HPLC法同时测定复方丹参口服液中羟基红花黄色素A和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方丹参口服液中羟基红花黄色素A和丹酚酸B含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为SHIMADZU ODS-C18,流动相为甲醇-0.5%磷酸(35∶65,V/V),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为403 nm(羟基红花黄色素A)、286nm(丹酚酸B),柱温为35℃,进样量为20μl。结果:羟基红花黄色素A、丹酚酸B检测质量浓度线性范围分别为2.01~20.10、39.80~398.00μg/ml(r均为0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2%;加样回收率分别为98.26%~101.25%、98.70%~101.35%,RSD分别为0.94%、0.71%(n=9)。结论:该方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于复方丹参口服液中羟基红花黄色素A和丹酚酸B的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定特格喜-18丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的 建立使用高效液相色谱法测定蒙药特格喜-18丸中羟基红花黄色素A含量的方法。方法 色谱柱为SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸（20∶2∶78,V/V）（三乙胺调p H至6.0±0.1）为流动相,流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长为403 nm,柱温30℃,进样量10μl。结果 羟基红花黄色素A在3.27～65.40 mg/ml范围内呈现较好线性关系,线性方程为Y=23 064 454X+61 414(r=0.999 6,n=5);专属性良好;精密度和稳定性的RSD分别为0.94%和0.70%。平均加样回收率为93.68%,RSD为1.02%(n=9)。测定2批特格喜-18丸样品,平均含量为0.777 0 mg/g,RSD为0.93%。结论 高效液相色谱法测定羟基红花黄色素A的含量操作简便,重现性好,灵敏度较高,适用于特格喜-18丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定。     

HPLC测定红花中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定红花中羟基红花黄色素A的含量。方法：采用Kromasil C18（200mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈∶0.1%H3PO4=10∶90,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长403nm,柱温为30℃。结果：羟基红花黄色素A在0.89～10.68μg/ml的范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9990）。结论：本测定方法快捷,简便,准确,重现性好。     

用RP-HPLC法测定七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的：建立RP-HPLC法测定七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量。方法：采用Mucleodur C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液 （11∶89）;流速：1.0 ml/min;检测波长：403 nm;柱温：35 ℃。结果：羟基红花黄色素A保留时间约为19 min,与相邻峰的分离度〉1.5。羟基红花黄色素A在8.0～160.0 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,回归方程：Y=0.016 11 X＋1.217（r=0.999 9）。平均加样回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.94%。结论：该方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定桃红丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:采用HPLC法测定羟基红花黄色素A的含量方法:以Diamonsil C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱分离,甲醇0.5%磷酸水溶液（25:75）为流动相进行洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为403 nm;柱温为25℃。结果:羟基红花黄色素A在20.44～245.28μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）范围内质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,其平均回收率为99.58%（RSD=1.20%,n=9）。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、重复性好     

反相高效液相色谱法测定骨科洗剂1号方中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定骨科洗剂1号方中羟基红花黄色素A含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸水溶液(26∶2∶72),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为403nm,柱温为30℃。结果:羟基红花黄色素A进样量在0.1044μg～1.2528μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.08%(RSD=0.52%)。结论:本方法操作简单、准确、专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于本品的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC测定骨折挫伤胶囊中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的建立以反相高效液相法测定骨折挫伤胶囊中羟基红花黄色素A的含量。方法采用Zorbax Eclipse ODS C18色谱柱（ID 4.6 mm×250 mm）,以甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液（26∶2∶72）为流动相,检测波长为403 nm,柱温30℃,流速1.0 ml/min,进样量为10μl。结果红花黄色素A在0.9609～9.609μg/ml范围内与吸收峰面积有良好线性关系,r=0.9999（n=6）,平均回收率为99.53%,RSD为2.17%（n=6）。结论本方法操作简便快速,重现性好,可以有效控制骨折挫伤胶囊中红花的含量。     

HPLC法测定蒙成药小儿清肺八味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:建立蒙成药小儿清肺八味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法,应用Agilent TC-C 18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸水溶液(16∶1∶83),用三乙胺调pH值为6.0,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,进样量为10μL,检测波长为403 nm。结果:羟基红花黄色素A进样量范围在0.10~2.00μg时,进样量与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999);平均回收率为102.48%,RSD为1.52%。结论:该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于小儿清肺八味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定红花清肝十三味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:建立红花清肝十三味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定方法.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.18%乙酸溶液(20:80),检测波长为403 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min-1.结果:羟基红花黄色素A在0.168～16.8 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均加样回收率为99.76%,RSD为0.6%.结论:本方法快速、准确,重复性好,可用于红花清肝十三味丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定蒙药波仁阿如-10丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定波仁阿如-10丸中羟基红花黄色素A含量的方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法对波仁阿如-10丸中的羟基红花黄色素A进行含量测定.色谱条件为:采用C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),柱温35℃,以甲醇-乙腈-0.7％磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节pH值至6.0±0.1)(19:2:79)为流动相,检测波长403nm,流速1mL/min,进样量20μl.结果:色谱峰分离情况良好,羟基红花黄色素A在4.66μg/m L～93.10μg/m L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.99998);平均加样回收率为99.86％,RSD=1.17％(n=9).结论:本法建立的含量测定方法简便准确、专属性强、重复性好,可用于波仁阿如-10丸的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.