利用成分血输注成功抢救严重爆炸伤患者1例

<正>输血在抢救急危重患者的过程中至关重要,及时充足的血液输注对抢救大失血患者起着关键性作用。然而,大量输血后凝血功能障碍、酸中毒、低体温等并发症的发生,致使接受大量输血后患者的病死率较高〔1〕。我院利用成分血输注成功抢救严重爆炸伤患者1例,现报告如下。1一般资料患者,男,45岁。不慎因爆炸受伤,于2013年9月28日15时45分收入我院。患者诉腰骶臀及右小腿剧烈疼痛,双下肢活动轻度受限,伤后昏迷     

Perioperative blood usage and therapeutic plasma exchange in kidney transplantation during a 16-year period in South Korea

BackgroundThe frequency of kidney transplantation (KT) is increasing. Blood transfusion plays an important role in the success of KT. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is also used for desensitisation in ABO-incompatible KT and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection.Materials and methodsWe analysed red blood cell (RBC), platelet, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) usage and the number of TPE procedures performed during the hospitalisation of KT patients from 2002 to 2017 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database.ResultsA total of 18,331 KT patients were included in this study. The number of transfused RBCs continued to increase from 4,806 units in 2002–2005 to 12,390 units in 2014–2017. However, the average number of RBCs transfused per patient decreased from 2.17 to 1.79 units. Estimated platelet usage increased from 4,259 units in 2002–2005 to 11,519 units in 2014–2017, and the proportion of filtered platelets increased from 72.6% to 83.4% during the same period. There was a huge increase in the total number of FFP units used, from 2,255 units in 2002–2005 to 51,531 units in 2014–2017. The number of TPE procedures performed also increased from 296 to 6,479 during the same period. Patients with acute rejection accounted for 8.8% of all KT patients, and more RBC and FFP were used for these patients and a greater number of TPE procedures were performed compared to those who did not experience rejection.DiscussionBlood usage and TPE have increased steadily with the increasing numbers of KTs. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed to ensure appropriate perioperative blood preparation and usage for KT patients.     

Prospective quality control study of a novel gravity‐driven whole blood separation system suitable for humanitarian crises

Centrifugation‐based whole blood (WB) separation represents the worldwide standard but it depends on electricity and infrastructure. We have prospectively evaluated a novel hollow‐fibre WB separation system that does not require manual priming or blood flow regulation (n = 29). RBC units contained sufficient Hb (50·4 g ± 4·3), low leucocytes (90 000 ± 0·008), exhibited low haemolysis (0·57% ± 0·49) and robust ATP content (51·47% ± 8·2) after 43 days storage. Plasma units contained low leucocytes and mean coagulation factor activities for FV, FVIII and FXI were 47%, 90% and 68%, respectively. RBC met quality specifications but plasma units exhibited reduced FV and FXI activity.     

Massive transfusion – evaluation of current clinical practice and outcome in two large teaching hospital trusts in Northern England

Background and Objectives  Although numerous guidelines exist for the management of massive blood loss, there have been few data confirming whether these guidelines are observed in practice or whether compliance results in improved outcome. We have performed a retrospective audit of cases of massive transfusion in two major teaching hospital trusts in Northern England to investigate the use of blood components and patient outcome.
Materials and Methods  The massive transfusion population was electronically derived from a list of all blood component transfusions in 2006. Data from the intensive care and patient administration databases established hospital outcome. Factors independently predictive of survival were identified by logistic regression. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Odds ratios (OR) are given with 95% confidence intervals.
Results  Two hundred and four patients had a massive transfusion. Although only 1·3% of all transfused patients, the massive transfusion group used 10% of the total blood products. Their mortality rate was 34%. Factors independently predictive of survival were: a ratio of fresh frozen plasma: red blood cells > 1·1, OR 7·22 (1·95–26·68), and elective surgery, OR 4·56 (1·88–11·05). Factors independently predictive of death were: age (per year), OR 0·97 (0·95–0·99), liver disease, OR 0·25 (0·09–0·70), male gender, OR 0·41 (0·19–0·89), vascular surgery, OR 0·34 (0·12–0·96) and number of adult packs of platelets transfused, OR 0·69 (0·57–0·83).
Conclusion  Massive transfusion occurs rarely but has a high mortality and requires a disproportionate amount of blood products. An increased ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells was associated with improved outcome.     

Changing trends in surgical outcomes after major hepatobiliary resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center experience over 25 years

Background/Purpose

Hepatobiliary resection (HBR) for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCa) remains a technically demanding procedure and is still associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in surgical outcomes following major HBR for HCCa at a single center over a 25-year period.

Methods

Between 1980 and 2004, 126 patients undergoing preoperative biliary drainage, portal vein embolization, and major HBR were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the chronological treatment period; i.e., patients who underwent surgery during the initial 20-year period (1980–1999; early group [EG]) and those who underwent surgery during the most recent 5-year period (2000–2004; late group [LG]). Clinicopathological variables were compared retrospectively between the two groups.

Results

The mortality rate improved from 7.9% in the EG to 0% in the LG, but this difference did not reach the level of statistical significance (P = 0.058). The overall survival rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 82.4%, 43.9%, and 35.2%, respectively. The overall survival rate was similar in the two groups (P = 0.153). Morbidity was documented in 57.1% of all the patients, and was comparable in the two groups (P = 0.471), but the rate of major morbidity was significantly higher in the EG (P = 0.031). Red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusion requirements were significantly reduced in the LG, both in regard to the number of patients and the amount of blood product administered. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was significantly reduced, from 74.4 + ?56.3 days in the EG to 29.0 + ?11.8 days in the LG (P < 0.001). Sixty-nine patients (54.8%) had stage III or IV disease (according to the General rules for surgical and pathological studies on cancer of the biliary tract of the Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery), and 55 patients (43.7%) showed positive surgical margins. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of surgical margins or pathological staging.

Conclusions

Improvements were documented in rates of major morbidity, length of hospital stay, and the mortality rate in the LG when compared with the EG. The overall survival rate was similar in the two groups. Blood transfusion requirements were significantly reduced in the LG when compared with the EG. However, the high proportion of patients with positive surgical margins remains a significant problem.

     

Clinical audit of the use of fresh-frozen plasma and platelets in a tertiary teaching hospital and the impact of a new transfusion request form

AIM: To carry out an audit of the appropriateness of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets (Plt) transfusion with reference to the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council/Australian Society of Blood Transfusion Clinical Practice Guidelines, and to assess the impact of a self-educating transfusion request form. METHODS: A prospective review of the clinical indications and laboratory data in all transfusion episodes of FFP and Plt occurring in a tertiary teaching hospital in South Australia in two 2-month periods of the years 2002 and 2003. RESULTS: Reversal of warfarin has emerged as the major indication to transfuse FFP (34%). More than 72% FFP and 88% Plt were prescribed in an appropriate manner, and the majority were monitored adequately. The transfusion request form further improved the appropriate uses and was met with a satisfactory compliance. Further grounds for improvement are in FFP usage by the haematology unit and in cardiac bypass surgery, and Plt by surgical units. CONCLUSION: Clinical transfusion audit helps to identify current pattern of usage and areas of improvement. A self-educating transfusion specific request form is also beneficial.     

Proteomic applications in blood transfusion: working the jigsaw puzzle

The application of proteomic technologies to transfusion medicine has opened new avenues to our understanding of the products we prepare for patients and the processes that impact the quality of those products. The development of the field of proteomics has paralleled that of transfusion medicine with over a century of key scientific accomplishments required to bring us to our modern systems. We review the technology of proteomics and its application to transfusion medicine with specific reference to the analysis of blood products, both fractionated and fresh. Although the use of proteomic tools to address transfusion medicine questions is really just beginning, it is clear that this method of analysis provides different insights into unaddressed issues in the area of blood product research. Proteomics also offers the promise of improving our approach to the control of blood product quality and even the assessment of blood donors, but these are efforts for the near future.     

Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Summary Randomized controlled trials of good quality are a recognized means to robustly assess the efficacy of interventions in clinical practice. A systematic identification and appraisal of all randomized trials involving fresh frozen plasma (FFP) has been undertaken in parallel to the drafting of the updated British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines on the use of FFP. A total of 57 trials met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Most clinical uses of FFP, currently recommended by practice guidelines, are not supported by evidence from randomized trials. In particular, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of the prophylactic use of FFP. Many published trials on the use of FFP have enrolled small numbers of patients, and provided inadequate information on the ability of the trial to detect meaningful differences in outcomes between the two patient groups. Other concerns about the design of the trials include the dose of FFP used, and the potential for bias. No studies have taken adequate account of the extent to which adverse effects might negate the clinical benefits of treatment with FFP. There is a need to consider how best to develop new trials to determine the efficacy of FFP in different clinical scenarios to provide the evidence base to support national guidelines for transfusion practice. Trials of modified FFP (e.g. pathogen inactivated) are of questionable value when there is little evidence that the standard product is an effective treatment.     

Humoral immune response to autologous blood transfusion in hip surgery: whole blood versus packed red cells and plasma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The immune response to the transfused autologous buffy coat content in whole blood has, to date, not been studied in detail. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing hip arthroplasty were studied according to whether they received autologous whole blood (WB) (n = 30), autologous fresh-frozen plasma and buffy coat-poor red cells (RC) (n = 40), or no transfusion (NT) (n = 27). Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and complement SC5b-9 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 7 days after surgery. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences regarding the time course of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and complement SC5b-9 plasma level changes, the infection rate, or the length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In comparison to the impact of surgery on cytokine and complement levels, the transfusion of autologous buffy coat is not relevant.