Chiari I malformation associated with atlanto-axial dislocation: focussing on the anterior cervico-medullary compression

Summary Background. Chiari I malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation may cause both posterior and anterior cervicomedullary compression. We studied the clinicoradiological features and surgical outcome in patients having Chiari I malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation. Method. Thirty-nine patients with Chiari I malformation with atlanto-axial dislocation underwent preoperative and follow-up neurological status assessment. In Chiari I malformation with reducible atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 11), a direct posterior stabilization was done. In Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 28), a single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization and/or posterior decompression and duraplasty were done in 18 patients. In 10 patients, only posterior decompression and/or posterior stabilization was performed. Seven among the latter patients subsequently deteriorated and required transoral decompression. Comparison of mean neurological status scores of patients with Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization versus the posterior procedure alone was done using T-test and proportional significance also calculated. Findings. Patients with Chiari I malformation with atlanto-axial dislocation have a high incidence of long tract signs and sphincteric disturbances with a decrease in the mean foramen magnum diameter. The mean neurological status scores of patients with Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization were significantly better than those patients who underwent the posterior procedure alone. The latter patients also showed significant clinical improvement following transoral decompression. In the presence of Chiari I malformation with reducible atlanto-axial dislocation, reduction and stabilization of atlanto-axial dislocation resulted in neurological improvement. The follow up neurological status scores of these patients improved after surgical intervention even in the presence of poor preoperative grades. Conclusions. Patients with Chiari I malformation should be investigated for the presence of atlanto-axial dislocation. In case atlantoaxial dislocation coexists, priority must be given to relieving anterior cervicomedullary compression.     

Rotatory atlanto-axial dislocation in an infant with osteogenesis imperfecta

This is a case report of a 15-month-old patient with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) who sustained atlanto-axial dislocation. Our objective is to report a unique case of traumatic atlanto-axial subluxation in a child with osteogenesis imperfecta associated with bilateral femoral fractures. The management is discussed. Atlanto-axial dislocation occurring with associated osteogenesis imperfecta is very rare. There have been no previous reported cases. A 15-month-old girl with osteogenesis imperfecta sustained a traumatic atlanto-axial dislocation. The child was followed-up through presentation, diagnosis, management and post-discharge. The initial diagnosis was confirmed with a CT scan. The patient was treated conservatively with a halo-traction for 4 weeks followed by a halo jacket for a further 4 weeks. Both appliances were fitted under general anaesthetic. An anatomical reduction was achieved. There was no neurological deficit at any stage. The child has had a successful outcome. She is asymptomatic with a full range of movement at the atlanto-axial joints at 9 months. In conclusion, this paper records our management of this rare problem.     

齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节脱位的治疗

目的　报告 38例齿状突骨折致寰枢关节脱位患者的治疗结果。方法　手术 35例 ,保守治疗 3例 ;随访 6个月～ 5年 ,平均 2 1.4个月。介绍了齿状突骨折所致寰枢关节脱位的症状、体征、影像学表现特点及治疗方法 ,并对其临床特点、损伤机制及手术适应证的选择进行了讨论。结果　优 2 4例 ,良 11例 ,无变化 3例。结论　手术治疗应为首选 ,移位≥ 4m m作为判断严重骨折脱位和选择术式的标准     

Congenital dislocation of the hip associated with central core disease.

Central core disease is a congenital, non-progessive myopathy with proximal muscle weakness most prevalent about the pelvic girdle. Including out two patients there have been seven recorded cases of congenital hip dislocation associated with central core disease in children. Initial and recurrent contractures about the hip and knee should suggest the possibility of central core disease. However, the definitive diagnosis can only be made by muscle biopsy.     

Craniocervical junction synovial cyst associated with atlanto-axial dislocation--case report.

A 51-year-old female presented with a rare case of synovial cyst at the cruciate ligament of the odontoid process associated with atlanto-axial dislocation, manifesting as a history of headache and numbness in her left extremities for 5 months, and progressive motor weakness of her left leg. Neuroimaging studies revealed a small cystic lesion behind the dens, which severely compressed the upper cervical cord, and atlanto-axial dislocation. The cyst was successfully removed via the transcondylar approach. C-1 laminectomy and foramen magnum decompression were also performed. Posterior craniocervical fusion was carried out to stabilize the atlanto-axial dislocation. The cyst contained mucinous material. Histological examination detected synovial cells lining the fibrocartilaginous capsule. Synovial cysts of this region do not have typical symptoms or characteristic radiographic features. Careful preoperative evaluation of the symptoms and a less invasive strategy for removal of the cyst are recommended.     

Shoulder dislocation associated with humeral fracture on the same side (unstable shoulder joint)

The joint instability observed at the dislocation of the shoulder and the humeral fracture on the same side are described. The idea of "unstable shoulder joint" is used and the operative indication of the shoulder dislocation is outlined.     

Heterotopic ossification associated with knee dislocation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of heterotopic ossification following knee dislocation. Type of Study: Prospective clinical evaluation and a retrospective chart review. Methods: This study evaluated 57 knees in 55 patients who sustained high-energy blunt trauma with resultant knee dislocations. Radiographs were reviewed by 2 of the authors (J.P.S., T.C.W.), and the incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) was documented. Additionally, patients were classified regarding the degree of HO on a scale from 0 to 4. One is punctate calcification, 2 is HO involving less than 50% of the joint space; 3 is HO involving more than 50%; and 4 is ankylosis of the joint. Results: Thirteen patients with 15 knee dislocations developed HO. The incidence of HO was 26%. Seven knees demonstrated severe HO (grade 3 or 4) which represented an incidence of 12% of all knee dislocations. Injury severity score for both groups was 18, documenting that the patients in this study represent multiple trauma patients. There was no significant difference in the incidence of HO based on mechanism of injury with the current number enrolled in the study. However, 60% (3 of 5) of patients involved in a motor vehicle versus pedestrian accident developed HO. There was a significant increase in the incidence of arthrofibrosis in patients with severe HO (P <.05). Patients with significant HO had a mean flexion of 97°, compared with flexion of 117° in patients with no or mild HO. This difference was borderline significant (P =.058). There was no difference between the groups in mean extension. There was a significant increase in knee HO in patients with HO at another anatomic site (P =.01). Conclusions: HO is a common problem following knee dislocation. Of the 7 knees with severe HO, 5 developed HO medially, 4 developed HO posteriorly, 3 developed HO laterally, and only 1 had involvement anteriorly. A similar distribution was present in the patients with mild HO, with posterior and medial ossification being the most common. Five of the 7 severe HO cases involved at least 3 of the 4 sides (anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral) of the knee. Patients were evaluated for the presence of head injury and any relationship to the development of HO around the knee. There was no increased incidence of HO around the knee in our 10 patients with severe head injuries when compared with those with no head injury. There was also no increased incidence of HO in knee dislocations associated with periarticular fractures.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 8 (October), 2002: pp 835–839     

慢性寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位复位前后寰枕关节影像学变化

目的:总结慢性寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位患者的寰枕关节在寰枢旋转或脱位复位前后的影像学改变。方法:回顾性分析2004年9月~2019年6月间因寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位在我院诊治的患者40例,男19例,女21例,年龄5~17岁,平均11.2±2.8岁,病程2~36个月,平均6.0±5.7个月,随访时间3~18个月,平均5.7±3.1个月。其中A类(3例),寰枢关节旋转固定;B类(36例),寰枢关节旋转固定性脱位(其中B1类10例,一侧寰椎侧块前脱位,另一侧原位;B2类21例,一侧寰椎侧块前脱位,另一侧后脱位;B3类5例,双侧寰椎侧块不对称前脱位);C类(1例),寰枢关节旋转固定性脱位合并寰枕关节反向脱位。A类病例中1例牵引治愈、2例做了Halovest外固定下寰枢间植骨融合术;36例B类和1例C类患者都做了寰枢复位内固定植骨术。利用CT轴位、矢状位和冠状位影像,观察治疗前后寰枕关节面对合情况和关节间隙的变化。结果:大部分寰枢关节旋转固定或脱位患者寰枕关节出现不同程度的反向旋转移位、对合异常的现象,不同分类间其旋转程度有差异,寰枢关节旋转复位后,寰枕关节的旋转和关节面的对合关系也有不同程度改善。复位前、后都有寰枕关节自发骨性融合的现象。本次治疗前寰枕关节的情况:(1)除1例A类、3例B1类和5例B3类病例的寰枕关节对合正常外;其余病例的寰枕关节都有不同程度的旋转移位,对合不正常;1例C类双侧寰枕关节脱位;(2)2例出现寰枕关节自发融合,B1类和B3类各有1例。剩余38例经过治疗寰枢关节旋转矫正后寰枕关节的情况:(1)22例寰枕关节正常(包括A类3例,B1类6例,B2类10例和B3类3例);(2)寰枕关节自发骨性融合8例(包括B1类1例,B2类6例和B3类1例);(3)寰枕关节残留旋转移位、对合不正常4例(包括B2类3例,C类1例);(4)寰枕关节间隙变窄、模糊4例(包括B1类和B2类各2例)。结论:大部分A类和B1类患者以及全部B2类患者在治疗前出现寰枕关节反向旋转移位,其中个别B类患者在治疗前有寰枕关节自发融合的现象。复位后A类、B1类和B3类患者的寰枕关节恢复正常对合关系,但B类患者中有近一半出现寰枕关节对合不正常、关节间隙狭窄模糊、关节自发融合等不良问题,多见于B2类病例。     

Cervifix在陈旧性寰枢椎脱位并高位颈髓压迫症中的应用

目的:探讨Cervifix内固定系统治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤的价值。方法:36例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤行后路融合、Cervifix内固定。男23例、女13例,年龄15～62岁,平均38.3岁。陈旧性外伤21例,先天性畸形9例,类风湿性关节炎伴寰椎前脱位6例。结果:随访8～42个月,平均19个月。术后脊髓功能按JOA17分法评定,改善率为71.4％。全部患者均获骨性融合,内置物无松动、断裂及脊髓损伤加重等并发症。结论:Cervifix内固定可提供坚强有效的节段性固定,提高融合率。同时,可预防单纯减压融合术后早期失稳导致的高位脊髓损伤加重。     

寰枢椎脱位或不稳患者手术治疗前后椎动脉血流的变化

目的：观察寰枢椎脱位或不稳定患者手术前后椎动脉血流情况。方法：利用彩色超声多谱勒，术前检查15例寰枢椎脱位和8例不稳定患者椎动脉的最大血流速度(心脏收缩期血流速度)、最小血流速度(心脏舒张期血流速度)和血管阻力指数，根据同一椎动脉下颈段和上颈段的血流速度和血管阻力的差别判断上颈段椎动脉的血流是否异常。所有患苦手术复位和内固定后做同样的俭查。结果：15例寰枢椎脱位患者中椎动脉血流术前18侧异常．11侧正常．1侧椎动脉未发育．术后18侧异常者16侧恢复正常，1侧明显改善，1侧无变化；3侧南术前正常变为异常。8例寰枢椎不稳定患者中椎动脉术前12侧异常，4侧正常。术后5侧恢复正常，仍为异常者7侧，但3侧明显改善：1侧由术前正常变为异常。结论：寰枢椎脱位或不稳定患者的椎动脉血流夫多数发生异常．手术复位内固定后大多数能够获得改善。