Hydrolytic kinetics of lithospermic acid B extracted from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza

The hydrolytic kinetics of lithospermic acid B (LAB) extracted from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese herb: danshen) was investigated by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-vis detection. The influences of initial drug concentration, pH and temperature on hydrolysis of LAB were studied in aqueous solutions. The results showed that initial concentration of LAB has no effect on the degradation rate at pH 2.0. The hydrolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics at 90 degrees C. The log k(obs)-pH profile indicated that the optimal stability range was at pH 2.0-5.0. The rate constant of overall hydrolysis as a function of temperature under the given conditions obeyed the Arrhenius equation. Analysis of the acid-induced degraded solution of LAB by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed at least four degradation products [M-H](-) ion at m/z 197, 137, 537 and 537, respectively. Three of these degradation products, i.e. danshensu (DSU), protocatechuic aldehyde (PRO), and lithospermic acid, were further identified by comparing the retention times with standard samples. According to the structure of LAB and its hydrolysis behavior in solution, the other product was proposed to be the isomer of lithospermic acid.     

不同提取工艺的丹参提取物在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的研究不同提取方法所得丹参提取物中丹参酮ⅡA与丹酚酸B在大鼠体内的药动学。方法大鼠禁食12h后,分别将加热回流法、集成法、醇酸回流法和梯度渗漉法所得丹参提取物ig给予大鼠,对不同时刻血浆中的目标成分进行定量测定,绘制出各提取方法下的药时曲线并计算药动学参数。结果对于丹参酮ⅡA而言,加热回流法、集成法、梯度渗漉法和醇酸回流法所得提取物大鼠体内的Cmax分别为（0.25±0.03）、（0.35±0.06）、（0.32±0.04）、（0.24±0.02）mg/L;AUC为（101.97±12.95）、（130.46±18.83）、（128.67±16.63）、（100.11±13.76）mg.min/L。对于丹酚酸B而言,以上四种方法所得提取物在大鼠体内的Cmax分别为（7.17±0.97）、（11.98±1.75）、（10.24±1.05）、（12.16±2.08）mg/L;AUC为（697.31±80.32）、（833.41±96.53）、（719.39±102.41）、（906.96±125.87）mg.min/L。结论对定量测定和药动学参数进行统计分析,可知集成法所提取的丹参脂溶性成分和水溶性成分含量均比较高,并在体内有较好的吸收,说明该法所得的提取物中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的质量分数较高,提取效果可能较好。     

PTP1B inhibitory effect of abietane diterpenes isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) acts as a negative regulator of insulin signaling, and selective inhibition of PTP1B has served as a potential drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the course of screening for PTP1B inhibitory natural products, the MeOH extract of the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE (Labiatae) was found to exhibit significant inhibitory effect. Bioassay-guided fractionation and purification afforded three related abietane-type diterpene metabolites 1-3. Compounds 1-3 were identified as isotanshinone IIA (1), dihydroisotanshinone I (2), and isocryptotanshinone (3) mainly by analysis of NMR and MS data. Compounds 1-3 non-competitively inhibited PTP1B activity with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 11.4+/-0.6 microM, 22.4+/-0.6 microM and 56.1+/-6.3 microM, respectively.     

丹参在炮制大生产过程中丹酚酸B的损失情况研究

目的考察丹参药材炮制大生产过程中指标性成分丹酚酸B的含量变化及损耗情况。方法进行10批次丹参饮片炮制生产,应用HPLC法,在生产过程各主要工艺点进行跟踪取样,测定丹酚酸B的含量并计算损耗;同时在其中一个批次药材炮制大生产过程中,检测每个工艺环节对丹酚酸B的含量的影响。结果原药材、水洗药材、润透药材和切片4个取样点丹酚酸B的平均含量分别为6.83%,4.72%,4.46%和3.55%,相对原药材的损失情况分别为30.84%,34.59%和47.99%。水洗工艺直接导致丹酚酸B损失22.11%,最终损失高达47.48%。结论严格控制(优化)水洗工艺,可有效保留丹酚酸B的含量,提高丹参的炮制效率。     

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lithospermic acid by LC/MS/MS in rats

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lithospermic acid (LA), a component isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and its two O-methylated metabolites (3′-monomethyl- and 3′,3″-dimethyl-lithospermic acid), were analyzed by a rapid and specific isocratic liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. Rat serum samples collected after intravenous and oral administration were analyzed for obtaining pharmacokinetic data of LA. Two O-methylated metabolites, namely one 3′-monomethyl- and one 3′,3″-dimethyl-lithospermic acid were detected in rat serum and bile samples after intravenous and oral administration of LA, respectively. An oral bioavailability of 1.15% was found, with the AUC_0–t values of 301.89 and 3.46 mg h/L for intravenous and oral administration, respectively. The total recovery from bile was 75.36% (0.46% for LA, 17.23% for M1, and 57.67% for M2) after intravenous administration, and 4.26% (0.00% for LA, 0.10% for M1, and 4.16% for M2) after oral administration. These results indicate that methylation is the main metabolic pathway of LA, and that LA is excreted into rat bile and finally into feces.     

Peroxynitrite scavenging activity of lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is produced by the reaction of superoxide (O2-) with nitric oxide. ONOO- damages proteins through nitration or oxidation. For protection from ONOO- induced protein modifications, ONOO- scavengers should be supplemented. Evidence was obtained that lithospermate B extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza showed the strongest scavenging activity among its constituents. Its ONOO- scavenging activity is via an electron donation mechanism. A dihydroxyl group and a double bond seem to be essential structure requirements. The data from the experiments further confirmed a protective effect of lithospermate B on bovine serum albumin and low-density lipoprotein against ONOO-. This study demonstrated that lithospermate B with hydroxyl groups and double bonds exerts an anti-nitration effect by scavenging ONOO-.     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats.

Salviae miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medical herb known as "Danshen," has been widely used in clinics to improve blood circulation, relieve blood stasis, and treat coronary heart disease. Depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are a novel drug in which magnesium lithospermate B and its analogs are the active components. The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of three of the major components, lithospermic acid B, rosmarinic acid (RA), and lithospermic acid (LA), were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following intravenous administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The elimination half-lives for LSB, RA, and LA were 1.04, 0.75, and 2.0 h, respectively, when 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts were administrated. The areas under the curve for LSB, RA, and LA were 51.6, 6.6, and 25.2 mg . h/l, respectively, and the values decreased in the individual tissues in the following order: kidney > lung > liver > heart > spleen > brain for LSB; kidney > lung > heart > liver > spleen > brain for RA; and heart > lung > kidney > liver > spleen > brain for LA. After intravenous administration of 60 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza depside salts, 86% of the LSB was excreted in the bile within 6 h. The main metabolites M1 and M2 were found in the serum. Overall, the results show that depside salts from S. miltiorrhiza are rapidly and widely distributed to tissues after intravenous administration in rats but that they are also rapidly cleared and excreted.     

丹参注射液在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 :检测丹参注射液静脉用药在大鼠体内的药动学。方法 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 ,以丹参酸甲为检测指标 ,用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)测定不同时间血浆药物浓度。计算丹参酸甲在大鼠体内的药动学参数。结果 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 (相当于丹参酸甲4 0mg·kg-1) ,药动学参数 :T1 2α0 .2 9± 0 .2 3h ,T1 2 β1.75± 0 .99h ,Vd0 .83± 0 .70L·kg-1,Cl 0 .33±0 .16L·h-1·kg-1,AUC(0 -inf) 148± 66mg·h-1·L-1。结论 :大鼠iv丹参注射液 ,血药浓度 时间曲线呈二室开放模型     

紫草酸B的抗HIV-1活性研究

目的研究紫草酸B(lithospermic acid B,LAB)在体外和细胞培养内的抗HIV-1作用及小鼠口服后的血清在细胞培养内的抗HIV-1活性.方法在体外无细胞系统内采用放射性核素3H掺入法、荧光方法和酶联免疫吸附法分别测定其对HIV-1逆转录酶、蛋白酶和整合酶的半数抑制浓度(IC50);以传代人T淋巴细胞MT-4细胞感染实验病毒株HIV-1 Ⅲ B测定其对细胞的毒性和对HIV-1 P24抗原的抑制作用;给小鼠单剂量灌胃LAB 200 mg·kg-1后不同时间取血,分离血清,测定其在MT-4细胞培养内对HIV-1 Ⅲ B P24抗原的抑制率.结果LAB在体外抑制HIV-1整合酶和蛋白酶,其Ic50分别为(7.91±1.59)和(34.84 4±1.11)μmol.L-1,对HIV-1逆转录酶无效.在MT-4细胞培养内对细胞的半数有毒浓度(CC50)为(13.31 ±3.05)μmol稬-1,对MT-4细胞感染HIV-1 ⅢB后的P24抗原表达有抑制作用,IC50为(0.240±0.003)μmol稬-1,选择指数为54;与临床应用的HIV-1逆转率酶抑制剂核苷类齐多夫定(AZT)和非核苷类奈韦拉平(NVP)联合用药,均有协同抗HIV-1的作用,联合指数(CI值)分别为0.09和0.41.小鼠灌胃LAB 200 mg.kg-1后血清在细胞培养内有抑制HIV-1 ⅢB P24抗原的活性.结论LAB在MT-4细胞培养内抑制HIV-1的P24抗原表达,与临床应用的逆转录酶抑制有协同抗HIV-1的作用,但小鼠口服生物利用度较低.     

Chemistry and biological activities of caffeic acid derivatives from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), one of the most common phenolic acids, frequently occurs in fruits, grains and dietary supplements for human consumption as simple esters with quinic acid or saccharides, and are also found in traditional Chinese herbs. Caffeic acid derivatives occur as major water-soluble components of Salvia miltiorrhiza, including caffeic acid monomers and a wide variety of oligomers. This review provides up-to-date coverage of this class of phenolic acids in regard to structural classification, natural resources, chemical and biosyntheses, analytical methods and biological activities including antioxidant, anti-ischemia reperfusion, anti-thrombosis, anti-hypertension, anti-fibrosis, antivirus and antitumor properties. Special attention is paid to both structural classification and biological activities. The structural diversity and the pronounced biological activities encountered in the caffeic acid derivatives of S. miltiorrhiza indicate that this class of compounds is worthy of further studies that may lead to new drug discovery.     

从丹参中提取高纯度的丹参酚酸B

目的建立提取分离高纯度丹参酚酸B的方法。方法以HPLC-UV为检测手段,通过对提取温度、时间、用水量以及萃取次数等的优化,比较几种大孔吸附树脂对丹参酚酸B的吸附及洗脱性能,筛选制备高纯度丹参酚酸B的工艺条件。结果确定最佳工艺为加10倍量水、85℃恒温水浴提取1.5 h、提取2次,上清液用乙酸乙酯萃取4次,丹参酚酸B提取率为87.1%,纯度为95.5%。结论新建方法稳定高效,能较好地提取纯化丹参酚酸B。     

丹参提取物对豚鼠回肠体外吗啡依赖性的影响

目的观察丹参脂溶性抗吗啡依赖有效成分SmE 2对吗啡依赖离体豚鼠回肠纳洛酮催促后收缩性的影响,并观察丹参提取物自身潜在的依赖性,最后对丹参有效成分SmE 2进行初步鉴定.方法采用豚鼠离体回肠吗啡依赖模型,实验分为空白对照组、吗啡依赖组、SmE2给药组和SmE2自身依赖组,观察各组离体豚鼠回肠的收缩状况;建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)鉴定丹参主要脂溶性的成分.结果与吗啡依赖组比较,0.05,0.25,1.25 g·L-1SmE2预先孵育吗啡依赖离体豚鼠回肠可剂量依赖性地减弱纳洛酮催促后的特异性戒断收缩;高剂量SmE2(1.25 g·L-1)长时间孵育后,不引起离体豚鼠回肠纳洛酮催促产生的特异性戒断收缩;经HPLC法初步鉴定丹参主要脂溶性有效成分为隐丹参酮.结论SmE2能在一定程度上抑制吗啡依赖离体豚鼠回肠的戒断性收缩,且自身无潜在身体依赖性;SmE2主要成分为隐丹参酮.     

Biological activities of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza on type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Abstract

Context: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Labiatae) has been widely used for treating diabetes for centuries. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is the main bioactive component in Salvia miltiorrhiza; however, its antidiabetic activity and possible mechanism are not yet clear.

Objective: To investigate the effects of SalB on glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetic rat model.

Materials and methods: High-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into model group, SalB subgroups (50, 100, and 200?mg/kg), and rosiglitazone group.

Results: Compared with the model group, SalB (100 and 200?mg/kg) significantly decreased blood glucose (by 23.8 and 21.7%; p?<?0.05 and p?<?0.01) and insulin (by 31.3 and 26.6%; p?<?0.05), and increased insulin sensitivity index (by 10.9 and 9.3%; p?<?0.05). They also significantly decreased total cholesterol (by 24.9 and 27.9%; p?<?0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 56.2 and 64.6%; p?<?0.01), non-esterified fatty acids (by 32.1 and 37.9%; p?<?0.01), hepatic glycogen (by 41.3 and 60.5%; p?<?0.01), and muscle glycogen (by 33.2 and 38.6%; p?<?0.05), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 50.0 and 61.4%; p?<?0.05 and p?<?0.01), which were originally altered by HFD and streptozotocin. In addition, SalB (200?mg/kg) markedly decreased triglyceride and malondialdehyde (by 31.5 and 29.0%; p?<?0.05 and p?<?0.01), and increased superoxide dismutase (by 56.6%; p?<?0.01), which were originally altered by HFD and streptozotocin.

Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that SalB can inhibit symptoms of diabetes mellitus in rats and these effects may partially be correlated with its insulin sensitivity, glycogen synthesis and antioxidant activities.     

Depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza improve myocardial microperfusion in rats using laser Doppler flowmetry

Aim： To investigate the effects of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza on myocardial microperfusion and systemic hemodynamics in open-chest anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods： Myocardial microperfusion was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry with a needle probe; cardiac output （CO） was determined using ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry. Other hemodynamic parameters, including femoral artery blood pressure, cardiac inotropy, and systemic vascular resistance （SVR） were simultaneously recorded by the PowerLab system. Results： Intravenous administration of S miltiorrhiza depside salts resulted in a significant imme- diate increase in CO and cardiac inotropy, but a fall in SVR. S miltiorrhiza depside salts （30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg） promoted cardiac index （CI） by 12.2%±6.3% （P〈0.01 vs baseline） and 20.1%±3.5% （P〈0.01）, respectively. Myocardial microperfusion maximally increased by 6.3%±2.9% （P〈0.01） and 9.6%±4.0% （P〈0.01） for 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg S miltiorrhiza depside salts, respectively. Conclusion： These results indicated that S miltiorrhiza depside salts improved myocardial microperfusion, as well as CO.     

Two novel abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Two new abietane-type pigments named tanshinol A (1) and tanshinol B (2) have been isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza B. (Labiatae) as minor components together with sixteen other related tanshinone pigments 3-18. The structures of the two novel components 1 and 2 were established by means of spectral analyses.     

Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by tanshinone IIA isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Osteoclasts, multinuclear cells specialized for bone resorption, differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of hematopoietic cells. Intervention in osteoclast differentiation is considered an effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of bone diseases involving osteoclasts. In this study, we found that tanshinone IIA, originating from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, inhibited the differentiation of osteoclasts. Addition of tanshinone IIA to the osteoclast precursor culture caused a significant decrease in the level of calcitonin receptor, c-Src, and integrin beta3 mRNA, which are normally upregulated during the osteoclast differentiation dependent on RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand). RANKL activated the ERK, Akt, and NF-kappaB signal transduction pathways in osteoclast precursor cells, and tanshinone IIA suppressed this activation. Tanshinone IIA also inhibited the bone resorptive activity of differentiated osteoclasts, which was accompanied with the disruption of the actin ring. Thus, tanshinone IIA has the potential to ameliorate bone-resorption diseases in vivo by reducing both the number and activity of osteoclasts.     

丹参中的一个新三萜化合物

通过硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20色谱等手段从丹参（Salvia miltiorrhizaBge.）水提部分中分离出一个化合物,利用理化性质和波谱学方法确定其结构为2α,3α,19α,24-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid,该化合物为未见文献报道的新化合物。     

Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of lithospermic acid B in aqueous solution

The degradation of lithospermic acid B (LAB) was investigated as a function of buffer concentration, pH and temperature. Stability tests were performed using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-vis detection. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under all experimental conditions. The maximum stability of LAB was observed at pH 2.0. The logk(pH)-pH profile described by specific acid-base catalysis and water molecules agreed with the experimental results. The overall degradation rate constant as a function of the temperature under the given conditions obeyed the Arrhenius equation. The chemical fate of LAB in mild acidic solution was investigated, and nine degradation products were detected and tentatively identified by LC-MS analysis. The primary degradation pathway involving the cleavage of ester bond and ring-opened of benzofuran in the LAB are proposed.