β-环糊精修饰超氧化物歧化酶的代谢动力学研究

牛血铜，锌-超氧化物歧化酶（Cu，Zn－SOD）用高碘酸钠活化的β-环糊精（β-Cyclodextrin，β-CD）修饰。对修饰酶静脉注射兔体进行药代动力学研究，结果表明β－CD修饰的SOD在兔体内基本符合二室模型，其特征方程为C＝236e－7.0937t＋60e-0.4473t，修饰SOD的T为0．11±0．04h和1．66±0．48h，体内CLB为53±11．10L／（kg·h），曲线下面积AUC为176．5±35．40U（L·h）。     

聚乙二醇干扰素

聚乙二醇(PEG)具有溶解性良好、毒性很小和无抗原性的特性。PEG修饰蛋白质使分子量增加，在体内半衰期延长，可以减少用药次数，提高治疗效果。本文对PEG的结构、性状、对干扰素修饰的方法、修饰后的药代动力学和临床效果进行综述。PEG修饰重组人干扰素αZa和PEG修饰重组人干扰素αZb在体内药代动力学均有明显改善，半衰期明显延长。两种PEG干扰素均已进行临床试验。每周注射1次治疗丙型肝炎，效果明显较普通干扰素为好。其安全性与普通干扰素基本相似。     

β-细辛醚在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的了解石菖蒲主要成分β-细辛醚的药代动力学特征。方法以HPLC法测定ig大鼠血清和各器官（脑、心、肺、肾、肝）中β-细辛醚的浓度，把器官当作相对独立的系统，用DAS软件进行药代动力学分析。结果β-细辛醚在大鼠体内的药代动力学过程属一级一室动力学模型，血清半衰期为54 min；达峰时间12 min；达峰浓度3.19 mg·L^-1。各器官与血清有相似的动力学过程。结论β-细辛醚在体内吸收、分布、代谢较迅速，极易透过血脑屏障，大脑是重要的分布器官。     

酶联免疫吸附试验法研究PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学

研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)、聚乙二醇修饰的重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(PEG-rhG-CSF)与重组人血清白蛋白-粒细胞集落刺激因子融合蛋白(rHSA-hG-CSF)在小鼠体内的药代动力学，验证两种方法对rhG-CSF半衰期(T_1/2)的影响。小鼠分别皮下给药rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF后，在不同时间点采血并分离血清，采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法测定血清中rhG-CSF的浓度，用3P87药动学软件进行曲线拟合并计算参数。结果显示，rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF的半衰期(T_1/2)分别为2.1，14.2和10.6 h，后两者半衰期分别为rhG-CSF的7倍、5倍；PEG-rhG-CSF和rHSA-hG-CSF的达峰时间T_peak分别为rhG-CSF的15倍、13倍。通过ELISA法检测比较rhG-CSF，PEG-rhG-CSF与rHSA-hG-CSF在小鼠体内的药代动力学，表明PEG修饰与白蛋白融合技术可以延长rhG-CSF的半衰期。     

阿魏酸在血瘀证兔体内的药代动力学

为验证及研究症治药动学假说（ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅａｎｄＴｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔＰｈａｒｍａｃｏｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓ，Ｓ＆ＴＰＫ）的客观性和基本规律，本文以ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法同时测定了活血祛瘀药物阿魏酸在正常及高分子右旋糖酐所制血瘀症（微循环障碍）兔体内经时浓度，以ＭＣＰＫＰ药动学程序在ＣＯＭＰＡＱ８０３８６机上自动拟合了药动学参数。统计结果表明，与正常组相比，阿魏酸在血瘀症兔体内的分布容积（Ｖ＿１和Ｖ＿Ｂ）及消除速率（ＣＬＢ）显著减小（Ｐ＜０．０５），半衰期（ｔ＿（１／２β）及相同时间段曲线下面积（ＡＵＱ）非常显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：实验结果基本符合Ｓ＆ＴＰＫ的观点：即同一药物在不同证兔体内的药代动力学参数经统计学处理有显著差异。     

聚乙二醇干扰素

聚乙二醇(PEG)具有溶解性良好、毒性很小和无抗原性的特性.PEG修饰蛋白质使分子量增加,在体内半衰期延长,可以减少用药次数,提高治疗效果.本文对PEG的结构、性状、对干扰素修饰的方法、修饰后的药代动力学和临床效果进行综述.PEG修饰重组人干扰素α2a和PEG修饰重组人干扰素α2b在体内药代动力学均有明显改善,半衰期明显延长.两种PEG干扰素均已进行临床试验.每周注射1次治疗丙型肝炎,效果明显较普通干扰素为好.其安全性与普通干扰素基本相似.     

中晚期胃肠癌患者腹股沟淋巴结灌注顺铂化疗药代动力学研究

应用原子吸收光谱法测定血药浓度，对10例中晚期胃肠癌患者经腹股沟结灌注顺铂的药代动力学进行初步研究。结果显示总铂在血浆中的药代动力学模式为二室模型。经淋巴结途径给药后血浆总铂浓度迅速升高，在15～20min之内达到峰值，随即缓慢消除下降。血浆分布半衰期（t1／2a）为0.185h，血浆消除半衰期（t1／2β）为6.944h，提示从腹腔沟淋巴结途径给药肿瘤组织可较多摄取顺铂。     

聚乙二醇修饰对蛋白质类药物药代动力学的影响及相关的药动学研究方法

聚乙二醇（PEG）修饰在改善蛋白质类药物的理化性质的同时也会导致其体内药代动力学行为发生变化。而PEG修饰剂的分子大小、分子结构和修饰位点对蛋白质类药物的体内药代动力学行为和活性具有一定影响。根据有关文献报道,讨论这些影响因素,并介绍在对PEG修饰药物进行药代动力学研究时采用的新方法,如：群体药代动力学预测法及体内测定修饰物含量的电化学发光法和PEG特异性抗体法等。     

青天葵中鼠李柠檬素在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的 研究青天葵中鼠李柠檬素在大鼠体内的药代动力学特征.方法以甲醇一乙腈-0.2％磷酸水溶液（30∶35∶35）为流动相,血浆样品经10％三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白后,采用高效液相色谱法测定鼠李柠檬素的血药浓度.采用DAS 2.1.1药代动力学软件计算鼠李柠檬素的主要药代动力学参数.结果 鼠李柠檬素质量浓度在0.05～10.00 μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.9993）,回收率为98.1％ ～ 101.1％,日内和日间RSD均小于11％.鼠李柠檬素大鼠体内符合二室模型,主要药代动力学参数峰浓度（Cmax）为（875.37±65.53）μg/L,药物消除半衰期（t1/2β）为（8.993±2.568）h,0 ～24h药时曲线下面积（AUC0-24）为（4929.159±589.652）μg· h/L,0～∞药时曲线下面积（AUC0-x）为（5 945.567±612.985）μg·h/L.结论鼠李柠檬素的药代动力学研究结果为青天葵药材的质量评价奠定了良好基础.     

注射用比阿培南健康人体连续给药药动学研究

目的：研究注射用比阿培南在健康人体中连续给药的药代动力学,为制定临床给药方案提供参考。方法：选取28名健康受试者,在接受试验的一周内连续为受试者静脉注射比阿培南,每12h注射一次,每次300mg,不同时间内检测受试者血药浓度,并用DAS药动学软件计算药代动力学参数。结果：在连续注射一周中血药峰浓度为Cmax为（15.39±1.31）mg/L;消除半衰期（t1/2β）为（0.99±0.31）h;曲线下面积（AUC0-∞）为（27.14±1.42）mg/L·h;连续注射7d与第一次给药后各参数相似,无明显的差异。结论：健康人体连续注射比阿培南后,药代动力学参数与单次药代动力学研究结果相似,受试者体内无药物蓄积,耐受性较好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.