用RP-HPLC法测定盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量。方法:采用Diamond C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:0.05mol/L硼砂溶液(用磷酸调节pH至7.4)-甲醇(50∶50),流速:1.0ml/min,检测波长:214nm。结果:盐酸林可霉素在2～48μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),日内和日间精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,低、中、高浓度(11.608、17.584、41.501μg/ml)的加样回收率分别为(91.40±1.27)%、(97.55±0.93)%和(99.13±1.11)%(n=3)。3批样品中盐酸林可霉素的平均含量分别为标示量的(98.67±1.21)%、(99.90±0.44)%和(99.28±1.17)%(n=3)。结论:该方法准确、灵敏,重现性好,可用于盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶的含量测定。     

用RP-HPLC法测定气导胶中盐酸达克罗宁的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC测定气导胶中盐酸达克罗宁含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Shmadzu-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.005 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(42∶58,用磷酸调节pH值至3.0);检测波长282 nm;流速1.0 ml/min,柱温为室温,进样量20μl。结果:盐酸达克罗宁在1.002~30.06μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=3),低、中、高三种浓度的回收率分别为(98.65±2.06)%、(97.73±0.47)%和(98.04±0.67)%。结论:该方法简便、准确,专属性强,适用于气导胶的质量控制。     

HPLC测定盐酸多巴胺注射液的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸多巴胺注射液中盐酸多巴胺的含量。方法采用外标法测定,样品用水溶解。用HypersilBDSC18柱(5μm,4.6mm×150mm)分析,流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH5.8)甲醇(98∶2),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长用280nm。结果盐酸多巴胺浓度与峰面积比在20～120μg/ml的范围内呈线性关系(r=0.99995),精密度良好RSD为0.70%,稳定性试验RSD为0.29%,加样回收率为99.7%。用HPLC测定盐酸多巴胺的含量,与分光光度法相比无显著的差异,但结果与理论值更为接近。结论此方法简便,结果准确可靠,重复性好,其测定结果的RSD小于1.0%,可用于盐酸多巴胺注射液中盐酸多巴胺的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸羟苄唑滴眼液中苯扎溴铵含量

目的建立测定盐酸羟苄唑滴眼液中苯扎溴铵含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为0.07 mol/L醋酸铵溶液(含三乙胺0.1%,用冰醋酸调节p H至5.0)-乙腈(35∶65),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为262 nm。结果盐酸羟苄唑滴眼液中苯扎溴铵质量浓度在13.215~66.075μg/m L范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=5),检测限为0.7μg/m L,平均回收率为99.35%,RSD=0.57%(n=9)。结论该方法简便,准确,精密度好,可作为盐酸羟苄唑滴眼液中苯扎溴铵的含量测定方法。     

用RP-HPLC法同时测定氯黄软膏中氯霉素和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立同时测定氯黄软膏中氯霉素和盐酸小檗碱含量的RP-HPLC法。方法：色谱柱为Kromasil-C18柱（150mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.033mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液（30：70）,检测波长265nm,流速1.0ml/min,柱温为室温,进样量20μl。结果：氯霉素和盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为0.82～26.25μg/ml（r=0.9999）和0.79～25.35μg/ml（r=0.9999）,平均回收率分别为（96.53±0.89）%（n=3）和（99.58±3.50）%（n=3）。3批样品中氯霉素和盐酸小檗碱的平均含量分别为标示量的（95.75±0.52）%和（98.54±0.66）%。结论：该方法简便、准确,适用于氯黄软膏中氯霉素和盐酸小檗碱的质量控制。     

离子色谱法测定硫酸阿米卡星及其制剂的有关物质

目的:建立离子色谱法测定硫酸阿米卡星及其制剂的有关物质。方法:采用YMC ODS-Aq C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱;流动相为1 000 mL无二氧化碳的去离子水中加20 mL三氟乙酸,300μL五氟丙酸,300μL七氟丁酸,50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液8 mL,用50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液调节pH为3.3,最后加乙腈10 mL;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱后溶液为42 mL·L^-1的50%(v/v)氢氧化钠溶液;柱后流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;柱温为35℃;检测器为脉冲安培电化学检测器,工作电极为金电极(直径3 mm),检测电位为糖四电位。结果:阿米卡星质量浓度在0.498 5～9.969 1μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,阿米卡星检测限为2.0 ng;各杂质与阿米卡星峰均能完全分离。8批次硫酸阿米卡星原料总杂含量为1.2%～1.7%,77批次硫酸阿米卡星注射液总杂含量为1.1%～2.3%;10批次注射用硫酸阿米卡星总杂含量为1.2%～2...     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸川芎嗪注射液的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸川芎嗪注射液的含量。方法采用waters symmetry C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,3.5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(40∶60)(用三乙胺调pH值至7.0),流速0.8ml/min,检测波长280nm,柱温35℃。结果盐酸川芎嗪在6.252～62.52mg/L的范围里线性关系良好(r=1.0000,n=6),测得平均回收率为99.77%,RSD=0.19%(n=6)。结论本方法简便,准确,专属性强。     

氯卡麻滴鼻剂中氯霉素、盐酸麻黄碱和硫酸卡那霉素的含量测定

目的建立氯卡麻滴鼻剂中主药成分氯霉素、盐酸麻黄碱和硫酸卡那霉素的含量测定法,以便更好的控制其质量。方法高效液相色谱法,测氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱,L-column C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇(60:40)为流动相;检测波长254nm。流速1.0ml/min,柱温35℃,进样量为10μl;紫外分光光度法,测硫酸卡那霉素含量,测定波长530nm。结果氯霉素其检测质量浓度在25μg/ml～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.46%,RSD=1.2%(n=9);盐酸麻黄碱其检测质量浓度在100μg/ml～400μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值的线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.49%(n=9);硫酸卡那霉素其检测质量浓度在0.1mg/ml～0.3mg/ml范围内与紫外吸收度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.97%(n=9)。结论本法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于氯卡麻滴鼻剂中各主成分含量测定。     

HPLC法测定盐酸普萘洛尔片的含量

目的建立测定盐酸普萘洛尔片含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack VP-ODS C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-含0.1%庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(57∶43)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为290nm。结果盐酸普萘洛尔在50.17～501.7μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999(n=6),平均加样回收率为99.43%,RSD为1.2%(n=9)。结论该方法简便、准确,专属性强,重现性好,可用于盐酸普萘洛尔片含量测定。     

HPLC法测定复方盐酸林可霉素凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量

目的建立复方盐酸林可霉素凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),色谱柱:AgilentTC-C18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:0.01mol.L-1硼砂溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH值至6.0)-甲醇(40∶60,v/v);流速:1.0ml.min-1;检测波长:214nm。结果盐酸林可霉素0.04g.L-1～1.6g.L-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9991),平均回收率为99.79%,RSD=1.74%(n=9)。结论此法操作简便、结果准确、重现性好,可用于复方盐酸林可霉素凝胶的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.