗;丙戊酸钠组于失血后1.5 h静脉注射丙戊酸钠（100 mg/kg）.失血后24 h起两组犬均实施静脉补液.测定犬失血前和失血后2、4、8、24、48和72 h非麻醉状态下的MAP和心率（HR）,记录每24 h尿量和失血后72 h死亡率.结果：休克对照组MAP失血后4 h达最低,仅为失血前水平的38.4%;HR失血后2 h最高,为失血前的175.8%.失血后,丙戊酸钠组MAP高于休克对照组,4、8和24 h差异显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;失血后2 h起HR始终低于休克对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.失血后48 h丙戊酸钠组MAP和HR均恢复至失血前水平.丙戊酸钠组失血后8～24 h 休克对照组5例无尿;丙戊酸钠组2例无尿.丙戊酸钠组0～24 h、24～48 h和48～72 h尿量均显著多于休克对照组（P＜0.05）,但两组48～72 h尿量仍显著低于失血前水平.丙戊酸钠组失血后72 h死亡率（28.6%,2/7只）显著低于休克对照组（62.5%,5/8只,P＜0.05）.结论：犬40%血容量失血后静注丙戊酸钠能有效提高MAP,增加尿量,降低早期死亡率;丙戊酸钠有潜力成为无液体复苏条件下（战争或突发事故及灾害时）救治低血容量休克的有效药物.     

Efficacy of a pneumonia prevention protocol in the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that implementing evidence-based ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention (VAPP) strategies would decrease the incidence of VAP, and that VAP affects patient outcomes. METHODS: A prospective study was performed with 331 consecutive ventilated trauma patients in a level one university teaching hospital. The VAPP protocol was modified to include elevation of the head of the bed more than 30 degrees , twice-daily chlorhexidine oral cleansing, a once-daily respiratory therapy-driven weaning attempt, and conversion from a nasogastric to an orogastric tube whenever possible. Ventilator days were compared with occurrences of nosocomial pneumonia, as defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance criteria. Patients with and without VAP were compared to discern the effect VAP has on outcome. RESULTS: In 2003, there were 1,600 days of ventilator support with 11 occurrences of VAP (6.9/1,000 ventilator days). In 2004, there were two occurrences of VAP in 703 days of ventilation (2.8/1,000 ventilator days). In the analysis of outcomes of the patients with and without VAP, there was a statistically significant difference in total hospital days (38.7 +/- 26.2 vs. 13.3 +/- 15.5), ICU days (27.8 +/- 12.6 vs. 7.5 +/- 9.7), ventilator days (21.1 +/- 9.8 vs. 6.0 +/- 10.3), Functional Independence Measures (7.25 +/- 2.3 vs. 10.8 +/- 1.8), and hospital charges ($371,416.70 +/- $227,774.31 vs. $138,317.39 +/- $208,346.64)(p < 0.05 for all). The mortality rate did not decrease significantly (20% vs. 7.5%; p = NS). The difference in the mean Injury Severity Score in the two groups was not significant (21.9 +/- 9.6 vs. 16.7 +/- 11.4 points) and thus could not account for the differences in outcomes. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a VAPP protocol may reduce VAP in trauma patients. Ventilator-associated pneumonia may result in more hospital, ICU, and ventilator days and higher patient charges.     

Does bronchoalveolar lavage enhance our ability to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia in a trauma-burn intensive care unit?

BACKGROUND: Recent literature supports the notion that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in ventilated trauma patients may improve our ability to diagnose and treat ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). We hypothesized that BAL would decrease the number of cases of VAP diagnosed and impact our antibiotic use and ventilator days. METHODS: Prospective data on all infectious complications were collected for patients admitted to the trauma-burn service for the year 2001. All VAPs between January 1, 2001, through June 30, 2001, were diagnosed without BAL (No BAL group) using clinical signs of fever, sputum production, leukocytosis, chest radiographs, and sputum culture. After July 1, 2001, VAP was diagnosed with the use of BAL. RESULTS: There were 37 cases of VAP in the No BAL group (11%) and 29 cases of VAP (8%) in the BAL group. There were no statistical differences in Injury Severity Score, hospital length of stay, ventilator days, or mortality between the two groups. The time to initial treatment of VAP was shorter for the BAL group, but did not reach significance. The number of patients who had their VAP pathogens correctly treated with empiric antibiotics was also the same between the two groups. There was no difference in the rate of recurrent pneumonias. The antibiotic costs and respiratory therapy/ventilator costs were not statistically different between the groups for trauma patients, although antibiotic costs were higher for burn patients. CONCLUSION: The routine use of BAL to diagnose VAP in our mixed trauma-burn population did not impact on clinical outcomes or antibiotic use. Our results do not justify the additional costs and potential risks of BAL for all patients. The means of VAP diagnosis may not be as important as choosing the appropriate antibiotics for common VAP organisms in any given intensive care unit.     

两种气管导管预防机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎效果比较

目的探讨圆柱形与锥形气囊气管导管对机械通气患者微误吸致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果。方法将机械通气≥48h的气管插管患者64例随机分为A组32例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;B组32例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。将机械通气≥48h的气管切开患者72例随机分为C组36例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;D组36例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。观察并记录四组患者VAP发生率和时间、机械通气时间、痰液变化量、声门下分泌物变化量、脱机成功率。结果 B、D组VAP发生率显著低于A、C组;痰液变化量和声门下分泌物变化量显著多于A、C组(P0.05,P0.01)。四组机械通气时间、7d内脱机成功率、14d内脱机成功率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论使用锥形气囊的气管导管可以更好地预防微误吸的发生,从而预防VAP的发生。     

Gas flow distribution in distal high frequency jet ventilation and lung thorax compliance

To investigate the influence of changes in thorax and lung compliance on ventilation during distal High Frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV), similar ventilator settings were compared before and after changing the compliance in two groups of anaesthetized mongrel dogs. Each period of distal HFJV was preceded by adequate Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) to assure a start with baseline values. In Group 1 (n = 7), thorax compliance was changed by chest strapping, while in Group 2 (n = 7) lung compliance was changed by inducing acute lung injury by injection of oleic acid into the right atrium. Gas flow distribution in the ventilatory circuit during distal HFJV was determined before and after the changes in compliance were induced. Comparing similar ventilator settings during distal HFJV in the same dog, a decrease in lung or thorax compliance led to changes in gas flow distribution in the ventilatory circuit. Entrainment was decreased and bypass increased with a negative effect on the gas volume entering the lungs and on gas exchange. The results indicate that distal HFJV should be regarded as pressure-limited ventilation.