老年高血压患者心血管危险因素分层与认知功能障碍的相关性

<正>中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2014,16(4):1038-1040.该文探讨老年高血压患者心血管危险因素分层与认知功能障碍的关系。方法:通过随机整群抽样的方法,选择西安地区老年高血压患者329例,根据心血管危险因素分层分为低危组62例,中危组77例,高危组108例,极高危组82例,又按简易智能状态检查量表     

北京市大屯地区高血压患者分级管理一年成效分析

目的评价大屯地区高血压患者分级管理效果。方法根据高血压水平和心血管危险因素对2009年10月1日至2010年10月1日间在大屯社区就诊的2137例高血压患者进行危险度分层,并采取三级（低危、中危、高危）分层管理,监测患者血压水平、血压控制（糖尿病患者血压〈130/80mmHg,非糖尿病患者血压〈140/90mmHg）率、非药物治疗比例及随访依从性等指标。结果入选高血压患者基线血压控制率为58.4%,其中,低危组、中危组、高危组分别为61.7%、57.2%、59.6%;随访1年时整体血压控制率为67.5%,其中,低危组、中危组、高危组分别为79.3%、55.4%、67.5%。与基线相比,仅低危组患者1年后血压控制率具有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。低危组、中危组、高危组随访依从性达标率分别为72.5%、71.4%、82.6%。高危组随访达标率明显高于其他两组（P〈0.01）。年龄、受教育程度和危险分层是影响随访达标率的因素。患者规律服药率超过90%,但非药物治疗率仅在50%左右。体育锻炼、限盐、控制体重对提高血压控制率有显著影响。结论社区高血压管理提高了血压控制率和随访依从性,中危组随访和血压控制情况较差。患者非药物治疗率仍较低,需要进一步改进健康教育和指导的方式和效果。     

不同预后评分系统对老年NSTE-ACS患者远期预后的评估价值

目的探索grace评分和syntax评分对老年非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)患者远期预后的评估价值。方法老年NSTE-ACS患者400例,随访时间16~24个月,完成随访392例,其中药物治疗组205例,置入支架组162例,冠脉搭桥术组25例。各组有计算grace评分和syntax评分,根据评分情况分为低危组、中危组和高危组。Pearson法分析grace和syntax评分的相关性;Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析;Cox比例风险回归模型进行各因素分析;通过ROC曲线下面积比较预测准确性。结果 grace评分与syntax评分之间呈正相关(r=0.562,P<0.01)。grace评分得出的高危、中危、低危组患者心血管事件发生率依次降低(P<0.01)。syntax得出的高危组和中危组患者心血管事件发生率明显高于低危组(P<0.05),但高危与中危组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。grace评分和syntax评分对老年NSTE-ACS患者远期预后均有重要的评估价值。对grace评分、syntax评分和两者联合评分行ROC曲线分析显示,两者均对老年NSTE-ACS患者远期心血管事件风险有良好的预测价值,但在95%CI有明显重叠。结论 grace和syntax评分存在相关性,均对老年NSTE-ACS患者远期预后有重要预测价值,两者联用可在一定程度上提升预测准确性。grace评分适合对老年NSTE-ACS患者远预后进行危险程度分层。     

老年原发性高血压不同心血管危险分层病人维生素D与血压变异性的相关性

目的探讨老年原发性高血压不同心血管危险分层病人血清维生素D水平的差异及与血压变异性(BPV)的相关性。方法选取我院符合纳入标准的老年原发性高血压病人90例,按照原发性高血压心血管危险分层标准分为中危组25例,高危组27组,很高危组38例。选取同期健康体检者30例作为对照组。所有受试者均测定血清25羟维生素D3[25(OH) D3]水平及动态血压,以变异系数(CV)表示BPV,观察25(OH) D3水平与老年高血压心血管危险分层及BPV的相关性。结果老年高血压病人中危组、高危组、很高危组的血清25(OH)D3水平均低于健康对照组(P均0. 05),且很高危组、高危组、中危组的血清25(OH) D3水平依次降低,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0. 05)。中危组、高危组、很高危组的24 h收缩压(24hSBP)、24hSBP变异系数(24hSBP-CV)、24 h舒张压变异系数(24hDBP-CV)、日间收缩压变异系数(d SBP-CV)、日间舒张压变异系数(d DBPCV)、夜间收缩压变异系数(n SBP-CV)、夜间舒张压变异系数(n DBP-CV)较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均0. 05),中危组、高危组、很高危组上述指标依次升高,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均0. 05)。血清25(OH)D3与24hSBP、24hSBP-CV、24hDBP-CV均呈负相关(r=-0. 312,-0. 381,-0. 421,P0. 05)。结论维生素D水平与老年原发性高血压的发病及其心血管危险分层相关,且与BPV呈负相关,维生素D可作为老年高血压病情的一个较可靠的预测因子。     

不同危险分层老年高血压患者围手术期心血管事件风险分析

正该文研究不同危险分层老年高血压患者在围手术期发生心血管事件的风险。方法:选择高血压非心脏手术老年患者126例,依次分为Ⅰ组(中危)、Ⅱ组(高危)、Ⅲ组(极高危),每组42例。随机选取无高血压病史和其他心血管病危险因素的老年患者42例作为对照组。使用依托咪酯、丙泊酚、七氟烷、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵与芬太尼进行麻醉诱导和麻醉维持;分别利用超     

循环EPCs CD34^＋水平与高血压病患者心血管危险因素的关系

目的探讨能否将循环内皮祖细胞(EPCs)CD34 水平作为评价高血压病患者心血管危险度的标志。方法高血压病患者组62例,对照组20例。高血压病患者采用Framingham心血管危险因素积分分层心血管危险因素,分为低危组18例,中危组14例,高危组17例,极高危组13例。作外周血循环EPCs CD34 水平与Framingham心血管危险因素积分的相关性分析。结果各研究组高血压病患者外周循环EPCs CD34 水平随着其心血管危险程度的增加,逐步下降,各组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EPCs CD34 水平与Framingham心血管危险因素积分呈负相关关系(r=-0.875,P<0.01)。结论高血压病患者循环EPCs CD34 水平下降与心血管危险因素有显著的相关性。循环EPCs CD34 水平可以作为高血压病患者心血管危险度的标志。     

高龄老年高血压患者脉压指数与认知功能关系

目的探讨高龄老年高血压患者脉压指数与认知功能的关系。方法 116例住院高龄老年高血压患者行动态血压监测(ABPM)和简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)评分,对影响认知功能的相关危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析,探讨脉压指数和认知功能的关系。结果单因素分析结果显示年龄、丧偶、饮酒史、糖尿病史、三酰甘油、脉压指数对认知功能有影响;多因素分析结果显示,年龄、糖尿病、脉压指数是影响高龄老年高血压患者认知功能的独立危险因素。结论脉压指数升高增加高龄老年高血压患者认知功能受损风险。     

原发性高血压如何进行危险程度分层（分型）

根据血压分级、心血管危险因素、靶器官受损情况及并存的临床情况，参照Framingham的资料，《中国高血压防治指南》进一步将原发性高血压的病人分为低危组、中危组、高危组、很高危险组四层。     

缺血性脑血管病患者认知功能障碍的血管因素分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病患者血管因素与认知功能障碍关系。方法将60例缺血性脑血管病患者分为轻危组、中危组和高危组;应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测脑血管血流动力学,蒙特利尔量表进行认知功能评定。结果高危组与低危组在视空间和执行功能、注意力、计算力、抽象概括能力、命名、记忆、时间定向方面有显著差异(P<0.05);中危组与低危组比较在视空间和执行功能、注意力、计算力、抽象概括能力、记忆方面有显著差异(P<0.05);视空间、命名、计算、语言、时间定向各方面中危组较高危组有显著差异(P<0.05)。高危组TCD异常比例明显高于轻危组(P<0.05),主要表现在大脑中动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉流速增快,频谱异常。中危组TCD结果异常比例明显高于轻危组,主要表现在各动脉流速增快;高危组较中危组在流速增快与频谱异常比例显著增高(P<0.05)。结论缺血性脑血管病患者随着危险因素增多,其认知功能障碍越显著,TCD各指标异常率也随之升高。     

肺血栓栓塞症危险分层及预后评分在高龄非高危肺栓塞患者中的应用

目的探讨不同评分下肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)危险分层在80岁及以上非高危PTE患者中的性别差异,以及各类评分对该人群PTE严重程度的预测价值。方法回顾性选取2011年1月至2018年6月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院住院的80岁及以上PTE患者的临床资料,按照危险分层综合评估进行危险分层,计算PESI、sPESI、新版sPESI、PERS、Bova评分及PREP评分分值并进行危险分层。比较高龄非高危PTE患者不同评分分值的性别差异,评价不同评分判断该人群PTE严重程度的能力。结果共纳入118例患者,女性72例(61.0%),平均年龄(83.1±2.9)岁;男性46例(39.0%),平均年龄(84.1±3.2)岁,两组患者基线临床资料差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。高龄PTE患者PESI分值具有性别差异(P<0.05),PESI分层与sPESI分层一致。PESI分层低危及中危组存在性别差异(P<0.05),其他评分危险分层无性别差异。PREP评分较危险分层综合评估预测低危组及中危组的曲线下面积均为0.828(95%CI:0.742～0.914,P<0.05),Youden指数均为0.657。结论高龄非高危PTE患者除PESI外,其他评分危险分层无性别差异,PREP评分较其他危险分层评分及预后评分可以更好地预测高龄低危及中危PTE患者的严重程度。     

老年患者认知功能障碍与动脉僵硬度关系

目的 探讨老年患者认知功能障碍与动脉僵硬度的关系.方法 选择142例老年患者,以肢体动脉搏动波(PWV)作为评价动脉僵硬度指标,以简易精神状态量表(MMSE)作为认知功能评价指标,MMSE评分总分30分,评分<24分为认知功能障碍.对所有入选病例进行PWV检查及MMSE评分,根据MMSE评分将所有患者分为两组:认知功能正常组93例,认知功能障碍组49例.结果 认知功能障碍组较认知功能正常组PWV明显增高[(13.3±2.4)m/s与(11.8±2.2)m/s,t=3.775,P-0.000].经Logistic回归分析,MMSE评分与PWV呈显著相关.结论 动脉僵硬度增加是老年患者认知功能障碍重要危险因素.     

低血压对老年人认知功能的影响

目的探讨低血压对老年人认知功能的影响。方法选择因头晕、头昏、乏力就诊的患者141例,通过问诊了解既往血压>5年的老年低血压患者(低血压组)67例,老年正常血压者(正常血压组)74例,所有受试者行蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)检测,以及头颅MRI和颈部血管超声检查。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,低血压是认知功能障碍的危险因素(P=0.020)。与正常血压组比较,低血压组的MoCA、MMSE评分明显降低(P=0.000),MoCA的视空间与执行功能、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆评分明显降低,差异有统计学意义,MoCA和MMSE评分呈正相关(r=0.922,P<0.05)。与正常血压组比较,低血压组脑白质损害分级显著升高(P<0.01)。两组颈部血管超声比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论低血压是认知功能障碍的危险因素,老年低血压患者认知功能较正常血压者下降。     

血清同型半胱氨酸与老年脑出血并发抑郁患者认知功能的相关性研究

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与老年脑出血并发抑郁患者认知功能的相关性。方法选取老年高血压性基底节区脑出血患者336例,根据入院后21d是否合并抑郁分为观察组和对照组,每组168例。比较2组简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分、事件相关电位检测指标、Hcy水平和高Hcy血症发生率,采用Pearson相关分析Hcy水平与MMSE评分的相关性。结果观察组记忆力、注意计算力、定向力、语言能力、MMSE评分及P3波幅明显低于对照组,N2潜伏期和P3潜伏期明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。观察组Hcy水平和高Hcy血症发生率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(23.90±4.60)μmol/L vs (16.70±3.16)μmol/L,P=0.030;42.26%vs 20.24%,P=0.037]。脑出血并发抑郁患者Hcy水平与MMSE评分呈负相关(r=-0.675,P<0.05)。结论老年高血压性基底节区脑出血并发抑郁患者存在不同程度的认知障碍,且Hcy水平升高,高Hcy血症发生率较高,Hcy水平升高与其认知功能障碍相关。     

Serum C-reactive protein and cognitive function in healthy elderly Italian community dwellers

BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation, as measured with the peripheral serum marker C-reactive protein (sCRP), may be a risk factor for dementia in elderly persons. METHODS: The relationship between sCRP and score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a commonly used screening cognitive measure, was investigated in 540 well functioning, healthy, and cognitively normal elders (age 73 +/- 6 years). Sociodemographic status, lifestyle, health status, traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors including plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and other peripheral blood markers of vascular inflammation (leukocyte count, serum albumin, and plasma fibrinogen) were also assessed. RESULTS: Risk for having sCRP in the highest decile (>0.7 mg/dl) was significantly higher in individuals with MMSE score 24-25 (odds ratio = 3.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.9) and 26-28 (odds ratio = 2.10, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.9) compared with those scoring above 28 (reference group). Results were unaffected by adjustment for all potential confounders. No association was found between MMSE and peripheral markers of vascular inflammation other than sCRP, but lower MMSE scores were also independently associated with hyperhomocysteinemia (plasma tHcy > 15 mmol/L). CONCLUSION: In healthy, cognitively normal elderly community dwellers, increased sCRP levels are associated with concurrent cognitive impairment as measured by MMSE. The association is independent of sociodemographic status, lifestyle, health status, and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors including hyperhomocysteinemia. Results support the hypothesis that chronic low-grade inflammation may be involved in age-related cognitive impairment.     

老年高血压病患者治疗后血压水平与认知功能的相关性

目的:探讨长期坚持降压治疗的老年高血压病患者血压水平与认知功能的关系。方法:军队离退休老年高血压患者105例,按MMSE评分分为认知障碍组和正常组,比较两组患者治疗后血压水平及血糖、血脂、血同型半胱氨酸水平,并比较不同收缩压及舒张压水平下患者MMSE评分。结果:认知功能障碍组高血压病程、同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于认知功能正常组(P<0.01)。将高血压病程作为协变量,多因素协方差分析显示,调整高血压病程的影响后,收缩压130~149 mmHg组在MMSE总分、定向力、记忆力、注意力、回忆力、语言能力得分高于111~129 mmHg组和150~160 mmHg组。其中,130~149 mmHg组与111~129 mmHg组比较,定向力、记忆力、注意力、回忆力、语言能力及MMSE总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);与150~160 mmHg组比较定向力差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同舒张压水平的患者认知功能比较差异无统计学意义。结论:在老年高血压患者的降压治疗中,目标收缩压水平长期控制在130~149 mmHg对认知功能可能有保护作用。     

Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons.

BACKGROUND: Social engagement, which is defined as the maintenance of many social connections and a high level of participation in social activities, has been thought to prevent cognitive decline in elderly persons. However, few longitudinal studies of this relation have been done. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: 2812 noninstitutionalized elderly persons (65 years of age or older) who were interviewed in their homes in 1982, 1985, 1988, and 1994. MEASUREMENTS: A global social disengagement scale was constructed from the following indicators: presence of a spouse, monthly visual contact with three or more relatives or friends, yearly nonvisual contact with 10 or more relatives or friends, attendance at religious services, group membership, and regular social activities. Cognitive function was assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Response to the questionnaire was scored as high, medium, or low. Cognitive decline was defined as a transition to a lower category. RESULTS: Compared with persons who had five or six social ties, those who had no social ties were at increased risk for incident cognitive decline after adjustment for age, initial cognitive performance, sex, ethnicity, education, income, housing type, physical disability, cardiovascular profile, sensory impairment, symptoms of depression, smoking, alcohol use, and level of physical activity. The 3-year odds ratio was 2.24 (95% CI, 1.40 to 3.58; P < 0.001), the 6-year odds ratio was 1.91 (CI, 1.14 to 3.18; P = 0.01), and the 12-year odds ratio was 2.37 (CI, 1.07 to 4.88; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Social disengagement is a risk factor for cognitive impairment among elderly persons.     

Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and correlates of combined declines in cognitive and physical performance. DESIGN: Cohort study of community-dwelling older women with moderate to severe disability. SETTING: The community surrounding Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in the Women's Health and Aging Study I with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score or 24 or greater and walking speed greater than 0.4 m/s at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive decline was defined as an MMSE score less than 24 and physical decline as a walking speed of 0.4 m/s or less in at least one of the three annual follow-up visits. Participants were stratified into groups based on cognitive or physical decline or both. Group characteristics were compared, and results were adjusted for age, race, education, and significant covariates. RESULTS: Of 558 women that met the baseline MMSE and walking speed inclusion criteria, 21% developed physical decline, 12% developed cognitive decline, and 11% experienced combined cognitive and physical decline. After adjustment, physical decline was associated with age, nonwhite race, former smoking, baseline walking speed, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment. Cognitive decline was associated with age and baseline MMSE score. Combined decline was associated with age, baseline walking speed, MMSE score, IADL impairment, as well as current smoking (odds ratio (OR)=5.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.49-21.54) and hemoglobin level (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.47-0.98). CONCLUSION: Potential predictors of cognitive and physical performance decline were identified. The association between smoking and lower hemoglobin levels and combined cognitive and physical decline may represent potentially modifiable risk factors and should be confirmed in future studies.     

高血压合并糖尿病与老年人认知功能的关系

目的探讨高血压合并糖尿病(DM)对老年人认知功能的影响。方法选取2015年6月至2016年6月期间在武警后勤学院附属医院心血管内科诊治的60~80岁患者129例。根据合并高血压和糖尿病情况分为3组:单纯高血压组(n=59)、单纯DM组(n=30)和高血压+DM组(n=40)。收集患者的一般资料,并进行简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估。结果与单纯高血压组和单纯DM组相比,高血压+DM组患者的MMSE和MoCA评分显著降低,且轻度认知障碍(MCI)发生率显著增高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、糖化血红蛋白、高血压病程、独居、痴呆家族史是认知功能减退的危险因素(P0.05),受教育年限是认知功能减退的保护因素(P0.05)。结论与单纯高血压和单纯DM患者相比,高血压合并DM会加重认知功能的减退。     

Is Mini‐Mental Score Examination Scoring a New Predictor of Uncontrolled Hypertension?

Essential hypertension is an important risk factor for target organ damage. The brain is among the target organs infrequently visited. The authors evaluated whether an abnormal Mini‐Mental Score Examination (MMSE) score predicts uncontrolled hypertension even if office blood pressure is normal. Seventy‐seven hypertensive patients were included. The cognitive function of each patient was assessed using MMSE and a customized brain magnetic resonance imaging study. Patients were classified into normal cognitive function group and mild, moderate, and severe cognitive impairment groups. A significance level of P=.05 was used. There was a higher percentage of uncontrolled BP in every cognitive impairment class. In patients older than 65 years, MMSE score had a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 83%, respectively, in the prediction of uncontrolled hypertension. MMSE is a simple test to run in the clinic to predict whether patients have well‐controlled blood pressure.     

A neuroradiological study on the influence of cerebral atrophy and white matter lesion on cognitive function in the elderly

We investigated the influence of brain atrophy and white matter lesions on cognitive function in elderly people. We selected 33 subjects (mean age, 79.2 +/- 5.1yrs) with a MMSE score from 14 to 30 who had no previous history of stroke from the outpatients in the Memory Clinic of our hospital. These subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their MMSE score as follows: 14-20; moderate dementia (Moderate-D, n = 9), 21-23; mild dementia (Mild-D, n = 9), 24-27; mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 10), 28-30; normal (Normal, n = 5). Among these four groups, we compared the frequency of the associated risk factors for cerebral infarction (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, heart disease), and the severity of brain atrophy and cerebral white matter lesion which were visually evaluated by MRI technique. Brain atrophy and white matter lesions were assessed by reviewing the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and deep white matter lesion (DWML) and periventricular hyperintensity (PVH), respectively. Brain atrophy was divided into three grades (mild, moderate, severe) and white matter lesions were classified into four grades (0-3) using Fazekas's criteria. We performed statistical analysis to detect t parameters which correlate with and influence MMSE scores from among the MRI findings. The cases with dementia were all diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. There were no significant differences among the four groups in mean age, the incidence of individual associated risk factors, the severity of cortical atrophy, or the grade of DWML (< or = 2) and PVH (< or = 2). However, the frequency of hippocampal atrophic change greater than a moderate grade increased in parallel with the exacerbation of reduced cognitive function (Normal; 20%, MCI: 40%, Mild-D; 56%, Moderate-D 89%), and approximately 76% with such a change were AD cases. Statistical analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the grade of hippocampal atrophy and MMSE score (r = -0.518, p < 0.005) and a great influence of hippocampal atrophy on that score (step-wise regression analysis: r = 0.518, p < 0.005). From the above results, it was suggested that more than moderate atrophic change in the hippocampus might possibly be related with cognitive impairment and that both DWML and PVH less than the second grade had little influence on the decline of brain function.